生物多样性 ›› 2019, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (9): 932-942. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019026
李小雨1,#,肖凌云1,#,梁旭昶2,程琛1,冯琛3,赵翔3,刘炎林4,卞晓星2,何兵5,张常智5,Justine Shanti Alexander6,邢睿7,黄亚慧7,阿旺久美8,谢然尼玛9,宋大昭4,黄巧雯4,扎西桑俄10,彭奎11,尹杭12,连新明13,杨欣14,李晟1,施小刚15,杨创明16,吕植1,*()
收稿日期:
2019-01-31
接受日期:
2019-08-31
出版日期:
2019-09-20
发布日期:
2019-09-25
通讯作者:
李小雨,肖凌云,吕植
Xiaoyu Li1,#,Lingyun Xiao1,#,Xuchang Liang2,Chen Cheng1,Chen Feng3,Xiang Zhao3,Yanlin Liu4,Xiaoxing Bian2,Bing He5,Changzhi Zhang5,Justine Shanti Alexander6,Rui Xing7,Yahui Huang7,Awangjiumei 8,Xierannima 9,Dazhao Song4,Qiaowen Huang4, 10,Kui Peng11,Hang Yin12,Xinming Lian13,Xin Yang14,Sheng Li1,Xiaogang Shi15,Chuangming Yang16,Zhi Lü1,*()
Received:
2019-01-31
Accepted:
2019-08-31
Online:
2019-09-20
Published:
2019-09-25
Contact:
Xiaoyu Li,Lingyun Xiao,Zhi Lü
摘要:
大部分保护机构只有能力在特定种群层面上保护大型食肉动物, 而物种的灭绝风险却是在全球尺度进行评估的。因此, 要填补这一尺度断层, 多机构的工作与意见汇总非常必要。本研究综合了文献和18家中国雪豹(Panthera uncia)研究与保护机构共24位一线工作人员提供的信息, 经过两次集体讨论和填写评分表格的方式, 识别出21种威胁因素, 在全国层面和青海、西藏、新疆、四川和甘肃5个主要雪豹分布省区层面对威胁进行了排序, 并汇总了各保护机构实施的17项保护行动, 以及各项行动所应对的威胁。全国评分前三的威胁依次是基层保护部门能力不足(9.5分)、气候变化(8.0分)、当地社区保护动力不足(6.8分), 不同省区的威胁排序则体现出很大差异性。其中, 目前仍没有任何行动措施应对气候变化。虽然已有一些保护行动来应对基层保护能力不足和当地社区保护动力不足的问题, 如保护区能力建设、开展社区监测等, 但行动的覆盖尺度仍远远不够。
李小雨,肖凌云,梁旭昶,程琛,冯琛,赵翔,刘炎林,卞晓星,何兵,张常智,Justine Shanti Alexander,邢睿,黄亚慧,阿旺久美,谢然尼玛,宋大昭,黄巧雯,扎西桑俄,彭奎,尹杭,连新明,杨欣,李晟,施小刚,杨创明,吕植 (2019) 中国雪豹的威胁与保护现状. 生物多样性, 27, 932-942. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019026.
Xiaoyu Li,Lingyun Xiao,Xuchang Liang,Chen Cheng,Chen Feng,Xiang Zhao,Yanlin Liu,Xiaoxing Bian,Bing He,Changzhi Zhang,Justine Shanti Alexander,Rui Xing,Yahui Huang,Awangjiumei ,Xierannima ,Dazhao Song,Qiaowen Huang, ,Kui Peng,Hang Yin,Xinming Lian,Xin Yang,Sheng Li,Xiaogang Shi,Chuangming Yang,Zhi Lü (2019) Ongoing threats and the current status of snow leopard conservation in China. Biodiversity Science, 27, 932-942. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019026.
威胁分类 Category of threat | 威胁名称 Threat | 编号 No. | 参考文献 Reference |
---|---|---|---|
对雪豹的直接猎杀 或抓捕 Direct killing or capture of snow leopards | 报复性猎杀 In retribution for livestock depredation (RLD) | 1.1 | Oli et al, 1994; Xu et al, 2008; Li et al, 2013; Alexander et al, 2015; Chen et al, 2016; Wild Xinjiang |
非法贸易导致的偷猎 Poaching for illegal trade (PIT) | 1.2 | Zhang, 1985; Schaller et al, 1988; Liu, 1993; EIA, 2008, 2012; Peng, 2009; Ma, 2012; Li & Lü, 2014; Maheshwari & Niraj, 2018 | |
动物园和博物馆的活体收集 Zoo and museum collection of live animals (ZMC) | 1.3 | Ma, 2012; Shan Shui Conservation Center | |
下毒、下套等导致的误杀 Secondary poisoning and trapping (SPT) | 1.4 | Li et al, 2013; Shan Shui Conservation Center | |
雪豹疾病 Diseases of snow leopards (DSL) | 1.5 | Fix et al, 1989; Silinski et al, 2003; An, 2016; Ostrowski & Gilbert, 2016; Shan Shui Conservation Center | |
栖息地和猎物相关 威胁 Threat about habitats and preys | 栖息地退化 Habitat degradation (HD) | 2.1 | Brown, 2008; Harris, 2010; Wang et al, 2015 |
栖息地破碎化 Habitat fragmentation (HF) | 2.2 | World Wide Fund for Nature; Xu et al, 2008; Li, 2012; Wild Xinjiang | |
盗猎和误杀导致的猎物种群减少 Prey reduction due to poaching and mistaken killing (PRPMK) | 2.3 | Schaller et al, 1988; Shan Shui Conservation Center | |
家畜竞争导致的猎物种群减少 Prey reduction due to competition with livestock (PRCL) | 2.4 | Mishra et al, 2004; Suryawanshi et al, 2010; Xiao, 2017; Wild Xinjiang | |
猎物疾病 Diseases of prey (DP) | 2.5 | Fedosenko & Blank, 2001; Dagleish et al, 2007; Wang et al, 2009; Bao et al, 2011; Ostrowski et al, 2011; Ostrowski & Gilbert, 2016; Wild Xinjiang | |
政策和认知相关 威胁 Threat about policy and cognition | 普遍认知缺乏导致的政策不当 Improper policy due to lack of cognition (IP) | 3.1 | Li et al, 2017 |
政策实施不力 Ineffective implementation of policies (IIP) | 3.2 | Mishra et al, 2003; Chen et al, 2016; Shan Shui Conservation Center | |
缺乏跨省(境)合作 Lack of trans-boundary cooperation (LTC) | 3.3 | - | |
基层保护部门能力不足 Insufficient capacity of local conservation departments (ICLCD) | 3.4 | - | |
当地社区保护动力不足 Lack of conservation incentive among local communities (LCILC) | 3.5 | - | |
间接威胁 Indirect threat | 气候变化 Climate change (CC) | 4.1 | IPCC, 2007; Klein et al, 2007; Xue et al, 2009; Vince, 2010; Yu et al, 2010; Forrest et al, 2012; Lovari et al, 2013; Yao et al, 2013; Luo et al, 2015; Aryal et al, 2016; Lehnert et al, 2016; Li et al, 2016; Yang et al, 2018 |
人口增长和贫困 Human population growth and poverty (HPGP) | 4.2 | Mishra et al, 2001, 2003; Adams et al, 2004; McShane & Wells, 2004 | |
流浪狗袭击雪豹及其猎物 Stray dogs attack snow leopards and their prey (SDA) | 4.3 | Wandeler et al, 1993; Butler et al, 2004; Mingyu Liu (Peking University) | |
虫草/药草采挖造成的干扰 Interference caused by cordyceps/herb collection (ICCC) | 4.4 | Shan Shui Conservation Center | |
道路建设与旅游开发项目 Road construction and tourism development projects (RCTD) | 4.5 | Wild Xinjiang; Wolong National Nature Reserve | |
矿产与水电开发 Mineral exploration and hydropower development (MEHD) | 4.6 | Wingard & Zahler, 2006; Baker et al, 2010; Jackson et al, 2013 |
表1 中国雪豹威胁列表
Table 1 Threat to snow leopard in China
威胁分类 Category of threat | 威胁名称 Threat | 编号 No. | 参考文献 Reference |
---|---|---|---|
对雪豹的直接猎杀 或抓捕 Direct killing or capture of snow leopards | 报复性猎杀 In retribution for livestock depredation (RLD) | 1.1 | Oli et al, 1994; Xu et al, 2008; Li et al, 2013; Alexander et al, 2015; Chen et al, 2016; Wild Xinjiang |
非法贸易导致的偷猎 Poaching for illegal trade (PIT) | 1.2 | Zhang, 1985; Schaller et al, 1988; Liu, 1993; EIA, 2008, 2012; Peng, 2009; Ma, 2012; Li & Lü, 2014; Maheshwari & Niraj, 2018 | |
动物园和博物馆的活体收集 Zoo and museum collection of live animals (ZMC) | 1.3 | Ma, 2012; Shan Shui Conservation Center | |
下毒、下套等导致的误杀 Secondary poisoning and trapping (SPT) | 1.4 | Li et al, 2013; Shan Shui Conservation Center | |
雪豹疾病 Diseases of snow leopards (DSL) | 1.5 | Fix et al, 1989; Silinski et al, 2003; An, 2016; Ostrowski & Gilbert, 2016; Shan Shui Conservation Center | |
栖息地和猎物相关 威胁 Threat about habitats and preys | 栖息地退化 Habitat degradation (HD) | 2.1 | Brown, 2008; Harris, 2010; Wang et al, 2015 |
栖息地破碎化 Habitat fragmentation (HF) | 2.2 | World Wide Fund for Nature; Xu et al, 2008; Li, 2012; Wild Xinjiang | |
盗猎和误杀导致的猎物种群减少 Prey reduction due to poaching and mistaken killing (PRPMK) | 2.3 | Schaller et al, 1988; Shan Shui Conservation Center | |
家畜竞争导致的猎物种群减少 Prey reduction due to competition with livestock (PRCL) | 2.4 | Mishra et al, 2004; Suryawanshi et al, 2010; Xiao, 2017; Wild Xinjiang | |
猎物疾病 Diseases of prey (DP) | 2.5 | Fedosenko & Blank, 2001; Dagleish et al, 2007; Wang et al, 2009; Bao et al, 2011; Ostrowski et al, 2011; Ostrowski & Gilbert, 2016; Wild Xinjiang | |
政策和认知相关 威胁 Threat about policy and cognition | 普遍认知缺乏导致的政策不当 Improper policy due to lack of cognition (IP) | 3.1 | Li et al, 2017 |
政策实施不力 Ineffective implementation of policies (IIP) | 3.2 | Mishra et al, 2003; Chen et al, 2016; Shan Shui Conservation Center | |
缺乏跨省(境)合作 Lack of trans-boundary cooperation (LTC) | 3.3 | - | |
基层保护部门能力不足 Insufficient capacity of local conservation departments (ICLCD) | 3.4 | - | |
当地社区保护动力不足 Lack of conservation incentive among local communities (LCILC) | 3.5 | - | |
间接威胁 Indirect threat | 气候变化 Climate change (CC) | 4.1 | IPCC, 2007; Klein et al, 2007; Xue et al, 2009; Vince, 2010; Yu et al, 2010; Forrest et al, 2012; Lovari et al, 2013; Yao et al, 2013; Luo et al, 2015; Aryal et al, 2016; Lehnert et al, 2016; Li et al, 2016; Yang et al, 2018 |
人口增长和贫困 Human population growth and poverty (HPGP) | 4.2 | Mishra et al, 2001, 2003; Adams et al, 2004; McShane & Wells, 2004 | |
流浪狗袭击雪豹及其猎物 Stray dogs attack snow leopards and their prey (SDA) | 4.3 | Wandeler et al, 1993; Butler et al, 2004; Mingyu Liu (Peking University) | |
虫草/药草采挖造成的干扰 Interference caused by cordyceps/herb collection (ICCC) | 4.4 | Shan Shui Conservation Center | |
道路建设与旅游开发项目 Road construction and tourism development projects (RCTD) | 4.5 | Wild Xinjiang; Wolong National Nature Reserve | |
矿产与水电开发 Mineral exploration and hydropower development (MEHD) | 4.6 | Wingard & Zahler, 2006; Baker et al, 2010; Jackson et al, 2013 |
图1 全国及各省区雪豹所面临威胁的排序。RLD: 报复性猎杀; PIT: 非法贸易导致的偷猎; ZMC: 动物园和博物馆的活体收集; SPT: 下毒、下套等导致的误杀; DSL: 雪豹疾病; HD: 栖息地退化; HF: 栖息地破碎化; PRPMK: 盗猎和误杀导致的猎物种群减少; PRCL: 家畜竞争导致的猎物种群减少; DP: 猎物疾病; IP: 普遍认知缺乏导致的政策不当; IIP: 政策实施不力; LTC: 缺乏跨省(境)合作; ICLCD: 基层保护部门能力不足; LCILC: 当地社区保护动力不足; CC: 气候变化; HPGP: 人口增长和贫困; SDA: 流浪狗袭击雪豹及其猎物; ICCC: 虫草/药草采挖造成的干扰; RCTD: 道路建设与旅游开发项目; MEHD: 矿产与水电开发。
Fig. 1 Rankings of threats to snow leopard at national and provincial level. RLD, In retribution for livestock depredation; PIT, Poaching for illegal trade; ZMC, Zoo and museum collection of live animals; SPT, Secondary poisoning and trapping of snow leopards; DSL, Diseases of snow leopards; HD, Habitat degradation; HF, Habitat fragmentation; PRPMK, Prey reduction due to poaching and mistaken killing; PRCL, Prey reduction due to competition with livestock; DP, Diseases of prey; IP, Improper policy due to lack of cognition; IIP, Ineffective implementation of policies; LTC, Lack of trans-boundary cooperation; ICLCD, Insufficient capacity of local conservation departments; LCILC, Lack of conservation incentive among local communities; CC, Climate change; HPGP, Human population growth and poverty; SDA, Stray dogs attack snow leopards and their prey; ICCC, Interference caused by cordyceps/herb collection; RCTD, Road construction and tourism development projects; MEHD, Mineral exploration and hydropower development.
保护行动 Protective actions | 青海 Qinghai | 西藏 Tibet | 四川 Sichuan | 新疆 Xinjiang | 甘肃 Gansu | 全国 China | 应对威胁 Corresponding threat | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
保护地建设<BR/>Development of nature reserves | 保护区监测与反盗猎巡护 Monitoring in conservation area and anti-poaching patrol | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.3 |
保护区能力建设 Capacity building of conservation area | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 3.4 | ||
建立新保护地 Establishing new conservation areas | √ | √ | 2.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.5, 4.6 | |||||
在地保护行动<BR/>Local protective actions | 人兽冲突补偿/保险 Compensation/insurance for human-wildlife conflict | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 1.1, 1.4, 3.1, 4.2 |
扶贫/生计改善 Poverty alleviation/livelihood improvement | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 1.1, 1.4, 2.1, 2.4, 3.5, 4.2 | |
社区/公民志愿者监测与反盗猎巡护 Community/citizen volunteer monitoring and anti-poaching patrol | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.3, 3.4, 3.5 | ||
放牧管理 Grazing management | √ | √ | 2.1, 2.4 | |||||
家畜疫病防治 Livestock disease prevention | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 2.5 | |
拆除围栏 Fence removal | √ | √ | √ | 2.1, 2.2 | ||||
流浪狗管理 Stray dogs ??management | √ | √ | 1.5, 4.3 | |||||
虫草/药草采集管理 Cordyceps/herb collection management | √ | √ | 4.4 | |||||
社区宣传教育 Community education | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 2.3, 3.2, 3.4, 3.5,4.4 | ||
政策与公众推动<BR/>Policy and public promotion | 制定保护规划 Protection planning | √ | √ | √ | 3.1, 3.2 | |||
生态补偿 Ecological compensation | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 2.1, 2.4, 3.4, 3.5, 4.2 | |
管理开发/发展类项目 Management of development projects | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 2.1, 2.2, 4.5, 4.6 | |
政策建议 Policy suggestion | √ | √ | √ | 3.1, 3.2 | ||||
公众宣传 Publicity | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 1.2, 3.1 |
表2 全国及各省区开展的保护行动及其应对的威胁(编号含义见表1)
Table 2 Protective actions and corresponding threat at national and provincial level (Mean of the numbers are shown in Table 1)
保护行动 Protective actions | 青海 Qinghai | 西藏 Tibet | 四川 Sichuan | 新疆 Xinjiang | 甘肃 Gansu | 全国 China | 应对威胁 Corresponding threat | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
保护地建设<BR/>Development of nature reserves | 保护区监测与反盗猎巡护 Monitoring in conservation area and anti-poaching patrol | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.3 |
保护区能力建设 Capacity building of conservation area | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 3.4 | ||
建立新保护地 Establishing new conservation areas | √ | √ | 2.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.5, 4.6 | |||||
在地保护行动<BR/>Local protective actions | 人兽冲突补偿/保险 Compensation/insurance for human-wildlife conflict | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 1.1, 1.4, 3.1, 4.2 |
扶贫/生计改善 Poverty alleviation/livelihood improvement | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 1.1, 1.4, 2.1, 2.4, 3.5, 4.2 | |
社区/公民志愿者监测与反盗猎巡护 Community/citizen volunteer monitoring and anti-poaching patrol | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.3, 3.4, 3.5 | ||
放牧管理 Grazing management | √ | √ | 2.1, 2.4 | |||||
家畜疫病防治 Livestock disease prevention | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 2.5 | |
拆除围栏 Fence removal | √ | √ | √ | 2.1, 2.2 | ||||
流浪狗管理 Stray dogs ??management | √ | √ | 1.5, 4.3 | |||||
虫草/药草采集管理 Cordyceps/herb collection management | √ | √ | 4.4 | |||||
社区宣传教育 Community education | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 2.3, 3.2, 3.4, 3.5,4.4 | ||
政策与公众推动<BR/>Policy and public promotion | 制定保护规划 Protection planning | √ | √ | √ | 3.1, 3.2 | |||
生态补偿 Ecological compensation | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 2.1, 2.4, 3.4, 3.5, 4.2 | |
管理开发/发展类项目 Management of development projects | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 2.1, 2.2, 4.5, 4.6 | |
政策建议 Policy suggestion | √ | √ | √ | 3.1, 3.2 | ||||
公众宣传 Publicity | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 1.2, 3.1 |
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