中国雪豹的威胁与保护现状

doi:10.17520/biods.2019026

生物多样性 ›› 2019, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (9): 932-942. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019026

• 中国雪豹调查研究与保护专题 • 上一篇下一篇

中国雪豹的威胁与保护现状

李小雨^1,^#,肖凌云^1,^#,梁旭昶²,程琛¹,冯琛³,赵翔³,刘炎林⁴,卞晓星²,何兵⁵,张常智⁵,Justine Shanti Alexander⁶,邢睿⁷,黄亚慧⁷,阿旺久美⁸,谢然尼玛⁹,宋大昭⁴,黄巧雯⁴,扎西桑俄¹⁰,彭奎¹¹,尹杭¹²,连新明¹³,杨欣¹⁴,李晟¹,施小刚¹⁵,杨创明¹⁶,吕植^1,^*()

1 北京大学生命科学学院, 北京 100871
2 国际野生生物保护学会, 北京 100101
3 山水自然保护中心, 北京 100871
4 中国猫科动物保护联盟, 北京 101121
5 世界自然基金会, 北京 100037
6 Snow Leopard Trust, Seattle WA 98103, USA
7 荒野新疆, 乌鲁木齐 830000
8 原上草自然保护中心, 西宁 810012
9 治多县索加乡人民政府, 青海玉树 815400
10 年保玉则生态环境保护协会, 青海果洛 624700
11 永续全球环境研究所, 北京 100600
12 雪境生态宣传教育与研究中心, 西宁 810007
13 中国科学院西北高原生物研究所, 西宁 810008
14 四川省绿色江河环境保护促进会, 成都 610041
15 四川卧龙国家级自然保护区, 四川汶川 623006
16 四川贡嘎山国家级自然保护区, 四川甘孜 626000

收稿日期:2019-01-31 接受日期:2019-08-31 出版日期:2019-09-20 发布日期:2019-09-25
通讯作者: 李小雨,肖凌云,吕植

Ongoing threats and the current status of snow leopard conservation in China

Xiaoyu Li^1,^#,Lingyun Xiao^1,^#,Xuchang Liang²,Chen Cheng¹,Chen Feng³,Xiang Zhao³,Yanlin Liu⁴,Xiaoxing Bian²,Bing He⁵,Changzhi Zhang⁵,Justine Shanti Alexander⁶,Rui Xing⁷,Yahui Huang⁷,Awangjiumei ⁸,Xierannima ⁹,Dazhao Song⁴,Qiaowen Huang⁴, ¹⁰,Kui Peng¹¹,Hang Yin¹²,Xinming Lian¹³,Xin Yang¹⁴,Sheng Li¹,Xiaogang Shi¹⁵,Chuangming Yang¹⁶,Zhi Lü^1,^*()

1 College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871
2 Wildlife Conservation Society, Beijing 100101
3 Shan Shui Conservation Center, Beijing 100871
4 Chinese Felid Conversation Alliance, Beijing 101121
5 World Wide Fund for Nature, Beijing 100037
6 Snow Leopard Trust, Seattle WA 98103, USA
7 Wild Xinjiang, Urumqi 830000
8 Plateau Nature Conservancy, Xining 810012
9 People’s Government of Suojia Township, Zhiduo County, Yushu, Qinghai 815400
10 Nyanpo Yutse Conservation Association, Golog, Qinghai 624700
11 Global Environmental Institute, Beijing 100600
12 Gangri Neichog Research and Conservation Center, Xining 810007
13 Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008
14 Greenriver Environmental Protection Association of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041
15 Wolong National Nature Reserve, Wenchuan, Sichuan 623006
16 Gongga Mountain National Nature Reserve, Garzê, Sichuan 626000

Received:2019-01-31 Accepted:2019-08-31 Online:2019-09-20 Published:2019-09-25
Contact: Xiaoyu Li,Lingyun Xiao,Zhi Lü

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

大部分保护机构只有能力在特定种群层面上保护大型食肉动物, 而物种的灭绝风险却是在全球尺度进行评估的。因此, 要填补这一尺度断层, 多机构的工作与意见汇总非常必要。本研究综合了文献和18家中国雪豹(Panthera uncia)研究与保护机构共24位一线工作人员提供的信息, 经过两次集体讨论和填写评分表格的方式, 识别出21种威胁因素, 在全国层面和青海、西藏、新疆、四川和甘肃5个主要雪豹分布省区层面对威胁进行了排序, 并汇总了各保护机构实施的17项保护行动, 以及各项行动所应对的威胁。全国评分前三的威胁依次是基层保护部门能力不足(9.5分)、气候变化(8.0分)、当地社区保护动力不足(6.8分), 不同省区的威胁排序则体现出很大差异性。其中, 目前仍没有任何行动措施应对气候变化。虽然已有一些保护行动来应对基层保护能力不足和当地社区保护动力不足的问题, 如保护区能力建设、开展社区监测等, 但行动的覆盖尺度仍远远不够。

关键词: 雪豹, 中国, 威胁评估, 专家意见, 保护行动

Abstract

When working with widespread large carnivores, most conservation organizations can only perform direct conservation actions for a specific population, but the extinction risk of a species is evaluated at a global scale. Here, we aim to bridge this impact gap by assessing the work and opinions from many organizations. We combines knowledge from scientific literature with the observations of 24 front-line staff working at 18 Chinese snow leopard research and conservation organizations. Through attending two group-meetings and by filling in threat-scoring spreadsheets, we identified 21 threats and ranked them at both the national and provincial levels. The five main snow leopard distribution provinces are Qinghai, Tibet, Xinjiang, Sichuan and Gansu. Also, we analyzed 17 conservation actions conducted by these conservation organizations, as well as the threats these actions attempted to address. The top three threats in China are the insufficient capacity of local conservation departments (9.5 points), climate change (8.0 points), and the lack of conservation incentive among local communities (6.8 points), although large differences exist between provinces. There is currently no action being taken in response to climate change. Although some conservation actions have addressed the insufficient capacity of local conservation departments and the lack of conservation awareness in local communities, such as by building up the capacity of conservation areas and monitoring by communities, respectively, the spatial coverage of these actions is still far from sufficient.

Key words: snow leopard, China, threat assessment, expert opinion, conservation actions

李小雨,肖凌云,梁旭昶,程琛,冯琛,赵翔,刘炎林,卞晓星,何兵,张常智,Justine Shanti Alexander,邢睿,黄亚慧,阿旺久美,谢然尼玛,宋大昭,黄巧雯,扎西桑俄,彭奎,尹杭,连新明,杨欣,李晟,施小刚,杨创明,吕植 (2019) 中国雪豹的威胁与保护现状. 生物多样性, 27, 932-942. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019026.

Xiaoyu Li,Lingyun Xiao,Xuchang Liang,Chen Cheng,Chen Feng,Xiang Zhao,Yanlin Liu,Xiaoxing Bian,Bing He,Changzhi Zhang,Justine Shanti Alexander,Rui Xing,Yahui Huang,Awangjiumei ,Xierannima ,Dazhao Song,Qiaowen Huang, ,Kui Peng,Hang Yin,Xinming Lian,Xin Yang,Sheng Li,Xiaogang Shi,Chuangming Yang,Zhi Lü (2019) Ongoing threats and the current status of snow leopard conservation in China. Biodiversity Science, 27, 932-942. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019026.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2019026

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2019/V27/I9/932

图/表 4

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威胁分类 Category of threat	威胁名称 Threat	编号 No.	参考文献 Reference
对雪豹的直接猎杀或抓捕 Direct killing or capture of snow leopards	报复性猎杀 In retribution for livestock depredation (RLD)	1.1	Oli et al, 1994; Xu et al, 2008; Li et al, 2013; Alexander et al, 2015; Chen et al, 2016; Wild Xinjiang
	非法贸易导致的偷猎 Poaching for illegal trade (PIT)	1.2	Zhang, 1985; Schaller et al, 1988; Liu, 1993; EIA, 2008, 2012; Peng, 2009; Ma, 2012; Li & Lü, 2014; Maheshwari & Niraj, 2018
	动物园和博物馆的活体收集 Zoo and museum collection of live animals (ZMC)	1.3	Ma, 2012; Shan Shui Conservation Center
	下毒、下套等导致的误杀 Secondary poisoning and trapping (SPT)	1.4	Li et al, 2013; Shan Shui Conservation Center
	雪豹疾病 Diseases of snow leopards (DSL)	1.5	Fix et al, 1989; Silinski et al, 2003; An, 2016; Ostrowski & Gilbert, 2016; Shan Shui Conservation Center
栖息地和猎物相关威胁 Threat about habitats and preys	栖息地退化 Habitat degradation (HD)	2.1	Brown, 2008; Harris, 2010; Wang et al, 2015
	栖息地破碎化 Habitat fragmentation (HF)	2.2	World Wide Fund for Nature; Xu et al, 2008; Li, 2012; Wild Xinjiang
	盗猎和误杀导致的猎物种群减少 Prey reduction due to poaching and mistaken killing (PRPMK)	2.3	Schaller et al, 1988; Shan Shui Conservation Center
	家畜竞争导致的猎物种群减少 Prey reduction due to competition with livestock (PRCL)	2.4	Mishra et al, 2004; Suryawanshi et al, 2010; Xiao, 2017; Wild Xinjiang
	猎物疾病 Diseases of prey (DP)	2.5	Fedosenko & Blank, 2001; Dagleish et al, 2007; Wang et al, 2009; Bao et al, 2011; Ostrowski et al, 2011; Ostrowski & Gilbert, 2016; Wild Xinjiang
政策和认知相关威胁 Threat about policy and cognition	普遍认知缺乏导致的政策不当 Improper policy due to lack of cognition (IP)	3.1	Li et al, 2017
	政策实施不力 Ineffective implementation of policies (IIP)	3.2	Mishra et al, 2003; Chen et al, 2016; Shan Shui Conservation Center
	缺乏跨省(境)合作 Lack of trans-boundary cooperation (LTC)	3.3	-
	基层保护部门能力不足 Insufficient capacity of local conservation departments (ICLCD)	3.4	-
	当地社区保护动力不足 Lack of conservation incentive among local communities (LCILC)	3.5	-
间接威胁 Indirect threat	气候变化 Climate change (CC)	4.1	IPCC, 2007; Klein et al, 2007; Xue et al, 2009; Vince, 2010; Yu et al, 2010; Forrest et al, 2012; Lovari et al, 2013; Yao et al, 2013; Luo et al, 2015; Aryal et al, 2016; Lehnert et al, 2016; Li et al, 2016; Yang et al, 2018
	人口增长和贫困 Human population growth and poverty (HPGP)	4.2	Mishra et al, 2001, 2003; Adams et al, 2004; McShane & Wells, 2004
	流浪狗袭击雪豹及其猎物 Stray dogs attack snow leopards and their prey (SDA)	4.3	Wandeler et al, 1993; Butler et al, 2004; Mingyu Liu (Peking University)
	虫草/药草采挖造成的干扰 Interference caused by cordyceps/herb collection (ICCC)	4.4	Shan Shui Conservation Center
	道路建设与旅游开发项目 Road construction and tourism development projects (RCTD)	4.5	Wild Xinjiang; Wolong National Nature Reserve
	矿产与水电开发 Mineral exploration and hydropower development (MEHD)	4.6	Wingard & Zahler, 2006; Baker et al, 2010; Jackson et al, 2013

威胁分类 Category of threat	威胁名称 Threat	编号 No.	参考文献 Reference
对雪豹的直接猎杀或抓捕 Direct killing or capture of snow leopards	报复性猎杀 In retribution for livestock depredation (RLD)	1.1	Oli et al, 1994; Xu et al, 2008; Li et al, 2013; Alexander et al, 2015; Chen et al, 2016; Wild Xinjiang
	非法贸易导致的偷猎 Poaching for illegal trade (PIT)	1.2	Zhang, 1985; Schaller et al, 1988; Liu, 1993; EIA, 2008, 2012; Peng, 2009; Ma, 2012; Li & Lü, 2014; Maheshwari & Niraj, 2018
	动物园和博物馆的活体收集 Zoo and museum collection of live animals (ZMC)	1.3	Ma, 2012; Shan Shui Conservation Center
	下毒、下套等导致的误杀 Secondary poisoning and trapping (SPT)	1.4	Li et al, 2013; Shan Shui Conservation Center
	雪豹疾病 Diseases of snow leopards (DSL)	1.5	Fix et al, 1989; Silinski et al, 2003; An, 2016; Ostrowski & Gilbert, 2016; Shan Shui Conservation Center
栖息地和猎物相关威胁 Threat about habitats and preys	栖息地退化 Habitat degradation (HD)	2.1	Brown, 2008; Harris, 2010; Wang et al, 2015
	栖息地破碎化 Habitat fragmentation (HF)	2.2	World Wide Fund for Nature; Xu et al, 2008; Li, 2012; Wild Xinjiang
	盗猎和误杀导致的猎物种群减少 Prey reduction due to poaching and mistaken killing (PRPMK)	2.3	Schaller et al, 1988; Shan Shui Conservation Center
	家畜竞争导致的猎物种群减少 Prey reduction due to competition with livestock (PRCL)	2.4	Mishra et al, 2004; Suryawanshi et al, 2010; Xiao, 2017; Wild Xinjiang
	猎物疾病 Diseases of prey (DP)	2.5	Fedosenko & Blank, 2001; Dagleish et al, 2007; Wang et al, 2009; Bao et al, 2011; Ostrowski et al, 2011; Ostrowski & Gilbert, 2016; Wild Xinjiang
政策和认知相关威胁 Threat about policy and cognition	普遍认知缺乏导致的政策不当 Improper policy due to lack of cognition (IP)	3.1	Li et al, 2017
	政策实施不力 Ineffective implementation of policies (IIP)	3.2	Mishra et al, 2003; Chen et al, 2016; Shan Shui Conservation Center
	缺乏跨省(境)合作 Lack of trans-boundary cooperation (LTC)	3.3	-
	基层保护部门能力不足 Insufficient capacity of local conservation departments (ICLCD)	3.4	-
	当地社区保护动力不足 Lack of conservation incentive among local communities (LCILC)	3.5	-
间接威胁 Indirect threat	气候变化 Climate change (CC)	4.1	IPCC, 2007; Klein et al, 2007; Xue et al, 2009; Vince, 2010; Yu et al, 2010; Forrest et al, 2012; Lovari et al, 2013; Yao et al, 2013; Luo et al, 2015; Aryal et al, 2016; Lehnert et al, 2016; Li et al, 2016; Yang et al, 2018
	人口增长和贫困 Human population growth and poverty (HPGP)	4.2	Mishra et al, 2001, 2003; Adams et al, 2004; McShane & Wells, 2004
	流浪狗袭击雪豹及其猎物 Stray dogs attack snow leopards and their prey (SDA)	4.3	Wandeler et al, 1993; Butler et al, 2004; Mingyu Liu (Peking University)
	虫草/药草采挖造成的干扰 Interference caused by cordyceps/herb collection (ICCC)	4.4	Shan Shui Conservation Center
	道路建设与旅游开发项目 Road construction and tourism development projects (RCTD)	4.5	Wild Xinjiang; Wolong National Nature Reserve
	矿产与水电开发 Mineral exploration and hydropower development (MEHD)	4.6	Wingard & Zahler, 2006; Baker et al, 2010; Jackson et al, 2013

保护行动 Protective actions		青海 Qinghai	西藏 Tibet	四川 Sichuan	新疆 Xinjiang	甘肃 Gansu	全国 China	应对威胁 Corresponding threat
保护地建设<BR/>Development of nature reserves	保护区监测与反盗猎巡护 Monitoring in conservation area and anti-poaching patrol	√	√	√	√	√	√	1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.3
	保护区能力建设 Capacity building of conservation area	√		√	√	√	√	3.4
	建立新保护地 Establishing new conservation areas				√		√	2.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.5, 4.6
在地保护行动<BR/>Local protective actions	人兽冲突补偿/保险 Compensation/insurance for human-wildlife conflict	√	√	√	√	√	√	1.1, 1.4, 3.1, 4.2
	扶贫/生计改善 Poverty alleviation/livelihood improvement	√	√	√	√	√	√	1.1, 1.4, 2.1, 2.4, 3.5, 4.2
	社区/公民志愿者监测与反盗猎巡护 Community/citizen volunteer monitoring and anti-poaching patrol	√	√	√	√		√	1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.3, 3.4, 3.5
	放牧管理 Grazing management	√					√	2.1, 2.4
	家畜疫病防治 Livestock disease prevention	√	√	√	√	√	√	2.5
	拆除围栏 Fence removal	√	√				√	2.1, 2.2
	流浪狗管理 Stray dogs ??management	√					√	1.5, 4.3
	虫草/药草采集管理 Cordyceps/herb collection management	√					√	4.4
	社区宣传教育 Community education	√	√		√	√	√	1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 2.3, 3.2, 3.4, 3.5,4.4
政策与公众推动<BR/>Policy and public promotion	制定保护规划 Protection planning	√				√	√	3.1, 3.2
	生态补偿 Ecological compensation	√	√	√	√	√	√	2.1, 2.4, 3.4, 3.5, 4.2
	管理开发/发展类项目 Management of development projects	√	√	√	√	√	√	2.1, 2.2, 4.5, 4.6
	政策建议 Policy suggestion	√				√	√	3.1, 3.2
	公众宣传 Publicity	√	√		√	√	√	1.2, 3.1

保护行动 Protective actions		青海 Qinghai	西藏 Tibet	四川 Sichuan	新疆 Xinjiang	甘肃 Gansu	全国 China	应对威胁 Corresponding threat
保护地建设<BR/>Development of nature reserves	保护区监测与反盗猎巡护 Monitoring in conservation area and anti-poaching patrol	√	√	√	√	√	√	1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.3
	保护区能力建设 Capacity building of conservation area	√		√	√	√	√	3.4
	建立新保护地 Establishing new conservation areas				√		√	2.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.5, 4.6
在地保护行动<BR/>Local protective actions	人兽冲突补偿/保险 Compensation/insurance for human-wildlife conflict	√	√	√	√	√	√	1.1, 1.4, 3.1, 4.2
	扶贫/生计改善 Poverty alleviation/livelihood improvement	√	√	√	√	√	√	1.1, 1.4, 2.1, 2.4, 3.5, 4.2
	社区/公民志愿者监测与反盗猎巡护 Community/citizen volunteer monitoring and anti-poaching patrol	√	√	√	√		√	1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.3, 3.4, 3.5
	放牧管理 Grazing management	√					√	2.1, 2.4
	家畜疫病防治 Livestock disease prevention	√	√	√	√	√	√	2.5
	拆除围栏 Fence removal	√	√				√	2.1, 2.2
	流浪狗管理 Stray dogs ??management	√					√	1.5, 4.3
	虫草/药草采集管理 Cordyceps/herb collection management	√					√	4.4
	社区宣传教育 Community education	√	√		√	√	√	1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 2.3, 3.2, 3.4, 3.5,4.4
政策与公众推动<BR/>Policy and public promotion	制定保护规划 Protection planning	√				√	√	3.1, 3.2
	生态补偿 Ecological compensation	√	√	√	√	√	√	2.1, 2.4, 3.4, 3.5, 4.2
	管理开发/发展类项目 Management of development projects	√	√	√	√	√	√	2.1, 2.2, 4.5, 4.6
	政策建议 Policy suggestion	√				√	√	3.1, 3.2
	公众宣传 Publicity	√	√		√	√	√	1.2, 3.1

中国雪豹的威胁与保护现状

Ongoing threats and the current status of snow leopard conservation in China

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