不同海拔巴山冷杉林土壤微生物多样性及植物-微生物跨界生态网络关系

doi:10.17520/biods.2025276

生物多样性 ›› 2026, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (4): 25276. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025276 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2025276

• 研究报告: 微生物多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

不同海拔巴山冷杉林土壤微生物多样性及植物-微生物跨界生态网络关系

李劲¹^,²(), 程铭昊¹^,², 张溢¹^,², 刘峰³, 姜庆虎³, 叶基荣⁴, 陈展¹, 张于光¹^,²^,^*()

¹ 中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与自然保护研究所, 北京 100091
² 生物多样性保护国家林业和草原局重点实验室, 北京 100091
³ 中国科学院武汉植物园, 武汉 430074
⁴ 云南大学国际河流与生态安全研究院, 昆明 650500

收稿日期:2025-07-16 接受日期:2025-11-27 出版日期:2026-04-20 发布日期:2026-05-28
通讯作者: 张于光
基金资助:
神农架国家公园本底资源综合调查研究项目(SNJNP2023010);神农架金丝猴保育生物学湖北省重点实验室开放课题基金(SNJGKL2023010)

Soil microbial diversity and plant-microbe inter-kingdom ecological networks across an elevational gradient in Abies fargesii forests

Jin Li¹^,²(), Minghao Cheng¹^,², Yi Zhang¹^,², Feng Liu³, Qinghu Jiang³, Jirong Ye⁴, Zhan Chen¹, Yuguang Zhang¹^,²^,^*()

¹ Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
² Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China
³ Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
⁴ Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China

Received:2025-07-16 Accepted:2025-11-27 Online:2026-04-20 Published:2026-05-28
Contact: Yuguang Zhang
Supported by:
Project of Baseline Resources Survey in Shennongjia National Park(SNJNP2023010);the Open Project Fund of Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation Biology of Shennongjia Snub-nosed Monkeys(SNJGKL2023010)

1. 附录.pdf(382KB)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

土壤微生物是森林生态系统的重要组成部分, 在维系生态系统物质循环与能量流动等过程中发挥着关键作用。本研究以神农架国家公园候选区巴山冷杉(Abies fargesii)林为对象, 旨在揭示土壤微生物群落沿海拔梯度的变化规律及其驱动机制, 并解析植物-微生物跨界生态网络(inter-kingdom ecological networks, IDENs)特征。采用高通量测序, 并构建IDENs, 综合分析不同海拔巴山冷杉林土壤微生物多样性、群落结构及其与植物群落的关联。结果表明, 随海拔升高, 土壤全氮、土壤有机碳和年均降水量(mean annual precipitation, MAP)显著增加, 而土壤全磷、速效钾、植物物种丰富度以及植物Shannon指数显著降低(P<0.05); 细菌Shannon指数与丰富度指数随海拔升高显著下降(P<0.05), 真菌多样性无显著差异; 细菌优势菌门中, 仅酸杆菌门及其优势属(酸杆菌门亚群Gp2、Gp1和Gp3)相对丰度随海拔升高显著增加(P<0.05); 真菌优势菌门随海拔变化无显著差异, 但属水平红菇属(Russula)相对丰度显著升高、丝盖伞属(Inocybe)显著下降(P<0.05); 偏Mantel分析表明, 年均气温(mean annual temperature, MAT)与MAP是驱动土壤微生物群落变化的主要因子; 典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis, CCA)进一步显示, MAP与植物多样性对细菌和真菌群落结构影响最显著。IDENs子网络指标显示, 模块度、连通性和嵌套性随海拔升高显著上升(P<0.05), 高山杜鹃(Rhododendron lapponicum)和四蕊槭(Acer stachyophyllum subsp. betulifolium)等植物是模块枢纽的主要组成部分, 巴山冷杉在植物-真菌IDENs中占据网络枢纽的重要地位。本研究揭示了不同海拔巴山冷杉林土壤微生物群落结构及其主要影响因素, 识别了植物-微生物IDENs的关键特征, 可为理解森林生态系统中植物-微生物互作关系提供科学参考。

关键词: 巴山冷杉, 土壤微生物群落, 海拔梯度, 植物-微生物跨界生态网络, 神农架国家公园候选区

Abstract

Aims: The objectives of this study were to investigate the elevational patterns and driving factors of soil microbial diversity and community composition in Abies fargesii forests in Shennongjia National Park candidate area, and to analyze the relationships between soil microbial communities and plant communities along the elevational gradient.
Methods: This study was conducted in A. fargesii forests in Shennongjia National Park candidate area. Soil samples were collected along an elevational gradient. High-throughput sequencing was used to analyze the diversity and community composition of soil bacterial and fungal communities. In addition, inter-kingdom ecological networks (IDENs) were constructed to examine the characteristics of soil microbial communities and their relationships with plant communities across different elevations.
Results: With increasing elevation, total nitrogen, soil organic carbon, and mean annual precipitation (MAP) significantly increased, whereas soil total phosphorus (TP), available potassium (AK), plant richness, and the plant Shannon index significantly decreased (P<0.05). Bacterial Shannon index and richness significantly declined with increasing elevation (P<0.05), while fungal diversity indices showed no significant change. Among dominant bacterial phyla, the relative abundance of Acidobacteriota, particularly subgroups Gp2, Gp1, and Gp3, increased significantly with increasing elevation (P<0.05). Dominant fungal phyla showed no significant elevational trends, but Russula increased and Inocybe decreased at the genus level (P<0.05). Partial Mantel tests indicated that mean annual temperature (MAT) and MAP were the main drivers of microbial community variation, and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) further showed that MAP and plant diversity significantly shaped bacterial and fungal community structures. Network modularity, connectance, and nestedness increased significantly along the elevational gradient (P<0.05). Rhododendron lapponicum and Acer stachyophyllum subsp. betulifolium were the main plant components of module hubs in the plant-microbe IDENs, whereas A. fargesii occupied a central position as a network hub in the plant-fungal IDENs.
Conclusion: Soil microbial communities in A. fargesii forests exhibit clear elevational patterns. With increasing elevation, bacterial diversity decreases significantly, whereas fungal diversity remains relatively stable. MAT, MAP, and plant diversity are important drivers shaping microbial community structure. In addition, the connectance and modularity of plant-microbe IDENs increase significantly with increasing elevation. Plants act as network hub species and, together with key microbial taxa involved in decomposition and nutrient cycling, jointly maintain the structural and functional stability of plant-microbe interaction networks.

Key words: Abies fargesii, soil microbial community, elevational gradient, plant-microbe inter-kingdom ecological networks, Shennongjia National Park candidate area

李劲, 程铭昊, 张溢, 刘峰, 姜庆虎, 叶基荣, 陈展, 张于光 (2026) 不同海拔巴山冷杉林土壤微生物多样性及植物-微生物跨界生态网络关系. 生物多样性, 34, 25276. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025276.

Jin Li, Minghao Cheng, Yi Zhang, Feng Liu, Qinghu Jiang, Jirong Ye, Zhan Chen, Yuguang Zhang (2026) Soil microbial diversity and plant-microbe inter-kingdom ecological networks across an elevational gradient in Abies fargesii forests. Biodiversity Science, 34, 25276. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025276.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2025276

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图/表 10

表1 各环境因子指标的均值及其与海拔的回归分析结果。以海拔为自变量、各环境因子为因变量进行一元线性回归分析。Slope表示回归斜率, 即海拔每升高1 m时环境因子的变化量。正斜率表示该指标随海拔升高而增加, 负斜率表示该指标随海拔升高而降低。R2表示决定系数; P表示回归显著性水平。

Table 1 Mean values of environmental factors and simple linear regression results for their relationships with elevation. Simple linear regressions were performed using elevation as the independent variable and each environmental factor as the dependent variable. Slope represents the regression coefficient, indicating the change in each environmental factor per 1 m increase in elevation. Positive and negative slope values indicate increasing and decreasing trends with elevation, respectively. R² represents the coefficient of determination; P represents the significance level of the regression.

环境因子 Environmental factor	均值±标准差 Mean±SD	Slope	R²	P
土壤pH Soil pH	5.81±0.40	0.000	0.001	0.903
土壤全氮 Soil total nitrogen (g/kg)	4.65±0.77	0.001	0.282	0.007
土壤全磷 Soil total phosphorus (g/kg)	0.99±0.23	-0.001	0.526	< 0.001
土壤全钾 Soil total potassium (g/kg)	17.74±2.85	-0.006	0.396	0.001
土壤速效钾 Soil available potassium (mg/kg)	140.63±33.58	0.010	0.009	0.662
土壤速效磷 Soil available phosphorus (mg/kg)	5.07±2.60	-0.004	0.168	0.047
土壤有机碳 Soil organic carbon (g/kg)	45.63±13.13	0.031	0.526	< 0.001
植物物种丰富度 Plant species richness	10.67±7.17	-0.022	0.825	< 0.001
植物Shannon指数 Plant Shannon index	1.47±0.75	-0.002	0.663	< 0.001
年均温度 Mean annual temperature (℃)	5.14±1.11	-0.004	0.963	< 0.001
年均降水量 Mean annual precipitation (mm)	1,345.71±31.75	0.102	0.947	< 0.001

环境因子 Environmental factor	均值±标准差 Mean±SD	Slope	R²	P
土壤pH Soil pH	5.81±0.40	0.000	0.001	0.903
土壤全氮 Soil total nitrogen (g/kg)	4.65±0.77	0.001	0.282	0.007
土壤全磷 Soil total phosphorus (g/kg)	0.99±0.23	-0.001	0.526	< 0.001
土壤全钾 Soil total potassium (g/kg)	17.74±2.85	-0.006	0.396	0.001
土壤速效钾 Soil available potassium (mg/kg)	140.63±33.58	0.010	0.009	0.662
土壤速效磷 Soil available phosphorus (mg/kg)	5.07±2.60	-0.004	0.168	0.047
土壤有机碳 Soil organic carbon (g/kg)	45.63±13.13	0.031	0.526	< 0.001
植物物种丰富度 Plant species richness	10.67±7.17	-0.022	0.825	< 0.001
植物Shannon指数 Plant Shannon index	1.47±0.75	-0.002	0.663	< 0.001
年均温度 Mean annual temperature (℃)	5.14±1.11	-0.004	0.963	< 0.001
年均降水量 Mean annual precipitation (mm)	1,345.71±31.75	0.102	0.947	< 0.001

图1 不同海拔梯度下土壤细菌(a)和真菌(b)门水平相对丰度

Fig. 1 Phylum-level relative abundance of soil bacteria (a) and fungi (b) along the elevational gradient

表2 土壤微生物优势门相对丰度(平均值±标准差)与海拔的回归分析结果。以海拔为自变量、各优势微生物门相对丰度为因变量进行一元线性回归分析。相对丰度以百分比表示。Slope表示海拔每升高100 m时优势微生物门相对丰度百分比的变化量。正斜率表示该菌门相对丰度随海拔升高而增加, 负斜率表示其随海拔升高而降低。R2表示决定系数; P表示回归显著性水平。

Table 2 Regression analysis results for the relative abundance (mean±SD) of dominant soil microbial phyla and elevation. Simple linear regressions were performed using elevation as the independent variable and the relative abundance of each dominant microbial phylum as the dependent variable. Relative abundance is expressed as a percentage. Slope represents the change in relative abundance percentage per 100 m increase in elevation. Positive and negative slope values indicate increasing and decreasing trends with elevation, respectively. R² represents the coefficient of determination, and P represents the significance level of the regression.

界 Kingdom	门 Phylum	相对丰度 Relative abundance (%)	Slope	R²	P
细菌 Bacteria	假单胞菌门 Pseudomonadota	41.73±5.87	-0.278	0.021	0.501
	酸杆菌门 Acidobacteriota	29.61±7.95	1.574	0.361	0.001
	放线菌门 Actinomycetota	10.49±2.60	-0.259	0.092	0.150
真菌 Fungi	子囊菌门 Ascomycota	17.98±8.91	0.403	0.019	0.522
	担子菌门 Basidiomycota	67.01±12.61	-0.972	0.055	0.271
	毛霉菌门 Mortierellomycota	8.41±3.55	-0.253	0.047	0.309

表3 土壤微生物优势属相对丰度(平均值±标准差)与海拔关系的回归分析结果。相对丰度以百分比表示。Slope表示海拔每升高100 m时优势微生物门相对丰度百分比的变化量。正斜率表示该菌门相对丰度随海拔升高而增加, 负斜率表示其随海拔升高而降低。R2表示决定系数; P表示回归显著性水平。

Table 3 Regression analysis results for the relationships between the relative abundance (mean±SD) of dominant soil microbial genera and elevation. Slope represents the change in relative abundance percentage per 100 m increase in elevation. Positive and negative slope values indicate increasing and decreasing trends with elevation, respectively. R² represents the coefficient of determination, and P represents the significance level of the regression.

界 Kingdom	属 Genus	相对丰度 Relative abundance (%)	Slope	R²	P
细菌 Bacteria	未分类 Unclassified	36.91±4.99	-1.243	0.571	< 0.001
	Gp2	11.90±5.17	0.722	0.18	0.039
	Gp1	6.45±2.25	0.408	0.301	0.006
	Gp3	5.39±1.44	0.347	0.533	< 0.001
	缓生根瘤菌属 Bradyrhizobium	4.41±1.12	0.035	0.009	0.657
真菌 Fungi	未分类 Unclassified	19.85±10.92	-0.213	0.000	0.583
	红菇属 Russula	15.36±14.44	1.164	0.239	0.015
	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	9.45±9.88	-0.773	0.226	0.019
	被孢霉属 Mortierella	8.34±3.52	-0.132	0.000	0.287
	蜡壳菌属 Sebacina	7.69±5.68	0.059	0.002	0.770
	Piloderma	4.41±7.91	-0.228	0.000	0.413

图2 海拔梯度下土壤微生物α多样性指数箱线图及主坐标分析(PCoA)。(a)细菌α多样性箱线图; (b)真菌α多样性箱线图; (c)细菌群落PCoA; (d)真菌群落PCoA。箱线图中不同小写字母表示经单因素方差分析(ANOVA)及Tukey诚实显著性差异(HSD)事后多重比较检验后, 不同海拔组间差异显著(P<0.05); 相同或含有相同字母者表示差异不显著。

Fig. 2 Box plots of α diversity indices and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of soil microbial communities along the elevational gradient. (a) Box plots of bacterial α diversity indices; (b) Box plots of fungal α diversity indices; (c) PCoA of bacterial communities; and (d) PCoA of fungal communities. In the box plots, different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among elevational groups based on one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) post hoc multiple comparison test (P<0.05), whereas identical or shared letters indicate no significant difference.

图3 不同环境因子与土壤微生物群落结构的相关关系分析。(a)微生物群落与环境因子的偏Mantel分析; (b)细菌群落与环境因子的典范对应分析(CCA); (c)真菌群落与环境因子的CCA。pH: 土壤pH; TN: 全氮; TP: 全磷; TK: 全钾; AK: 速效钾; AP: 速效磷; SOC: 土壤有机碳; MAT: 年均气温; MAP: 年均降水量; Plant_Richness: 植物物种丰富度; Plant_Shannon: 植物Shannon指数。

Fig. 3 Correlation analysis between environmental factors and soil microbial community structure. (a) Partial Mantel test between microbial communities and environmental factors; (b) Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of bacterial communities constrained by environmental factors; (c) CCA of fungal communities constrained by environmental factors. pH, Soil pH; TN, Total nitrogen; TP, Total phosphorus; TK, Total potassium; AK, Available potassium; AP, Available phosphorus; SOC, Soil organic carbon; MAT, Mean annual temperature; MAP, Mean annual precipitation; Plant_Richness, Plant species richness; Plant_Shannon, Plant Shannon index.

图4 植物与土壤微生物跨界生态网络。(a)植物-土壤细菌跨界生态网络; (b)植物-土壤真菌跨界生态网络。圆圈表示网络节点, 线条表示边; 不同颜色的圆圈表示不同类群, 圆圈大小表示节点度的大小; 红色边表示正相关, 绿色边表示负相关。

Fig. 4 Plant-soil microorganism inter-kingdom ecological networks. (a) Plant-bacterial inter-kingdom ecological network; (b) Plant-fungal inter-kingdom ecological network. Circles represent network nodes, and lines represent edges; circles of different colors indicate different groups, and circle size indicates node degree; red edges indicate positive correlations, whereas green edges indicate negative correlations.

图5 植物-土壤微生物跨界子网络拓扑指数与海拔的回归分析。a-d分别为植物-细菌网络的模块化、连通性、不对称性和嵌套性; e-h分别为植物-真菌网络的模块化、连通性、不对称性和嵌套性。

Fig. 5 Regression analysis of plant-soil microbial inter-kingdom subnetwork topological indices with elevation. a-d are the modularity, connectance, web asymmetry, and nestedness of plant-bacteria networks, respectively; e-h are the modularity, connectance, web asymmetry, and nestedness of plant-fungi networks, respectively.

图6 植物与土壤微生物跨界生态网络(IDENs)节点拓扑角色分析。(a)植物-土壤细菌IDENs拓扑角色; (b)植物-土壤真菌IDENs拓扑角色。Rhododendron lapponicum: 高山杜鹃; Abies fargesii: 巴山冷杉; Crataegus wilsonii: 华中山楂; Acer stachyophyllum subsp. Betulifolium: 四蕊槭; Acer maximowiczii: 五尖槭; Sorbus hupehensis: 湖北花楸; Populus davidiana: 山杨; Sorbus koehneana: 陕甘花楸。

Fig. 6 Topological role analysis of nodes in plant-soil inter-kingdom ecological networks (IDENs). (a) Topological role of plant-soil bacterial IDENs; (b) Topological role of plant-soil fungal inter-kingdom ecological network IDENs.

表4 植物-土壤微生物跨界生态网络(IDENs)关键细菌与真菌纲水平相对丰度(平均值±标准差)

Table 4 Relative abundance (mean±SD) of keystone bacterial and fungal classes in plant-soil microbiome inter-kingdom ecological networks (IDENs)

植物-土壤微生物跨界生态网络 Plant-soil microbiome IDENs	关键细菌和真菌纲类 Keystone bacterial and fungal classes	相对丰度 Relative abundance (%)
细菌-植物跨界生态网络 Plant-bacteria IDEN	酸微菌纲 Acidimicrobiia	0.07±0.04
	酸杆菌纲Gp1 Acidobacteria Gp1	0.55±0.30
	酸杆菌纲Gp2 Acidobacteria Gp2	1.03±0.63
	酸杆菌纲Gp3 Acidobacteria Gp3	0.31±0.22
	放线菌纲 Actinobacteria	0.4±0.19
	Alpha变形菌纲 Alpha Proteobacteria	3.03±0.92
	Beta变形菌纲 Betaproteobacteria	0.19±0.09
	Delta变形菌纲 Deltaproteobacteria	0.14±0.13
	Gamma变形菌纲 Gammaproteobacteria	0.52±0.29
	纤线杆菌纲 Ktedonobacteria	0.06±0.06
	斯巴达杆菌纲 Spartobacteria	0.12±0.10
	Terriglobia	0.34±0.30
	未分类 Unclassified	0.79±0.64
	关键类群总和 Total keystone taxa	7.56±1.59
真菌-植物跨界生态网络 Plant-fungi IDEN	伞菌纲 Agaricomycetes	0.15±0.19
	古根菌纲 Archaeorhizomycetes	0.48±1.35
	锤舌菌纲 Leotiomycetes	0.14±0.22
	被孢霉纲 Mortierellomycetes	0.14±0.19
	关键类群总和 Total keystone taxa	0.90±1.34

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不同海拔巴山冷杉林土壤微生物多样性及植物-微生物跨界生态网络关系

Soil microbial diversity and plant-microbe inter-kingdom ecological networks across an elevational gradient in Abies fargesii forests

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