性别系统对东北天然针阔混交林中优势树种空间分布格局的影响

doi:10.17520/biods.2025101

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为分析不同性别系统的优势树种空间分布格局影响因子的差异性特征, 探讨繁殖成本差异对植物适应环境特异性产生的影响，本研究选取吉林蛟河天然针阔混交林样地中的主要优势树种红松(Pinus koraiensis)、紫椴(Tilia amurensis)、胡桃楸(Juglans mandshurica)和水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)为研究对象, 测定其胸径、树高、冠幅等指标, 并观测胡桃楸、水曲柳各植株的性别, 通过整合相关数据和样地环境信息并将其分为个体大小、物理环境、拥挤度和植物种群的空间分布情况4组数据。利用这些数据分析了4个树种的空间分布格局, 并分别针对不同性别系统和同一性别系统内不同性别的植物构建偏最小二乘路径模型(partial least squares path modeling, PLS-PM), 评估了物理环境、拥挤度和个体大小对其分布的影响, 并对比探究其响应差异。结果表明: 4个树种均在半径r < 60 m的空间内聚集分布。性单态树种紫椴和红松的拥挤度、个体大小与空间分布的聚集程度呈正相关; 雄全异株树种水曲柳及其两类性别个体均表现为个体大小、物理环境与空间分布的聚集程度呈正相关, 而拥挤度与空间分布的聚集程度呈负相关; 性单态树种雌雄同株异熟胡桃楸的不同交配类型中, 拥挤度均与聚集程度呈负相关, 雌先型个体大小与聚集程度呈负相关, 拥挤度与个体大小呈正相关, 雄先型个体的表现相反, 且物理环境与其个体大小呈显著负相关。综上, 不同性别系统植物的聚集程度对物理环境、种群拥挤度和植株个体大小的响应存在差异。在性二态性别系统或向性二态过渡的植物类群中, 不同性别植物的繁殖功能有共同之处时, 可能表现出相似响应, 若执行繁殖功能不同, 则存在明显性别特化。本研究进一步证实了性别特异性假说在不同性别系统物种中均有体现, 且同一物种内雌雄功能分离程度较大时其表现更为显著。

关键词: 性别系统, 空间格局, 性别差异, 差异性响应, 生态关联性

Abstract

Aims: This study selected dominant tree species from natural coniferous-broadleaf mixed forests in Northeast China to analyze the differential characteristics of factors influencing spatial distribution patterns among species with different sexual systems, and to investigate the impact of reproductive cost variations on plant adaptation to environmental specificity.

Methods: Four dominant tree species Pinus koraiensis, Tilia amurensis, Juglans mandshurica, and Fraxinus mandshurica from the natural coniferous-broadleaf mixed forest in Jiaohe City, Jilin Province, were selected as research subjects. The diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height, and crown width of them were measured in July 2019. The gender of all reproductive individuals of Juglans mandshurica and Fraxinus mandshurica in the plots were identified by observing reproductive organs through a telescope in May 2024. All relevant and environmental data from the plot were integrated into four datasets: tree sizes, environmental conditions, crowding index, and distribution patterns of plants. With the datasets, we analyzed the spatial distribution patterns of four tree species, and respectively constructed partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) for different sexual systems and different genders within the same sexual system, to evaluate the impact of environmental conditions, crowding index, and tree size on their distribution, and to compare the results for different sexual systems and different genders to explore their response differences.

Results: The findings demonstrated that all four tree species are aggregated within a radius (r) of less than 60 m. The monomorphic species Tilia amurensis and Pinus koraiensis exhibited positive correlations between crowding index, tree size, and spatial aggregation. Furthermore, crowding index positively influenced tree size. Howover, environmental conditions had different effects on the two species: it was positively related to the size of T. amurensis but negatively related to the size and crowding index of P. koraiensis. In the heterodichogamous species J. mandshurica, the different mating types showed considerable differences. The only similarity was that crowding index was negatively correlated with the degree of aggregation in spatial distribution. In the protogynous group, tree size was negatively correlated with the degree of aggregation in spatial distribution, and increased crowding index had a positive effect on tree size. The protandrous group showed the opposite patterns in these aspects, and environmental conditions also showed a significant negative correlation with tree size. For the dioecious species F. mandshurica, tree size and environmental conditions were positively correlated with the degree of aggregation in spatial distribution, whereas crowding index showed a negative correlation. Environmental conditions and crowding index negatively affected tree size, while environmental conditions were positively correlated with crowding index.

Conclusion: Plants with different sexual systems respond differently to environment changes, population crowding, and individual plant size in terms of distribution trends. In addition, plant exhibiting gender dimorphism or transitioning to gender dimorphism showed similar responses when performing the same reproductive functions, but distinct sexual specializations emerged where reproductive functions differed. This research further validates the sexual specialization hypothesis and its applicability across different sexual systems. Greater divergence in male and female functions within the same species leads to more distinct sexual specialization.

Key words: sexual system, spatial pattern, gender differences, differential response, ecological correlations

王映霓, 雷晶晶, 包雨鑫, 廖丹, 张新娜, 王娟 (2025) 性别系统对东北天然针阔混交林中优势树种空间分布格局的影响. 生物多样性, 33, 25101. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025101.

Yingni Wang, Jingjing Lei, Yuxin Bao, Dan Liao, Xinna Zhang, Juan Wang (2025) Divergent of sexual systems in impacting the spatial distribution patterns of dominant tree species within natural coniferous-broadleaf mixed forests in Northeast China. Biodiversity Science, 33, 25101. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025101.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2025101

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2025/V33/I11/25101

图/表 3

图1 东北针阔混交林中优势树种红松、紫椴、胡桃楸和水曲柳个体大小概况

Fig. 1 Overview of sizes of dominant tree species of Pinus koraiensis, Tilia amurensis, Juglans mandshurica, and Fraxinus mandshurica in natural coniferous-broadleaf mixed forests in Northeast China

图2 东北针阔混交林主要优势树种的空间分布格局。(A)性单态树种; (B)性二态树种; (C)红松; (D)紫椴; (E)胡桃楸; (F)水曲柳; (G)水曲柳两性株; (H)水曲柳雄株; (I)胡桃楸雌先型个体; (J)胡桃楸雄先型个体。黑色实线表示g(r)的实际观测值, 灰色阴影区域为模拟199次形成的99%置信区间。

Fig. 2 Spatial distribution pattern of dominant tree species in natural coniferous-broadleaf mixed forests in northeast China. (A) Gender monomorphic tree species; (B) Gender dimorphic tree species; (C) Pinus koraiensis; (D) Tilia amurensis; (E) Juglans mandshurica; (F) Fraxinus mandshurica; (G) The hermaphrodite of Fraxinus mandshurica; (H) The male of Fraxinus mandshurica; (I) The protogyny of Juglans mandshurica; (J) The protandry of Juglans mandshurica. Black solid lines indicated the values of g(r), and the gray area is the confidence interval constructed using the 199 simulations.

图3 3类生态因子对不同树种分布影响的结构方程模型图。(A)性单态树种; (B)性二态树种; (C)红松; (D)紫椴; (E)胡桃楸; (F)胡桃楸雄先型个体; (G)胡桃楸雌先型个体; (H)水曲柳; (I)水曲柳雄株; (J)水曲柳两性株。红色、黑色实线和虚线分别表示路径正相关、负相关和不显著。数值表示标准化路径系数, 路径粗细表示系数绝对值大小。*, P < 0.05; *, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001。

Fig. 3 Structural equation modeling models of the impact of three types of ecological factors on the distribution of the different tree species. (A) Gender monomorphic tree species; (B) Gender dimorphic tree species; (C) Pinus koraiensis; (D) Tilia amurensis; (E) Juglans mandshurica; (F) The protandry of Juglans mandshurica; (G) The protogyny of Juglans mandshurica; (H) Fraxinus mandshurica; (I) The male of Fraxinus mandshurica; (J) The hermaphrodite of Fraxinus mandshurica. Solid red, black, and dashed lines represent positive, negative, and non-significant paths, respectively. Standardized path coefficients are indicated near the arrow lines, and thickness of the path indicates the absolute value of standardized path coefficients. *, P < 0.05; *, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001.

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