干扰对中亚热带森林群落物种多样性演替动态的影响

doi:10.17520/biods.2024078

生物多样性 ›› 2025, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (2): 24078. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024078 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2024078

• 研究报告: 植物多样性 • 下一篇

干扰对中亚热带森林群落物种多样性演替动态的影响

贾贞妮¹^,²^,³, 张意岑²^,³, 杜彦君¹^,^*()(), 任海保²^,³^,^*()()

1.海南大学热带农林学院, 海口 570228
2.中国科学院植物研究所植被与环境变化重点实验室浙江钱江源森林生物多样性国家野外科学观测研究站, 北京 100093
3.国家植物园, 北京 100093

收稿日期:2024-03-05 接受日期:2025-01-28 出版日期:2025-02-20 发布日期:2025-03-17
通讯作者: *E-mail: renhb@ibcas.ac.cn; yanjun.du@yahoo.com
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2023YFE0112802)

Influences of disturbances on successional dynamics of species diversity in mid- subtropical forests

Jia Zhenni¹^,²^,³, Zhang Yicen²^,³, Du Yanjun¹^,^*()(), Ren Haibao²^,³^,^*()()

1 College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
2 Zhejiang Qianjiangyuan Forest Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
3 China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China

Received:2024-03-05 Accepted:2025-01-28 Online:2025-02-20 Published:2025-03-17
Contact: *E-mail: renhb@ibcas.ac.cn; yanjun.du@yahoo.com
Supported by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFE0112802)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在当前全球生物多样性面临严峻挑战的背景下, 深入探讨人为和自然干扰对森林群落物种多样性的影响显得尤为重要。本研究以中亚热带森林群落为研究对象, 选取钱江源-百山祖国家公园候选区钱江源园区内常绿阔叶老龄林、一次干扰次生林、两次干扰次生林和杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林4种典型森林类型, 依托12个1 ha森林动态监测样地长期积累的数据, 采用物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数, 系统分析了不同干扰程度下物种多样性的演替轨迹及演替速率的变化, 旨在为生物多样性保护和生态修复提供科学依据。研究结果表明, 常绿阔叶老龄林、一次干扰次生林和杉木人工林的物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson多样性指数随演替进展而增加, 而两次干扰次生林则呈现下降趋势。在常绿阔叶老龄林和一次干扰次生林中, Pielou均匀度指数随演替进展呈现先增后减的变化趋势; 而在两次干扰次生林和杉木人工林中, Pielou均匀度指数则呈现逐渐增加之势。特别地, 当不考虑杉木时, 杉木人工林的Pielou均匀度指数随演替进展而下降。各物种多样性指数的演替速率总体上随时间呈下降趋势, 但物种丰富度和Pielou均匀度指数的演替速率多数情况下差异不显著。受冰雪灾害影响后, 常绿阔叶老龄林的演替轨迹偏离了其稳定状态, 其恢复初期物种丰富度的演替速率显著高于其他森林, 并随时间显著下降, 而Pielou均匀度指数演替速率较低, 随时间无显著变化。杉木人工林Pielou均匀度指数的演替速率显著高于其他森林, 且随时间显著降低, 而其物种丰富度的演替速率低, 与一次干扰次生林和两次干扰次生林无显著差异。综上所述, 本研究揭示了不同干扰对中亚热带森林物种多样性演替轨迹和速率的显著、差异性影响。建议在制定修复措施和评估修复成效时, 充分考虑森林的干扰历史和演替阶段, 以实现更有效的生物多样性保护和修复。

关键词: 物种均匀度, 物种丰富度, 常绿阔叶林, 演替轨迹, 多样性指数, 次生林

Abstract

Aims: In the face of the extinction crisis primarily driven by human activities, understanding the dynamics of forest succession under varying disturbance regimes is more vital than ever. This study seeks to examine the influences of disturbances on the successional dynamics of species diversity in mid-subtropical forests, aiming to provide scientific insights for biodiversity conservation and ecological restoration efforts.

Methods: We selected four typical forests within the Qianjiangyuan section of the Qianjiangyuan-Baishanzu National Park candidate area: evergreen broad-leaved old-growth forests (PR), once-disturbed secondary forests (MD), twice-disturbed secondary forests (SD), and Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation forests (PL). A total of 12 1-ha forest dynamics plots (three plots for each forest type) were established in 2009 and recensused every five years. In each census, all free-standing stems ≥ 1 cm in DBH (diameter at breast height) were measured, mapped, and identified to species. With those data, we measured species diversity using four indices: species richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson diversity index, and Pielou’s evenness index, collectively to explore the trajectories and rates of successions of biodiversity under different disturbance regimes.

Results: Our longitudinal data revealed that species richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, and Simpson diversity index in PR, MD, and PL increased over succession, while they decreased in SD. Pielou’s evenness index showed divergent dynamics: it initially increased and then decreased in PR and MD, whereas it consistently increased in SD and PL. Noticeably, when Chinese fir was excluded, Pielou’s evenness index in PL decreased over time. The succession rate of various species diversity indices generally showed a declining trend over time, but the rate of species richness and Pielou’s evenness index was mostly not significant. Affected by snow and ice disasters, the successional trajectory of PR deviated from its stable state. The succession rate of species richness in the early recovery stage of the impaired PR was significantly higher than in other forests and decreased significantly over time, while the succession rate of Pielou’s evenness index was low and showed no significant change over time. The succession rate of Pielou’s evenness index in PL was significantly higher than in other forests and decreased significantly over time, while the succession rate of species richness was low and showed no significant difference from MD and SD.

Conclusion: We underscore the differentiated effects of disturbances on the succession of species diversity in subtropical forests. PR demonstrated a high capacity for self-recovery after disturbances, while SD exhibited a decline in species richness, emphasizing the critical role of disturbances in shaping community succession. Our results inform conservation strategies by suggesting that restoration efforts should be tailored to the disturbance history and succession stage of each forest type. For highly disturbed areas like PL, active restoration measures such as tree thinning are necessary to enhance biodiversity recovery, whereas PR might benefit from minimal intervention due to their inherent capacity for self-recovery. This research contributes to global efforts to halt biodiversity loss and promote sustainable forest management by providing evidence-based insights into the complex relationships between disturbance, succession, and species diversity.

Key words: species evenness, species richness, evergreen broad-leaved forest, succession trajectory, diversity index, secondary forest

贾贞妮, 张意岑, 杜彦君, 任海保 (2025) 干扰对中亚热带森林群落物种多样性演替动态的影响. 生物多样性, 33, 24078. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024078.

Jia Zhenni, Zhang Yicen, Du Yanjun, Ren Haibao (2025) Influences of disturbances on successional dynamics of species diversity in mid- subtropical forests. Biodiversity Science, 33, 24078. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024078.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2024078

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2025/V33/I2/24078

图/表 4

图1 钱江源-百山祖国家公园候选区钱江源园区12个1 ha森林动态监测样地森林类型和分布图。A: 杉木人工林(PL); B: 两次干扰次生林(SD); C: 一次干扰次生林(MD); D: 常绿阔叶老龄林(PR); E: 12个动态监测样地在钱江源-百山祖国家公园候选区钱江源园区中的分布。

Fig. 1 Images of four typical forests and distribution of 12 1-ha forest dynamics plots in the Qianjiangyuan section of the Qianjiangyuan-Baishanzu National Park candidate area. A, Chinese fir plantation forests (PL); B, Twice-disturbed secondary forests (SD); C, Once-disturbed secondary forests (MD); D, Evergreen broad-leaved old-growth forests (PR); E, Distribution of 12 forest dynamics plots in the Qianjiangyuan section of the Qianjiangyuan-Baishanzu National Park candidate area.

表1 演替时间和干扰(森林)类型对物种多样性及其演替速率影响的方差分析结果

Table 1 Results of analysis of variance about effects of succession time and disturbance (forest) types on species diversities and their succession rate

	物种丰富度 Species richness		Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou’s evenness index			Shannon-Wiener多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index		Simpson多样性指数 Simpson diversity index
	F	P	F	P		F	P	F	P
物种多样性 Species diversity
干扰(森林)类型 Disturbance (forest) type (D)	88.0	< 0.001	769.0	< 0.001		519.3	< 0.001	539.2	< 0.001
演替时间 Succession time (T)	8.6	0.003	3.6	0.06		15.1	< 0.001	13.3	< 0.001
干扰(森林)类型 × 演替时间 D × T	6.5	< 0.001	5.4	< 0.001		3.2	0.01	7.6	< 0.001
演替速率 Succession rate
干扰(森林)类型 Disturbance (forest) type (D)	7.9	< 0.001	21.6	< 0.001	18.0		< 0.001	72.5	< 0.001
演替时间 Succession time (T)	5.7	< 0.02	19.0	< 0.001	25.1		< 0.001	9.5	< 0.002
干扰(森林)类型 × 演替时间 D × T	4.9	< 0.002	5.7	< 0.001	5.6		< 0.001	6.6	< 0.001

图2 不同干扰程度下森林群落物种丰富度(a)、Pielou均匀度指数(b)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(c)、Simpson多样性指数(d)随演替进展的变化。PR: 常绿阔叶老龄林; MD: 一次干扰次生林; SD: 两次干扰次生林; PL: 杉木人工林; PLS: 杉木人工林除杉木以外的森林部分。图内灰色点为相应物种多样性指数实际观测值。不同大写字母表示同一年份不同干扰程度森林类型之间差异显著, 不同小写字母表示同一森林类型不同年份之间差异显著。

Fig. 2 Changes in species richness (a), Pielou’s evenness index (b), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (c), and Simpson diversity index (d) over successions of forest communities along disturbance gradient. PR, Evergreen broad-leaved old-growth forests; MD, Once-disturbed secondary forests; SD, Twice-disturbed secondary forests; PL, Chinese fir plantation forests; PLS, Part of Chinese fir plantation forests that excludes the species Cunninghamia lanceolata. Gray points in panels are observed values for relevant biodiversity indices. The upper-case letters indicate significant differences among forest types in the same year, and the lower-case letters indicate significant differences among years within the same forest type.

图3 不同干扰程度森林群落的物种丰富度(a)、Pielou均匀度指数(b)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(c)和Simpson多样性指数(d)随演替进展的变化速率。PR、MD、SD、PL和PLS含义见图2。图内灰色点为相应物种多样性指数变化速率实际观测值。不同大写字母表示同一年份不同干扰程度森林类型之间差异显著, 不同小写字母表示同一森林类型不同年份之间差异显著。

Fig. 3 Rate of changes in species richness (a), Pielou’s evenness index (b), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (c), and Simpson diversity index (d) over successions of forest communities along disturbance gradient. PR, MD, SD, PL, and PLS are the same as in Fig. 2. Gray points in panels are observed values for successional rates of relevant biodiversity indices. The upper-case letters indicate significant differences among forest types in the same year, and the lower-case letters indicate significant differences among years within the same forest type.

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干扰对中亚热带森林群落物种多样性演替动态的影响

Influences of disturbances on successional dynamics of species diversity in mid- subtropical forests

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