呼伦贝尔草地退化现状评估与植被特征变化

doi:10.17520/biods.2024118

生物多样性 ›› 2025, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (2): 24118. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024118 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2024118

• 研究报告: 植物多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

呼伦贝尔草地退化现状评估与植被特征变化

吴昱萱¹, 王平², 胡晓生², 丁一², 彭甜恬¹, 植秋滢¹^,³, 巴德木其其格², 李文杰¹, 关潇¹, 李俊生²^,^*()

1.中国环境科学研究院, 北京 100012
2.中国地质调查局自然资源综合调查指挥中心, 北京 100055
3.兰州大学生态学院, 兰州 730000

收稿日期:2024-03-29 接受日期:2024-09-19 出版日期:2025-02-20 发布日期:2025-03-17
通讯作者: *E-mail: lijunsheng001@mail.cgs.gov.cn
基金资助:
呼伦贝尔草原生态修复综合调查项目(DD20230474)

Evaluation of grassland degradation status and vegetation characteristics changes in Hulunbuir

Wu Yuxuan¹, Wang Ping², Hu Xiaosheng², Ding Yi², Peng Tiantian¹, Zhi Qiuying¹^,³, Bademu Qiqige², Li Wenjie¹, Guan Xiao¹, Li Junsheng²^,^*()

1 Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
2 Command Center for Comprehensive Survey of Natural Resources, China Geological Survey Bureau, Beijing 100055, China
3 College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China

Received:2024-03-29 Accepted:2024-09-19 Online:2025-02-20 Published:2025-03-17
Contact: *E-mail: lijunsheng001@mail.cgs.gov.cn
Supported by:
Comprehensive Investigation Project on the Ecological Restoration of Hulunbuir Grassland(DD20230474)

1. 附录.pdf(315KB)

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 草地退化会影响植物群落的组成、结构及其生态功能, 威胁其生态系统稳定性, 准确评价草地退化状况是制定有效保护措施和管理策略的关键。本文基于植被覆盖度遥感数据评估了呼伦贝尔草地退化现状并对其进行退化等级的划分, 通过野外调查数据分析了不同退化等级下的群落物种组成、分布格局以及植被生物量的变化特征。结果表明: 随着草地退化程度的加剧, 群落结构与群落中的优势种发生明显变化, 物种分布也显著不同, 草本植物物种数下降。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson多样性指数呈现先升高后降低的趋势, 说明适度的放牧可能增加群落的物种多样性, 过度放牧会致使群落物种多样性显著降低。研究发现地上生物量和枯落物量随草地退化显著下降, 而地下生物量、物种组成和物种分布状况仅在极重度退化阶段表现出显著差异。这表明可能基于植被覆盖度的遥感评估方法能够准确评估极重度退化草地状况, 但对轻中度退化阶段的评估不够准确。草地退化前期阶段可能仅是物种的变化, 无法通过植被覆盖度检测出来, 因此草地退化评价应利用群落内物种组成的变化, 结合更多实地调查数据, 提高草地退化程度识别的准确性。本研究结果将有助于厘清草地退化现状的监测和评价方法以及草地退化对植被群落的影响, 并为恢复退化草地提供科学依据和理论基础。

关键词: 呼伦贝尔草地, 草地退化评价, 植被覆盖度, 植物特征, 物种多样性, 生物量

Abstract

Aims: Grassland degradation impacts the composition, structure, and ecological functions of plant communities, threatening ecosystem stability. Accurately assessing grassland degradation is essential for developing effective conservation measures and management strategies.

Methods: This study utilized remote sensing data based on vegetation coverage to evaluate the current status of grassland degradation in Hulunbuir. We categorized the degradation into different levels, and analyzed field survey data to examine species composition, distribution patterns, and changes in vegetation biomass across these degradation levels.

Results: As grassland degradation intensifies, we observed significant changes in community structure and dominant species. The species distribution shifted notably, with a decline in herbaceous species and a significant reduction in aboveground biomass and litter biomass. However, belowground biomass only decreased significantly at the extreme degradation stage. We also found that the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Simpson diversity index initially increased before declining, suggesting that moderate grazing may enhance species diversity, whereas overgrazing significantly reduces it. Our study showed that while aboveground biomass and litter biomass decreased significantly with grassland degradation, belowground biomass, species composition, and distribution patterns only exhibited significant differences at the stage of extreme degradation. This indicates that remote sensing methods based on vegetation coverage can accurately assess the condition of severely degraded grasslands, but they may be less accurate for light to moderate degradation stages. Early stages of grassland degradation might involve species changes that are undetectable through vegetation coverage alone.

Conclusion: Grassland degradation assessments should fully incorporate changes in species composition within communities, combined with more extensive field survey data, to improve the accuracy in identifying grassland degradation. Our findings provide valuable insights into monitoring and evaluation methods of grassland degradation and its impacts on plant communities, providing scientific evidence for restoring degraded grasslands.

Key words: Hulunbuir grassland, grassland degradation assessment, vegetation coverage, plant characteristics, species diversity, biomass

吴昱萱, 王平, 胡晓生, 丁一, 彭甜恬, 植秋滢, 巴德木其其格, 李文杰, 关潇, 李俊生 (2025) 呼伦贝尔草地退化现状评估与植被特征变化. 生物多样性, 33, 24118. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024118.

Wu Yuxuan, Wang Ping, Hu Xiaosheng, Ding Yi, Peng Tiantian, Zhi Qiuying, Bademu Qiqige, Li Wenjie, Guan Xiao, Li Junsheng (2025) Evaluation of grassland degradation status and vegetation characteristics changes in Hulunbuir. Biodiversity Science, 33, 24118. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024118.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2024118

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2025/V33/I2/24118

图/表 8

图1 2023年呼伦贝尔草地退化状况。ND: 未退化草地; LD: 轻度退化草地; MD: 中度退化草地; SD: 重度退化草地; ED: 极重度退化草地。图中数字代表样地编号。

Fig. 1 Degradation status of Hulunbuir grassland in 2023. ND, Non-degraded grassland; LD, Lightly degraded grassland; MD, Moderately degraded grassland; SD, Severely degraded grassland; ED, Extremely degraded grassland. Numbers in the figure represent the plot code.

表1 样地退化等级表。ND: 未退化草地; LD: 轻度退化草地; MD: 中度退化草地; SD: 重度退化草地; ED: 极重度退化草地。

Table 1 Degradation grade table of sample plots. ND, Non-degraded grassland; LD, Lightly degraded grassland; MD, Moderately degraded grassland; SD, Severely degraded grassland; ED, Extremely degraded grassland.

退化等级 Degradation grade	样地编号 Plot code
ND	6, 13, 34, 36, 40, 51, 52, 53, 59, 62, 64, 65, 74, 81, 82
LD	12, 14, 24, 26, 27, 29, 37, 42, 45, 58, 79, 83
MD	1, 3, 19, 23, 25, 30, 31, 47, 56, 57, 60
SD	10, 11, 21, 28, 41, 43, 44, 46, 50, 54, 61, 63, 67, 80
ED	8, 9, 16, 17, 18, 22, 32, 33, 35, 38, 39, 49

图2 样地设置示意图

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of plot setup

图3 不同退化阶段草地植物重要值雷达图。ND: 未退化草地; LD: 轻度退化草地; MD: 中度退化草地; SD: 重度退化草地; ED: 极重度退化草地。

Fig. 3 Radar map of plant importance values at different stages of degradation gassland. ND, Non-degraded grassland; LD, Lightly degraded grassland; MD, Moderately degraded grassland; SD, Severely degraded grassland; ED, Extremely degraded grassland.

图4 不同退化阶段草地植物多样性指数比较(平均值 ± 标准差)。ND: 未退化草地; LD: 轻度退化草地; MD: 中度退化草地; SD: 重度退化草地; ED: 极重度退化草地。不同小写字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05)。

Fig. 4 Comparison of plant diversity indices at different stages of degradation grassland (mean ± SD). ND, Non-degraded grassland; LD, Lightly degraded grassland; MD, Moderately degraded grassland; SD, Severely degraded grassland; ED, Extremely degraded grassland. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).

图5 不同退化阶段草地地上生物量(a)、地下生物量(b)、枯落物量(c)比较(平均值 ± 标准差)。ND: 未退化草地; LD: 轻度退化草地; MD: 中度退化草地; SD: 重度退化草地; ED: 极重度退化草地。不同小写字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05)。

Fig. 5 Comparison of aboveground biomass, bellowground biomass and litter at different stages of degradation grassland (mean ± SD). ND, Non-degraded grassland; LD, Lightly degraded grassland; MD, Moderately degraded grassland; SD, Severely degraded grassland; ED, Extremely degraded grassland. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).

图6 不同退化阶段草地植物功能群(a)和生活型(b)生物量比例图。ND: 未退化草地; LD: 轻度退化草地; MD: 中度退化草地; SD: 重度退化草地; ED: 极重度退化草地。

Fig. 6 Plots of plant functional group biomass proportions at different stages of degradation grassland. ND, Non-degraded grassland; LD, Lightly degraded grassland; MD, Moderately degraded grassland; SD, Severely degraded grassland; ED, Extremely degraded grassland.

图7 不同退化阶段草地植被分布的非度量多维尺度分析图。ND: 未退化草地; LD: 轻度退化草地; MD: 中度退化草地; SD: 重度退化草地; ED: 极重度退化草地。

Fig. 7 Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis of vegetation distribution at different degradation grassland. ND, Non-degraded grassland; LD, Lightly degraded grassland; MD, Moderately degraded grassland; SD, Severely degraded grassland; ED, Extremely degraded grassland.

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呼伦贝尔草地退化现状评估与植被特征变化

Evaluation of grassland degradation status and vegetation characteristics changes in Hulunbuir

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