淮河干流越冬水鸟多样性的时空格局及其影响因素

doi:10.17520/biods.2024590

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近年来, 淮河干流受到较为频繁的人为扰动, 对越冬水鸟群落多样性产生了多方面的影响, 分析影响因素对于优化生境格局具有重要意义。本研究于2023年10月至2024年3月逐月调查了淮河干流4类生境(农田、泥滩、林地、草滩)的水鸟及生境因子数据, 并从α和β多样性维度, 分析了河道水鸟的时空特征, 并进一步采用典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis, CCA)和多重回归模型(multiple regression models, MRM), 分析影响水鸟多样性的关键生境因子。结果表明, Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在草滩生境中最高, Pielou均匀度指数在林地生境中最高, Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均在10月达到最高。CCA分析结果表明, 人/船流量、距道路的距离、地形湿度指数(topographic wetness index, TWI)、归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI)、坡度和水域面积对水鸟α多样性影响显著。MRM分析结果显示, 人/船流量、距道路的距离、地形湿度指数、归一化植被指数、河面宽度是影响河道水鸟β多样性的关键生境因子。同时, 总体β多样性及其组分计算结果显示物种周转组分占明显优势。研究表明, 不同生境类型下的河道水鸟群落结构存在差异, 应注重河流湿地格局的优化, 针对目标物种及类群开展水鸟生境营造与保护工作。

关键词: 群落多样性, 越冬水鸟, 生境因子, 典范对应分析, 多重回归模型, 淮河干流

Abstract

Aims: In recent years, the mainstream of the Huaihe River experiences frequent human disturbances, and the diversity of overwintering waterbird communities is influenced by multiple impacts. Analyzing these influencing factors is critical for optimizing habitat configurations.

Methods: From October 2023 to March 2024, monthly data were conducted across four habitat types (farmland, flat, woodland, grassland) along the mainstream of the Huaihe River, total of 6 investigations. Waterbird observations and associated habitat factors were collected. The spatiotemporal characteristics of waterbird diversity were analyzed from the perspectives of α and β diversity. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and multiple regression models (MRM) were employed to identify key habitat factors influencing waterbird diversity.

Results: The Shannon-Wiener diversity index was highest in the grassland, while the Pielou evenness index peaked in woodland. Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson diversity index, and Pielou evenness index reached their maximum value in October. CCA analysis indicated that flow of people/ships, distance to roads, topographic wetness index (TWI), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), slope and water area significantly affected waterbird α diversity. MRM results revealed that flow of people/ships, distance to roads, TWI, NDVI, and river width were the key habitat factors influencing river waterbird β diversity. Additionally, decomposition of overall β diversity and its components showed that species turnover was the dominant component.

Conclusion: The study highlights that waterbird community structure varies across different habitat types. It is worth noting that efforts to optimize riverine wetland patterns should be emphasized, and targeted habitat creation and conservation strategies should be implemented based on the needs of species and functional groups.

Key words: community diversity, wintering waterbird, habitat factors, canonical correspondence analysis, multiple regression model, mainstream of Huaihe River

李玉, 周立志 (2025) 淮河干流越冬水鸟多样性的时空格局及其影响因素. 生物多样性, 33, 24590. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024590.

Yu Li, Lizhi Zhou (2025) Spatiotemporal patterns and influencing factors of wintering waterbird diversity in the mainstream of Huaihe River. Biodiversity Science, 33, 24590. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024590.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2024590

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2025/V33/I8/24590

图/表 10

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生境 Habitat	调查到的物种数 Recorded species richness	ACE指数 Abundance-based coverage estimator index	Bootstrap指数 Bootstrap index	实际值/估计值 Actual value/estimated value (%)
草滩 Grassland	35	35.94	37.71	92.81
泥滩 Flat	28	30.01	31.53	88.80
农田 Farmland	29	29.71	31.68	91.54
林地 Woodland	27	27.00	29.86	90.42

生境 Habitat	调查到的物种数 Recorded species richness	ACE指数 Abundance-based coverage estimator index	Bootstrap指数 Bootstrap index	实际值/估计值 Actual value/estimated value (%)
草滩 Grassland	35	35.94	37.71	92.81
泥滩 Flat	28	30.01	31.53	88.80
农田 Farmland	29	29.71	31.68	91.54
林地 Woodland	27	27.00	29.86	90.42

目 Order	科 Family	种 Species	物种数占比 Proportion of species number (%)
雁形目 Anseriformes	1	16	43.24
䴙䴘目 Podicipediformes	1	2	5.41
鹤形目 Gruiformes	1	2	5.41
鹳形目 Ciconiiformes	1	1	2.70
鹈形目 Pelecaniformes	2	6	16.22
鲣鸟目 Suliformes	1	1	2.70
鸻形目 Charadriiformes	3	9	24.32
总计 Total	10	37	100.00

目 Order	科 Family	种 Species	物种数占比 Proportion of species number (%)
雁形目 Anseriformes	1	16	43.24
䴙䴘目 Podicipediformes	1	2	5.41
鹤形目 Gruiformes	1	2	5.41
鹳形目 Ciconiiformes	1	1	2.70
鹈形目 Pelecaniformes	2	6	16.22
鲣鸟目 Suliformes	1	1	2.70
鸻形目 Charadriiformes	3	9	24.32
总计 Total	10	37	100.00

多样性指数 Diversity index	10月 October	11月 November	12月 December	1月 January	2月 February	3月 March	χ²	df	P
多度 Abundance	110.05 ± 27.52^a	300.62 ± 64.68^b	118.55 ± 39.36^ab	161.50 ± 43.70^ab	165.67 ± 48.33^ab	429.13 ± 123.09^ab	26.80	5	< 0.05
Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index	0.81 ± 0.02^a	0.69 ± 0.03^b	0.70 ± 0.02^b	0.80 ± 0.02^a	0.78 ± 0.03^a	0.77 ± 0.03^a	18.21	5	< 0.05
丰富度 Richness	4.12 ± 0.15	5.15 ± 0.27	4.80 ± 0.30	4.70 ± 0.22	4.57 ± 0.03	4.87 ± 0.35	-	-	-
Shannon-Wiener多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index	1.08 ± 0.04	1.00 ± 0.05	0.99 ± 0.03	1.05 ± 0.04	1.02 ± 0.04	1.04 ± 0.05	-	-	-
Simpson多样性指数 Simpson diversity index	0.60 ± 0.02	0.53 ± 0.02	0.55 ± 0.02	0.58 ± 0.02	0.56 ± 0.02	0.56 ± 0.02	-	-	-