生物多样性 ›› 2019, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (6): 648-657. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2018296
邢圆1,4,吴小平2,欧阳珊2,张君倩1,徐靖3,银森录3,谢志才1,*()
收稿日期:
2018-11-05
接受日期:
2019-04-24
出版日期:
2019-06-20
发布日期:
2019-05-15
通讯作者:
谢志才
基金资助:
Xing Yuan1,4,Wu Xiaoping2,Ouyang Shan2,Zhang Junqian1,Xu Jing3,Yin Senlu3,Xie Zhicai1,*()
Received:
2018-11-05
Accepted:
2019-04-24
Online:
2019-06-20
Published:
2019-05-15
Contact:
Xie Zhicai
摘要:
赣江是长江的第七大支流, 孕育了极为丰富的大型底栖动物多样性, 而相关的研究明显不足。基于文献调研和2016-2017年现场调查, 本研究系统评估了赣江水系大型底栖动物多样性及其受胁因素。共记录底栖动物5门10纲27目95科204属330种(历史记录138种, 2016-2017年记录267种)。历史记录中国特有软体动物计48种(腹足类17种, 双壳类31种), 目前记录32种。优势种主要是一些耐污种和广布种。中游支流的密度、生物量和丰富度指数要高于赣江干流、上游支流和下游支流。典范对应分析结果表明, 底栖动物的分布主要受海拔、基质、流速、浊度、挖沙等环境因子以及不同尺度空间因子的驱动。偏CCA结果显示, 环境过滤对群落结构的影响高于空间过程。本研究结果可为赣江流域水生生物的保护和管理提供科学依据。
邢圆,吴小平,欧阳珊,张君倩,徐靖,银森录,谢志才 (2019) 赣江水系大型底栖动物多样性与受胁因子初探. 生物多样性, 27, 648-657. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2018296.
Xing Yuan,Wu Xiaoping,Ouyang Shan,Zhang Junqian,Xu Jing,Yin Senlu,Xie Zhicai (2019) Assessment of macrobenthos biodiversity and potential human-induced stressors in the Ganjiang River system. Biodiversity Science, 27, 648-657. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2018296.
干流 Main stream | 上游支流 Branches of the upstream | 中游支流 Branches of the midstream | 下游支流 Branches of the downstream | 卡方检验 Chi-square test (χ2) | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
水温 Water temperature (℃) | 23.0 ± 6.4 | 22.8 ± 5.4 | 20.3 ± 6.4 | 22.3 ± 7.1 | 6.00 | 0.111 |
电导率 Conductivity (μs/cm) | 116.7 ± 44.7 | 92.4 ± 49.4 | 98.5 ± 69.8 | 249.2 ± 33.3 | 45.34 | <0.001* |
河宽 Channel width (m) | 608.40 ± 437.20 | 114.12 ± 65.66 | 82.71 ± 52.51 | 92.58 ± 28.02 | 61.25 | <0.001* |
流速 Current velocity (m/s) | 0.28 ± 0.25 | 0.35 ± 0.31 | 0.45 ± 0.36 | 0.29 ± 0.38 | 6.71 | 0.082 |
海拔 Altitude (m) | 75.76 ± 66.37 | 188.87 ± 36.57 | 303.00 ± 251.12 | 53.00 ± 21.86 | 83.48 | <0.001* |
基质 Substrate | 8.00 ± 4.73 | 10.00 ± 5.41 | 12.57 ± 5.44 | 9.67 ± 6.51 | 12.12 | 0.007* |
浊度 Turbidity (NTU) | 15.18 ± 8.76 | 20.06 ± 32.33 | 10.14 ± 6.94 | 9.47 ± 5.62 | 8.69 | 0.034* |
矿化度 Mineralization (mg/L) | 75.61 ± 28.68 | 59.03 ± 33.34 | 51.55 ± 33.51 | 161.33 ± 21.82 | 50.56 | <0.001* |
溶氧 Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) | 9.03 ± 1.45 | 9.10 ± 1.26 | 9.49 ± 1.00 | 8.68 ± 1.41 | 2.63 | 0.452 |
pH | 6.34 ± 0.84 | 6.20 ± 1.07 | 6.26 ± 0.77 | 6.31 ± 0.90 | 0.37 | 0.946 |
总氮 Total nitrogen (mg/L) | 1.71 ± 0.88 | 1.33 ± 1.03 | 1.47 ± 0.98 | 2.34 ± 1.35 | 17.54 | 0.001* |
硝态氮 Nitrate (mg/L) | 1.25 ± 0.51 | 0.90 ± 0.86 | 0.67 ± 0.24 | 1.18 ± 0.52 | 40.14 | <0.001* |
氨氮 Ammonia nitrogen (mg/L) | 0.10 ± 0.15 | 0.08 ± 0.13 | 0.06 ± 0.08 | 0.07 ± 0.08 | 1.81 | 0.613 |
亚硝态氮 Nitrites (mg/L) | 0.05 ± 0.15 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.14 | 0.07 ± 0.08 | 28.96 | <0.001* |
总磷 Total phosphorus (mg/L) | 0.23 ± 0.25 | 0.18 ± 0.24 | 0.18 ± 0.21 | 0.18 ± 0.18 | 5.81 | 0.121 |
正磷酸盐 Phosphate (mg/L) | 0.06 ± 0.06 | 0.05 ± 0.07 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 11.71 | 0.008* |
化学需氧量 (Chemical oxygen demand, COD) (mg/L) | 2.86 ± 1.51 | 2.32 ± 0.69 | 3.41 ± 3.39 | 3.16 ± 0.53 | 12.52 | 0.006* |
硬度 Hardness (mg/L) | 44.87 ± 14.92 | 36.42 ± 16.04 | 41.71 ± 26.28 | 106.07 ± 12.88 | 48.99 | <0.001* |
表1 赣江水系不同河段环境因子的均值和标准差
Table 1 Mean value and standard deviation of local environmental variables in Ganjiang River system
干流 Main stream | 上游支流 Branches of the upstream | 中游支流 Branches of the midstream | 下游支流 Branches of the downstream | 卡方检验 Chi-square test (χ2) | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
水温 Water temperature (℃) | 23.0 ± 6.4 | 22.8 ± 5.4 | 20.3 ± 6.4 | 22.3 ± 7.1 | 6.00 | 0.111 |
电导率 Conductivity (μs/cm) | 116.7 ± 44.7 | 92.4 ± 49.4 | 98.5 ± 69.8 | 249.2 ± 33.3 | 45.34 | <0.001* |
河宽 Channel width (m) | 608.40 ± 437.20 | 114.12 ± 65.66 | 82.71 ± 52.51 | 92.58 ± 28.02 | 61.25 | <0.001* |
流速 Current velocity (m/s) | 0.28 ± 0.25 | 0.35 ± 0.31 | 0.45 ± 0.36 | 0.29 ± 0.38 | 6.71 | 0.082 |
海拔 Altitude (m) | 75.76 ± 66.37 | 188.87 ± 36.57 | 303.00 ± 251.12 | 53.00 ± 21.86 | 83.48 | <0.001* |
基质 Substrate | 8.00 ± 4.73 | 10.00 ± 5.41 | 12.57 ± 5.44 | 9.67 ± 6.51 | 12.12 | 0.007* |
浊度 Turbidity (NTU) | 15.18 ± 8.76 | 20.06 ± 32.33 | 10.14 ± 6.94 | 9.47 ± 5.62 | 8.69 | 0.034* |
矿化度 Mineralization (mg/L) | 75.61 ± 28.68 | 59.03 ± 33.34 | 51.55 ± 33.51 | 161.33 ± 21.82 | 50.56 | <0.001* |
溶氧 Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) | 9.03 ± 1.45 | 9.10 ± 1.26 | 9.49 ± 1.00 | 8.68 ± 1.41 | 2.63 | 0.452 |
pH | 6.34 ± 0.84 | 6.20 ± 1.07 | 6.26 ± 0.77 | 6.31 ± 0.90 | 0.37 | 0.946 |
总氮 Total nitrogen (mg/L) | 1.71 ± 0.88 | 1.33 ± 1.03 | 1.47 ± 0.98 | 2.34 ± 1.35 | 17.54 | 0.001* |
硝态氮 Nitrate (mg/L) | 1.25 ± 0.51 | 0.90 ± 0.86 | 0.67 ± 0.24 | 1.18 ± 0.52 | 40.14 | <0.001* |
氨氮 Ammonia nitrogen (mg/L) | 0.10 ± 0.15 | 0.08 ± 0.13 | 0.06 ± 0.08 | 0.07 ± 0.08 | 1.81 | 0.613 |
亚硝态氮 Nitrites (mg/L) | 0.05 ± 0.15 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.14 | 0.07 ± 0.08 | 28.96 | <0.001* |
总磷 Total phosphorus (mg/L) | 0.23 ± 0.25 | 0.18 ± 0.24 | 0.18 ± 0.21 | 0.18 ± 0.18 | 5.81 | 0.121 |
正磷酸盐 Phosphate (mg/L) | 0.06 ± 0.06 | 0.05 ± 0.07 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 11.71 | 0.008* |
化学需氧量 (Chemical oxygen demand, COD) (mg/L) | 2.86 ± 1.51 | 2.32 ± 0.69 | 3.41 ± 3.39 | 3.16 ± 0.53 | 12.52 | 0.006* |
硬度 Hardness (mg/L) | 44.87 ± 14.92 | 36.42 ± 16.04 | 41.71 ± 26.28 | 106.07 ± 12.88 | 48.99 | <0.001* |
图2 赣江水系各河段大型底栖动物群落密度(a)、生物量(b)、丰富度指数(c)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(d)、Simpson优势度指数(e)和Pielou均匀度指数(f)
Fig. 2 Density (a), biomass (b), richness (c), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (d), Simpson dominance index (e) and Pielou evenness index (f) of macrobenthos communities in different reaches in Ganjiang River system
全流域 Ganjiang River (%) | 干流 Main stream | 上游支流 Branches of the upstream | 中游支流 Branches of the midstream | 下游支流 Branches of the downstream | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
多毛管水蚓 Aulodrilus pluriseta | - | - | - | 10.40 | - |
霍甫水丝蚓 Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri | 14.17 | 18.69 | - | 20.24 | 6.32 |
梯形多足摇蚊 Polypedilum scalaenum | - | 7.74 | - | - | - |
瓦莱直突摇蚊 Orthocladius vaillanti | - | - | - | - | 10.12 |
三带环足摇纹 Cricotopus trifascia | 5.98 | - | - | - | 20.63 |
狭溪泥甲属一种 Stenelmis sp. | 5.31 | - | 5.45 | 5.28 | 8.84 |
缺纹石蛾属一种 Potamyia sp. | - | - | 13.33 | - | - |
管石蛾科一种 Psychomyiidae sp. | - | - | 5.03 | - | - |
环棱螺属一种 Bellamya sp. | - | - | - | - | 10.23 |
方格短沟蜷 Semisulcospira cancellata | - | - | - | - | 6.13 |
湖沼股蛤 Limnoperna lacustris | - | 6.61 | - | 6.90 | - |
河蚬 Corbicula fluminea | 6.11 | 8.92 | 8.35 | 8.16 | - |
表2 赣江水系不同河段大型底栖动物群落优势种的密度百分比
Table 2 The density percentage of dominant species in each reaches of Ganjiang River system
全流域 Ganjiang River (%) | 干流 Main stream | 上游支流 Branches of the upstream | 中游支流 Branches of the midstream | 下游支流 Branches of the downstream | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
多毛管水蚓 Aulodrilus pluriseta | - | - | - | 10.40 | - |
霍甫水丝蚓 Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri | 14.17 | 18.69 | - | 20.24 | 6.32 |
梯形多足摇蚊 Polypedilum scalaenum | - | 7.74 | - | - | - |
瓦莱直突摇蚊 Orthocladius vaillanti | - | - | - | - | 10.12 |
三带环足摇纹 Cricotopus trifascia | 5.98 | - | - | - | 20.63 |
狭溪泥甲属一种 Stenelmis sp. | 5.31 | - | 5.45 | 5.28 | 8.84 |
缺纹石蛾属一种 Potamyia sp. | - | - | 13.33 | - | - |
管石蛾科一种 Psychomyiidae sp. | - | - | 5.03 | - | - |
环棱螺属一种 Bellamya sp. | - | - | - | - | 10.23 |
方格短沟蜷 Semisulcospira cancellata | - | - | - | - | 6.13 |
湖沼股蛤 Limnoperna lacustris | - | 6.61 | - | 6.90 | - |
河蚬 Corbicula fluminea | 6.11 | 8.92 | 8.35 | 8.16 | - |
F | P | 第1轴 Axis 1 | 第2轴 Axis 2 | 第3轴 Axis 3 | 第4轴 Axis 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
环境因子 Environmental factors | ||||||
基质 Substrate | 2.12 | 0.001 | 0.374 | 0.028 | 0.006 | 0.176 |
挖沙强度 Sand-excavating | 1.6 | 0.001 | 0.267 | -0.322 | 0.579 | 0.681 |
海拔 Altitude | 1.52 | 0.004 | 0.295 | 0.283 | -0.093 | 0.597 |
浊度 Turbidity | 1.43 | 0.011 | -0.275 | -0.001 | -0.150 | -0.013 |
流速 Velocity | 1.36 | 0.046 | 0.270 | -0.802 | 0.291 | -0.696 |
空间因子 Spatial factors | ||||||
微尺度 PCNM11 | 1.67 | 0.002 | -0.237 | -0.351 | -0.211 | 0.133 |
大尺度 PCNM1 | 1.63 | 0.001 | -0.147 | 0.384 | 0.676 | -0.480 |
微尺度 PCNM15 | 1.48 | 0.015 | 0.148 | 0.256 | -0.311 | 0.306 |
微尺度 PCNM12 | 1.37 | 0.018 | 0.081 | -0.274 | 0.291 | 0.004 |
表3 赣江水系大型底栖动物群落结构与环境因子及空间因子关系的典范对应分析(CCA)结果
Table 3 Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) relating macrobenthos communities to environmental and spatial factors
F | P | 第1轴 Axis 1 | 第2轴 Axis 2 | 第3轴 Axis 3 | 第4轴 Axis 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
环境因子 Environmental factors | ||||||
基质 Substrate | 2.12 | 0.001 | 0.374 | 0.028 | 0.006 | 0.176 |
挖沙强度 Sand-excavating | 1.6 | 0.001 | 0.267 | -0.322 | 0.579 | 0.681 |
海拔 Altitude | 1.52 | 0.004 | 0.295 | 0.283 | -0.093 | 0.597 |
浊度 Turbidity | 1.43 | 0.011 | -0.275 | -0.001 | -0.150 | -0.013 |
流速 Velocity | 1.36 | 0.046 | 0.270 | -0.802 | 0.291 | -0.696 |
空间因子 Spatial factors | ||||||
微尺度 PCNM11 | 1.67 | 0.002 | -0.237 | -0.351 | -0.211 | 0.133 |
大尺度 PCNM1 | 1.63 | 0.001 | -0.147 | 0.384 | 0.676 | -0.480 |
微尺度 PCNM15 | 1.48 | 0.015 | 0.148 | 0.256 | -0.311 | 0.306 |
微尺度 PCNM12 | 1.37 | 0.018 | 0.081 | -0.274 | 0.291 | 0.004 |
图3 赣江水系大型底栖动物群落分布与关键环境因子及空间因子的典范对应分析(CCA)排序图
Fig. 3 Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) ordination plots showing the relationship between macrobenthos communities and significant environmental and spatial factors in the Ganjiang River system
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