钱江源-百山祖国家公园候选区钱江源园区冠层三维结构及光谱特征对人为干扰的响应

doi:10.17520/biods.2024174

生物多样性 ›› 2025, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (4): 24174. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024174 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2024174

钱江源-百山祖国家公园候选区钱江源园区冠层三维结构及光谱特征对人为干扰的响应

刘咏华¹^,²^,³, 童光蓉⁴, 余航远⁴, 王宁宁¹^,², 任海保¹^,², 陈磊¹^,²^,³, 马克平¹^,²^,³(), 米湘成¹^,²^,^*()()

1.中国科学院植物研究所植被与环境变化重点实验室浙江钱江源森林生物多样性国家野外科学观测研究站, 北京 100093
2.国家植物园, 北京 100093
3.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
4.钱江源国家公园管理局, 浙江开化 324300

收稿日期:2024-05-09 接受日期:2024-06-28 出版日期:2025-04-20 发布日期:2024-07-18
通讯作者: *E-mail: mixiangcheng@ibcas.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2023YFE0112802);国家自然科学基金(32371610)

Responses of canopy three-dimensional structural and spectral characteristics to anthropogenic disturbance in the Qianjiangyuan section of the Qianjiangyuan- Baishanzu National Park candidate area

Liu Yonghua¹^,²^,³, Tong Guangrong⁴, Yu Hangyuan⁴, Wang Ningning¹^,², Ren Haibao¹^,², Chen Lei¹^,²^,³, Ma Keping¹^,²^,³(), Mi Xiangcheng¹^,²^,^*()()

1 Zhejiang Qianjiangyuan Forest Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
2 National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
4 Qianjiangyuan National Park Administration, Kaihua, Zhejiang 324300, China

Received:2024-05-09 Accepted:2024-06-28 Online:2025-04-20 Published:2024-07-18
Contact: *E-mail: mixiangcheng@ibcas.ac.cn
Supported by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFE0112802);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32371610)

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 国家公园内的植被生态系统具有典型性和国家代表性, 是国家公园的重点保护对象。为实现国家公园生态系统和生物多样性的保护管理目标, 有必要监测国家公园内植被的变化, 根据监测结果评估保护成效, 进而制定可持续管理战略。航空遥感是获取大面积植被信息的有效手段, 使得在大尺度上高效地监测国家公园的植被动态变化成为可能。本研究以钱江源-百山祖国家公园候选区钱江源园区(简称钱江源园区)全域共21,820个100 m × 100 m像元为研究对象, 基于机载激光雷达和高光谱的多源遥感数据, 结合2018年林业小班调查数据, 探究利用遥感数据获取的冠层特征与植被三维冠层结构和光谱特征的关系, 以分析利用航空遥感监测国家公园保护成效的潜在应用。结果表明: (1)钱江源园区冠层特征变化范围大, 不同区域冠层特征差异较大。(2)不同人为干扰程度的冠层特征差异显著, 结合冠层空间结构特征及光谱特征, 能够反映保护成效: 重度干扰的次生林或人工林冠层高度低、叶面积小, 垂直复杂度低, 低矮植被和稀疏植被占比大, 对光资源的利用效率低, 叶片衰老程度高; 中度干扰的次生落叶阔叶林和轻微或无干扰的常绿阔叶林老龄林均表现出冠层高度大、叶面积大且垂直复杂度较高的特征, 但老龄林所受压力小, 对光资源的利用效率高, 叶片衰老程度低。本研究结果可为国家公园中森林生态系统和生物多样性的保护和管理提供科学支撑。

关键词: 钱江源-百山祖国家公园候选区, 亚热带森林, 激光雷达, 冠层结构, 高光谱, 植被指数, 人为干扰

Abstract

Aim: National parks prioritize the conservation of their unique and representative vegetation ecosystems. Monitoring these ecosystems is crucial for evaluating conservation effectiveness and formulating sustainable management strategies. This study utilized remote sensing data to characterize canopy characteristics in Qianjiangyuan section of the Qianjiangyuan-Baishanzu National Park candidate area (Qianjiangyuan section). By establishing direct links between canopy features and disturbance regimes, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of forest biodiversity protection.

Method:We analyzed airborne LiDAR (light detection and ranging) and hyperspectral data for 21,820 100 m × 100 m pixels and naturalness survey data for 6,977 subcompartments within Qianjiangyuan section. The three-dimensional canopy structural characteristics were derived from airborne LiDAR data, while vegetation indices were calculated from hyperspectral data. These canopy characteristics were then correlated with the naturalness of forest subcompartments to assessed differences across various naturalness levels.

Results: (1) Canopy characteristics within Qianjiangyuan section exhibited a wide range of variability, with considerable differences across regions of the park. (2) Canopy structural and spectral characteristics varied significantly between areas with varying degrees of anthropogenic disturbance, reflecting the success of conservation efforts. Specifically, heavily disturbed secondary and plantation forests exhibited the lowest canopy height, leaf area index, vertical complexity, and light resource utilization efficiency, with a higher proportion of shorter and sparser vegetation, increased stress levels, and higher leaf senescence. In contrast, moderately disturbed secondary deciduous broad-leaved forests and lightly or undisturbed old-growth evergreen broad-leaved forests demonstrated elevated canopy heights, leaf area index, and vertical complexity. However, old-growth forests experienced lower stress levels, higher light use efficiency, and reduced leaf senescence compared to moderately disturbed forests.

Conclusion:The canopy characteristics in Qianjiangyuan section vary widely depending on the level of anthropogenic disturbance, with such disturbances negatively impacting canopy attributes. Our findings indicate that airborne LiDAR and hyperspectral imaging are effective in quantifying the three-dimensional structure and spectral attributes of the canopy, offering valuable insights into conservation effectiveness. Our study serves as a scientific foundation for the protection and management of subtropical forests within Qianjiangyuan section. Furthermore, it highlights the potential of airborne remote sensing technologies in monitoring changes in canopy characteristics to evaluate conservation efficacy, thereby supporting the development of informed conservation strategies and sustainable management practices.

Key words: Qianjiangyuan-Baishanzu National Park candidate area, subtropical forest, LiDAR, canopy structure, hyperspectral, vegetation indices, anthropogenic disturbance

刘咏华, 童光蓉, 余航远, 王宁宁, 任海保, 陈磊, 马克平, 米湘成 (2025) 钱江源-百山祖国家公园候选区钱江源园区冠层三维结构及光谱特征对人为干扰的响应. 生物多样性, 33, 24174. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024174.

Liu Yonghua, Tong Guangrong, Yu Hangyuan, Wang Ningning, Ren Haibao, Chen Lei, Ma Keping, Mi Xiangcheng (2025) Responses of canopy three-dimensional structural and spectral characteristics to anthropogenic disturbance in the Qianjiangyuan section of the Qianjiangyuan- Baishanzu National Park candidate area. Biodiversity Science, 33, 24174. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024174.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2024174

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2025/V33/I4/24174

图/表 8

表1 机载激光雷达系统的技术参数

Table 1 Technical parameters of airborne LiDAR system

参数 Parameters	值 Values
飞行速度 Flight speed (km/h)	250
飞行高度 Flight height (m)	1,960
相对航高 Relative flight height (m)	1,660
脉冲频率 Pulse repetition rate (kHz)	700
视场角 Field angle of view	58.52°
扫描速率 Scanning rate (lps)	246
扫描幅宽 Scanning width (m)	1,860
点密度 Point density (points/m²)	> 4
旁向重叠度 Side overlap (%)	20

表2 机载高光谱系统的技术参数

Table 2 Technical parameters of airborne hyperspectral system

参数 Parameters	值 Values
光谱范围 Spectral range (nm)	400-1,000
光谱分辨率 Spectral resolution (nm)	8.8-9.7
视场角 Field angle of view	37.7°
瞬时视场角 Momentary field angle of view (mrad)	0.646
焦距 Focal length (mm)	18.5
空间分辨率 Spatial resolution (m)	1
波段数 Number of bands	64
空间像元数Number of spatial pixels	1,024
光谱采样间隔 Spectral sampling interval (nm)	9.2
数字分辨率 Digital number (bit)	16
相对航高 Relative airspeed (m)	1,000
旁向重叠度 Side overlap (%)	20

表3 高光谱植被指数

Table 3 Hyperspectral vegetation indices

植被指数 Vegetation indices	计算公式 Formulas	参考文献 Reference
归一化植被指数 Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)	$ N D V I=\frac{R_{800.88}-R_{675.78}}{R_{800.88}+R_{675.78}}$	Rouse et al, 1973
红边归一化植被指数 Red-edge normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI₇₀₅)	$ N D V_{705}=\frac{R_{752.58}-R_{704.50}}{R_{752.58}+R_{704.50}}$	Elvidge & Chen, 1995
光化学反射指数 Photochemical reflectance index (PRI)	$ P R I=\frac{R_{534.44}-R_{571.70}}{R_{534.44}+R_{571.70}}$	Gamon et al, 1997
植被衰减指数 Plant senescence reflectance index (PSRI)	$ \text { PSRI }=\left(R_{675.78}-R_{497.58}\right) / R_{752.58}$	Merzlyak et al, 1999

图1 钱江源-百山祖国家公园候选区钱江源园区主要功能区块(黄色为核心保护区, 蓝色为一般控制区)及2018年林业小班调查自然度。不同自然度的含义为: 1: 老龄林或受人为影响很小的地带性顶极群落的植被(常绿阔叶林); 2: 有明显人为干扰的天然植被或处于演替中期或后期的次生群落(落叶阔叶林、灌木林等); 3: 处于人为干扰严重的次生植被阶段或天然植被几乎破坏殆尽, 难以恢复的逆行演替后期天然针叶林(人工林)。

Fig. 1 Functional divisions and their main subareas (the yellow area is the core protection area, and the blue area is the general control area) in Qianjiangyuan section of the Qianjiangyuan-Baishanzu National Park candidate area, and naturalness of the 2018 subcompartment survey of the section. Meanings of different naturalness: 1, Zonal climax forests in pristine condition or with slight anthropogenic disturbances (broad-leaved evergreen forests); 2, Anthropogenically disturbed natural forests or secondary forests in the middle or late successional stages with obvious anthropogenic disturbances (deciduous broad-leaved forests, shrub forests, etc.); 3, Heavily disturbed or degraded coniferous forests in a highly fragmented secondary forests or plantation forests).

图2 钱江源-百山祖国家公园候选区钱江源园区冠层三维结构特征的空间分布格局。(A)叶面积指数; (B)冠层平均高度; (C)归一化Shannon垂直复杂度指数; (D)第一主成分。

Fig. 2 Spatial patterns of canopy three-dimensional structural characteristics in Qianjiangyuan section of the Qianjiangyuan-Baishanzu National Park candidate area. (A) Leaf area index; (B) Mean height of canopy; (C) Normalized Shannon vertical complexity index; (D) First principal component.

图3 钱江源-百山祖国家公园候选区钱江源园区冠层光谱特征的空间分布格局。(A)归一化植被指数; (B)红边归一化植被指数; (C)光化学反射指数; (D)植被衰减指数。

Fig. 3 Spatial patterns of canopy spectral characteristics in Qianjiangyuan section of the Qianjiangyuan-Baishanzu National Park candidate area. (A) Normalized difference vegetation index; (B) Red-edge normalized difference vegetation index; (C) Photochemical reflectance index; (D) Plant senescence reflectance index.

图4 钱江源-百山祖国家公园候选区钱江源园区不同自然度间冠层三维结构特征的差异。(A)叶面积指数; (B)冠层平均高度; (C)归一化Shannon垂直复杂度指数; (D)第一主成分。不同字母表示在P < 0.001水平上差异显著。

Fig. 4 Differences in canopy three-dimensional structural characteristics among different degrees of naturalness in Qianjiangyuan section of the Qianjiangyuan-Baishanzu National Park candidate area. (A) Leaf area index; (B) Mean height of canopy; (C) Normalized Shannon vertical complexity index; (D) First principal component. Different letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.001.

图5 钱江源-百山祖国家公园候选区钱江源园区不同自然度间冠层光谱特征的差异。(A)归一化植被指数; (B)红边归一化植被指数; (C)光化学反射指数; (D)植被衰减指数。不同字母代表至少在P < 0.01水平上存在差异显著。

Fig. 5 Differences in canopy spectral characteristics among different degrees of naturalness in Qianjiangyuan section of the Qianjiangyuan-Baishanzu National Park candidate area. (A) Normalized difference vegetation index; (B) Red-edge normalized difference vegetation index; (C) Photochemical reflectance index; (D) Plant senescence reflectance index. Different letters indicate significant differences at least at P < 0.01.

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钱江源-百山祖国家公园候选区钱江源园区冠层三维结构及光谱特征对人为干扰的响应

Responses of canopy three-dimensional structural and spectral characteristics to anthropogenic disturbance in the Qianjiangyuan section of the Qianjiangyuan- Baishanzu National Park candidate area

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