艾比湖湿地国家级自然保护区马鹿遗传多样性及遗传结构

doi:10.17520/biods.2025233

生物多样性 ›› 2025, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (12): 25233. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025233 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2025233

• 研究报告：遗传多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

艾比湖湿地国家级自然保护区马鹿遗传多样性及遗传结构

伍金山¹, 杨长乐², 马玉凤³, 李亚旋¹, 高文家², 叶·库斯力², 叶樑洪², 杨宇骄¹, 徐梦琦¹, 廖廷琼¹, 钟林强¹^,^*(), 单文娟¹^,^*()

¹ 新疆大学生命科学与技术学院, 乌鲁木齐 830046
² 新疆艾比湖湿地国家级自然保护区管理局, 新疆博乐 833400
³ 博州哈夏国有林管理局, 新疆温泉 833500

收稿日期:2025-06-18 接受日期:2025-11-18 出版日期:2025-12-20 发布日期:2026-01-09
通讯作者: * 共同通讯作者 E-mail: zhonglinqiang@xju.edu.cn; swj@xju.edu.cn
基金资助:
艾比湖湿地国家级自然保护区2024年中央林业草原保护区级自然保护区生物多样性保护研究项目(XJGJCSCG2025-003);国家自然科学基金(32260116)

Genetic diversity and genetic structure of red deer in the Ebinur Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve

Jinshan Wu¹, Changle Yang², Yufeng Ma³, Yaxuan Li¹, Wenjia Gao², Ye Kusili², Lianghong Ye², Yujiao Yang¹, Mengqi Xu¹, Tingqiong Liao¹, Linqiang Zhong¹^,^*(), Wenjuan Shan¹^,^*()

¹ College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
² Aibihu Welland National Nature Reserve Administration, Bole, Xinjiang 833400, China
³ The Administration Bureau of the State-owned Forest in Khaxia, Bortala Prefecture, Wenquan, Xinjiang 833500, China

Received:2025-06-18 Accepted:2025-11-18 Online:2025-12-20 Published:2026-01-09
Supported by:
2024 Biodiversity Conservation Research Project of the Central Forestry and Grassland Administration for the National Nature Reserve of Ebinur Lake Wetland(XJGJCSCG2025-003);National Natural Science Foundation(32260116)

1. 附录.pdf(648KB)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在全球生物多样性面临威胁的背景下, 保护野生动物的遗传多样性对于维护生态平衡和提升生态系统适应能力具有至关重要的作用。本研究以艾比湖湿地国家级自然保护区(以下简称艾比湖保护区)马鹿(Cervus elaphus)为研究对象, 采用非损伤性取样法获取粪便样本, 并基于微卫星和线粒体标记(Cytb、D-loop)分析其遗传多样性和遗传结构。结果显示, 微卫星的整体观测杂合度(Ho)为0.662, 期望杂合度(He)为0.777, 多态信息含量(PIC)为0.712, 近交系数(Fis)为0.165, 整体偏离哈迪-温伯格平衡; 线粒体标记Cytb及D-loop单倍型多样性(Hd)分别为0.447和0.605, 核苷酸多样性(Pi)分别为0.00463和0.00334, 与其他马鹿亚种相比艾比湖保护区马鹿的遗传多样性处于中等偏高水平, 未发生瓶颈效应但存在一定程度的近交现象。微卫星Structure分析和主坐标分析表明, 艾比湖保护区马鹿可分为两个聚类群体, 推测其发生了遗传分化。系统发育及遗传距离分析表明, 艾比湖保护区马鹿与天山马鹿及阿勒泰马鹿亲缘关系较近。作为保护区内的大型有蹄类物种之一, 其遗传多样性对维持生态系统功能具有重要意义。因此, 为保护艾比湖保护区马鹿遗传多样性, 建议加强马鹿栖息地的保护, 构建生态廊道以促进基因交流, 避免近交现象的发生。

关键词: 艾比湖保护区, 马鹿, 遗传多样性, 非损伤性取样, 微卫星, 线粒体DNA

Abstract

Aims: In the context of global biodiversity facing threats, protecting the genetic diversity of wildlife is of critical importance for maintaining ecological balance and enhancing the adaptive capacity of ecosystems.

Methods: This study focused on red deer (Cervus elaphus) in the Ebinur Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve (Ebinur Lake Reserve), employing non-invasive sampling methods to collect fecal samples. Genetic diversity and structure were analyzed using microsatellite and mitochondrial markers (Cytb, D-loop).

Results: The results showed that the overall observed heterozygosity (Ho) for microsatellites was 0.662, the expected heterozygosity (He) was 0.777, the polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.712, and the inbreeding coefficient (Fis) was 0.165, indicating a deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The haplotype diversity (Hd) of mitochondrial markers Cytb and D-loop was 0.447 and 0.605, respectively, and the nucleotide diversity (Pi) was 0.00463 and 0.00334, respectively. Compared to other subspecies of red deer, the genetic diversity of red deer in Ebinur Lake Reserve is moderately high. No bottleneck effect was detected, although a certain degree of inbreeding was observed. Microsatellite structure analysis and principal coordinates analysis indicated that red deer in Ebinur Lake Reserve formed two distinct genetic clusters, suggesting genetic differentiation has occurred. Phylogenetic and genetic distance analyses suggested that the red deer in the Ebinur Lake Reserve was closely related to both the Tianshan red deer and the Altai red deer.

Conclusion: As one of the large ungulate species within the reserve, its genetic diversity is of significant importance for maintaining the ecosystem. Therefore, to preserve the genetic diversity of the red deer in the Ebinur Lake Reserve, it is recommended to strengthen the protection of red deer habitats, establish ecological corridors to facilitate gene exchange, and prevent inbreeding.

Key words: Ebinur Lake Reserve, red deer, genetic diversity, non-invasive sampling, microsatellites, mitochondrial DNA

伍金山, 杨长乐, 马玉凤, 李亚旋, 高文家, 叶·库斯力, 叶樑洪, 杨宇骄, 徐梦琦, 廖廷琼, 钟林强, 单文娟 (2025) 艾比湖湿地国家级自然保护区马鹿遗传多样性及遗传结构. 生物多样性, 33, 25233. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025233.

Jinshan Wu, Changle Yang, Yufeng Ma, Yaxuan Li, Wenjia Gao, Ye Kusili, Lianghong Ye, Yujiao Yang, Mengqi Xu, Tingqiong Liao, Linqiang Zhong, Wenjuan Shan (2025) Genetic diversity and genetic structure of red deer in the Ebinur Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve. Biodiversity Science, 33, 25233. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025233.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2025233

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2025/V33/I12/25233

图/表 10

图1 艾比湖湿地国家级自然保护区马鹿累积基因座身份一致性分辨率检测结果。PIDsib: 同胞一致的概率; PID: 个体一致的概率。

Fig. 1 Results of cumulative gene locus identity consistency resolution testing for the protection of red deer in Ebinur Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve. PIDsib, Probability of identity for siblings; PID, Probability of identity for individuals.

表1 10对微卫星位点的遗传多样性参数

Table 1 Genetic diversity parameters of 10 pairs of microsatellite loci

Locus	N	Na	Ne	I	Ho	He	PIC	Fis	P
BM4208	73	16	6.952	2.154	0.589	0.856	0.799	0.312	0.000^***
BM5004	73	7	2.100	0.972	0.110	0.524	0.416	0.791	0.000^***
T530	73	16	9.716	2.439	0.767	0.897	0.871	0.145	0.000^***
T507	73	11	6.741	2.048	0.822	0.852	0.823	0.035	0.013^*
CSSM19	73	12	7.506	2.166	0.890	0.867	0.855	-0.027	0.000^***
T123	73	14	4.320	1.872	0.808	0.769	0.685	-0.052	0.000^***
T501	73	23	4.860	2.192	0.589	0.794	0.662	0.258	0.000^***
BM1225	73	19	7.706	2.342	0.671	0.870	0.849	0.229	0.000^***
BM848	73	13	2.771	1.339	0.603	0.639	0.536	0.057	0.000^***
BM6506	73	10	3.332	1.554	0.767	0.700	0.619	-0.096	0.000^***
平均值 Mean	73	14.1	5.600	1.908	0.662	0.777	0.712	0.165

图2 艾比湖湿地国家级自然保护区(艾比湖保护区)马鹿与其他马鹿的遗传多样性比较。(a)微卫星遗传多样性比较; (b) Cytb遗传多样性比较; (c) D-loop遗传多样性比较。

Fig. 2 Comparative analysis of genetic diversity in red deer from in the Ebinur Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve (Ebinur Lake Reserve) and other red deer populations. (a) Microsatellite genetic diversity; (b) Cytb genetic diversity (c) D-loop genetic diversity. Ho, Observed heterozygosity; He, Expected heterozygosity; Pi, Nucleotide diversity; Hd, Haplotype diversity.

图3 艾比湖湿地国家级自然保护区马鹿种群在不同K值下的ΔK结果(a)及其对应的内部遗传结构(b)

Fig. 3 The ΔK results (a) and the corresponding internal genetic structure (b) of the red deer population in Ebinur Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve under different K values

图4 基于微卫星的艾比湖湿地国家级自然保护区马鹿遗传结构的主坐标分析(PCoA)

Fig. 4 Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) genetic structure analysis of red deer in Ebinur Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve based on microsatellites

图5 艾比湖湿地国家级自然保护区马鹿种群遗传结构与系统发育关系。(a) Cytb单倍型系统发育树; (b) Cytb单倍型网络图; (c)艾比湖保护区马鹿Cytb单倍型与中国马鹿亚种系统发育树; 图c中Clade I、Clade II、Subclade I、Subclade II依次对应天山-阿勒泰-东北-阿拉善-四川-甘肃及艾比湖保护区马鹿群、塔里木马鹿群、天山-阿勒泰-东北-阿拉善-四川-甘肃及艾比湖保护区马鹿群、天山-阿勒泰及艾比湖保护区马鹿群。

Fig. 5 Genetic structure and phylogenetic relationship of red deer populations in Ebinur Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve. (a) Phylogenetic tree of Cytb haplotypes; (b) Haplotype network diagram of Cytb haplotypes; (c) Phylogenetic tree of Cytb haplotypes in red deer from Ebinur Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve and Chinese red deer subspecies; In Figure c, Clade I, Clade II, Subclade I, and Subclade II correspond sequentially to the red deer populations of the Tianshan-Altai-Northeast-Alashan- Sichuan-Gansu region and the Ebinur Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve, the Tarim red deer population, the Tianshan-Altai-Northeast-Alashan-Sichuan-Gansu region and the Ebinur Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve red deer population, and the Tianshan-Altai and Ebinur Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve red deer populations.

表2 艾比湖湿地国家级自然保护区马鹿与中国马鹿亚种间Cytb遗传距离

Table 2 Cytb genetic distance between red deer and Chinese red deer subspecies in Ebinur Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve

	ABH	ALT	TS	DB	ALS	GS	SC
ALT	0.010
TS	0.009	0.009
DB	0.010	0.011	0.008
ALS	0.014	0.014	0.010	0.011
GS	0.012	0.013	0.009	0.011	0.014
SC	0.012	0.012	0.009	0.010	0.014	0.002
TLM	0.054	0.051	0.052	0.053	0.053	0.052	0.052

图6 艾比湖湿地国家级自然保护区马鹿种群遗传结构与系统发育关系。(a) D-loop单倍型系统发育树; (b) D-loop单倍型网络图; (c) D-loop单倍型与中国马鹿亚种系统发育树; 图c中Clade I、Clade II、Subclade I、Subclade II依次对应天山-阿勒泰-甘肃-四川-东北-阿拉善及艾比湖保护区马鹿群、塔里木马鹿、天山-阿勒泰-甘肃-四川-东北-阿拉善及艾比湖保护区马鹿群、天山-阿勒泰及艾比湖保护区马鹿群。

Fig. 6 Genetic structure and phylogenetic relationships of the red deer population in the Ebinur Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve. (a) Phylogenetic tree of the D-loop haplotype system; (b) Network diagram of the D-loop haplotype system; (c) Phylogenetic tree of D-loop haplotype in red deer from Ebinur Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve and Chinese red deer subspecies; In Figure c, Clade I, Clade II, Subclade I, and Subclade II correspond sequentially to the red deer populations of the Tianshan-Altai-Gansu-Sichuan-Northeast-Alashan and Ebinur Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve, the Tarim red deer, the red deer populations of the Tianshan-Altai-Gansu-Sichuan-Northeast-Alashan and Ebinur Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve, and the red deer populations of the Tianshan-Altai and Ebinur Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve.

表3 艾比湖保护区马鹿与中国马鹿亚种间D-loop遗传距离

Table 3 D-loop genetic distance between red deer and Chinese red deer subspecies in Ebinur Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve

	ABH	ALT	TS	DB	ALS	GS	SC
ALT	0.013
TS	0.015	0.005
DB	0.032	0.018	0.014
ALS	0.046	0.018	0.022	0.007
GS	0.036	0.018	0.023	0.033	0.025
SC	0.039	0.019	0.025	0.031	0.022	-0.001
TLM	0.120	0.091	0.093	0.080	0.087	0.087	0.082

表4 艾比湖湿地国家级自然保护区马鹿种群瓶颈检测

Table 4 Detection of population bottlenecks of red deer in the Ebinur Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve

位点 Locus	基因数 N	等位基因数 Na	期望杂合度 He	无限等位基因突变模型 I.A.M.		两阶段突变模型 T.P.M.		逐步突变模型 S.M.M.
位点 Locus	基因数 N	等位基因数 Na	期望杂合度 He	平均期望杂合度 Heq	P	平均期望杂合度 Heq	P	平均期望杂合度 Heq	P
BM4208	146	16	0.862	0.817	0.250	0.871	0.315	0.904	0.033^*
BM5004	146	7	0.527	0.600	0.259	0.687	0.066	0.762	0.007^*
T530	146	16	0.903	0.822	0.014^*	0.871	0.122	0.903	0.449
T507	146	11	0.858	0.735	0.039^*	0.803	0.142	0.854	0.465
CSSM19	146	12	0.873	0.749	0.020^*	0.821	0.090	0.868	0.494
T123	146	14	0.774	0.797	0.284	0.851	0.039^*	0.888	0.000^**
T501	146	23	0.800	0.885	0.035^*	0.919	0.002^*	0.936	0.002^*
BM1225	146	19	0.876	0.855	0.400	0.896	0.166	0.920	0.008^*
BM848	146	13	0.644	0.776	0.072	0.839	0.000^**	0.878	0.000^**
BM6506	146	10	0.705	0.715	0.368	0.783	0.097	0.839	0.003^*

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艾比湖湿地国家级自然保护区马鹿遗传多样性及遗传结构

Genetic diversity and genetic structure of red deer in the Ebinur Lake Wetland National Nature Reserve

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