生物多样性 ›› 2011, Vol. 19 ›› Issue (5): 519-527. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.09048 cstr: 32101.14.SP.J.1003.2011.09048
所属专题: 生物多样性与生态系统功能; 土壤生物与土壤健康; 生物入侵
许湘琴1, 王莹莹1,2, 陆强1, 林植华1, 陈慧丽1,*()
收稿日期:
2011-04-19
接受日期:
2011-07-01
出版日期:
2011-09-20
发布日期:
2011-10-08
通讯作者:
陈慧丽
基金资助:
Xiangqin Xu1, Yingying Wang1,2, Qiang Lu1, Zhihua Lin1, Huili Chen1,*()
Received:
2011-04-19
Accepted:
2011-07-01
Online:
2011-09-20
Published:
2011-10-08
Contact:
Huili Chen
摘要:
近年来随着地下生态学的发展, 生态学家们逐渐重视生物入侵导致的地下生物多样性及其相关生态系统功能的改变。为探究加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)入侵对土壤线虫的影响, 我们在杭州湾地区选取镇海、平湖、慈溪、奉贤、海盐和杭州6个研究地点, 比较外来种加拿大一枝黄花群落与土著种芦苇(Phragmites australis)群落土壤中的线虫群落结构和功能。结果显示: 两种植物群落土壤中的线虫属数和多样性没有显著差异, 而线虫营养多样性、大多数营养类群百分比以及线虫群落结构均存在显著差异, 表明加拿大一枝黄花的入侵在一定程度上改变了杭州湾地区土壤线虫的群落结构; 加拿大一枝黄花群落中土壤食真菌线虫比例趋于增加, 植食性线虫比例降低, 表明加拿大一枝黄花的入侵可能对土壤生态系统的能流途径产生影响, 在入侵地抗寄生线虫能力强于土著植物芦苇; 采样地点与植物的交互作用对线虫多样性和群落结构的影响显著, 表明入侵地点是决定加拿大一枝黄花对土壤生物影响的重要因素之一; 土壤颗粒组成、碳含量和氮含量是影响线虫群落结构的主要环境因子。
许湘琴, 王莹莹, 陆强, 林植华, 陈慧丽 (2011) 加拿大一枝黄花入侵对杭州湾地区土壤线虫群落的影响. 生物多样性, 19, 519-527. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.09048.
Xiangqin Xu, Yingying Wang, Qiang Lu, Zhihua Lin, Huili Chen (2011) Effect of Solidago canadensis invasions on soil nematode communities in Hangzhou Bay. Biodiversity Science, 19, 519-527. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.09048.
图1 杭州湾地区6个采样地点(镇海、奉贤、平湖、海盐、慈溪和杭州)示意图
Fig. 1 Location of six sampling sites (Zhenhai, Fengxian, Pinghu, Haiyan, Cixi and Hangzhou) in the Hangzhou Bay, China
砂粒 Sand (%) | 粉粒 Silt (%) | 粘粒 Clay (%) | pH | 总氮 Total nitrogen (mg/g) | 总碳 Total carbon (mg/g) | 株高 Height (cm) | 植株密度 Shoot density (ind./m2) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
镇海 Zhenhai | S | 16.9 ± 1.4 | 45.0 ± 4.6 | 38.1 ± 5.5 | 8.7 ± 0.10 | 1.44 ± 0.24 | 65.23 ± 7.71 | 150 ± 18 | 116 ± 36 |
P | 13.5 ± 1.8 | 51.8 ± 3.0 | 34.7 ± 4.7 | 8.7 ± 0.07 | 0.61 ± 0.12 | 11.61 ± 0.58 | 156 ± 20 | 107 ± 44 | |
奉贤 Fengxian | S | 4.8 ± 0.8 | 23.9 ± 5.3 | 71.3 ± 6.0 | 8.7 ± 0.02 | 0.38 ± 0.10 | 11.89 ± 0.86 | 110 ± 4 | 98 ± 12 |
P | 5.4 ± 0.9 | 25.3 ± 1.6 | 69.3 ± 2.3 | 8.8 ± 0.03 | 0.46 ± 0.21 | 17.82 ± 1.43 | 161 ± 16 | 125 ± 23 | |
平湖 Pinghu | S | 6.5 ± 0.9 | 34.3 ± 1.8 | 59.1 ± 2.6 | 8.5 ± 0.17 | 0.49 ± 0.16 | 15.67 ± 1.58 | 143 ± 26 | 111 ± 24 |
P | 8.7 ± 4.0 | 38.7 ± 14.4 | 52.6 ± 18.4 | 8.6 ± 0.02 | 1.21 ± 0.32 | 17.23 ± 0.87 | 220 ± 47 | 63 ± 6 | |
海盐 Haiyan | S | 9.4 ± 0.6 | 45.1 ± 1.4 | 45.6 ± 1.9 | 8.5 ± 0.15 | 1.04 ± 0.06 | 12.40 ± 0.32 | 114 ± 19 | 117 ± 63 |
P | 12.5 ± 5.1 | 45.6 ± 14.4 | 41.9 ± 19.6 | 8.6 ± 0.04 | 0.61 ± 0.15 | 23.98 ± 2.55 | 190 ± 10 | 118 ± 26 | |
慈溪 Cixi | S | 6.7 ± 0.4 | 32.9 ± 1.6 | 60.4 ± 2.0 | 8.8 ± 0.05 | 0.91 ± 0.17 | 15.65 ± 3.52 | 177 ± 13 | 53 ± 15 |
P | 2.0 ± 0.8 | 22.3 ± 2.6 | 75.7 ± 3.1 | 9.0 ± 0.41 | 0.33 ± 0.10 | 9.98 ± 0.31 | 156 ± 14 | 173 ± 28 | |
杭州 Hangzhou | S | 2.5 ± 0.9 | 16.9 ± 1.6 | 80.7 ± 2.5 | 8.7 ± 0.05 | 0.34 ± 0.09 | 9.36 ± 0.63 | 224 ± 25 | 92 ± 46 |
P | 2.0 ± 0.7 | 15.8 ± 0.4 | 82.2 ± 1.1 | 9.1 ± 0.08 | 0.31 ± 0.05 | 8.64 ± 0.87 | 173 ± 29 | 37 ± 10 |
表1 加拿大一枝黄花群落(S)和芦苇群落(P)的土壤特性和植物特征(Mean ± SE, n = 4)
Table 1 Soil properties and plant characteristics of two communities dominated respectively by Solidago canadensis (S) and Phragmites australis(P)
砂粒 Sand (%) | 粉粒 Silt (%) | 粘粒 Clay (%) | pH | 总氮 Total nitrogen (mg/g) | 总碳 Total carbon (mg/g) | 株高 Height (cm) | 植株密度 Shoot density (ind./m2) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
镇海 Zhenhai | S | 16.9 ± 1.4 | 45.0 ± 4.6 | 38.1 ± 5.5 | 8.7 ± 0.10 | 1.44 ± 0.24 | 65.23 ± 7.71 | 150 ± 18 | 116 ± 36 |
P | 13.5 ± 1.8 | 51.8 ± 3.0 | 34.7 ± 4.7 | 8.7 ± 0.07 | 0.61 ± 0.12 | 11.61 ± 0.58 | 156 ± 20 | 107 ± 44 | |
奉贤 Fengxian | S | 4.8 ± 0.8 | 23.9 ± 5.3 | 71.3 ± 6.0 | 8.7 ± 0.02 | 0.38 ± 0.10 | 11.89 ± 0.86 | 110 ± 4 | 98 ± 12 |
P | 5.4 ± 0.9 | 25.3 ± 1.6 | 69.3 ± 2.3 | 8.8 ± 0.03 | 0.46 ± 0.21 | 17.82 ± 1.43 | 161 ± 16 | 125 ± 23 | |
平湖 Pinghu | S | 6.5 ± 0.9 | 34.3 ± 1.8 | 59.1 ± 2.6 | 8.5 ± 0.17 | 0.49 ± 0.16 | 15.67 ± 1.58 | 143 ± 26 | 111 ± 24 |
P | 8.7 ± 4.0 | 38.7 ± 14.4 | 52.6 ± 18.4 | 8.6 ± 0.02 | 1.21 ± 0.32 | 17.23 ± 0.87 | 220 ± 47 | 63 ± 6 | |
海盐 Haiyan | S | 9.4 ± 0.6 | 45.1 ± 1.4 | 45.6 ± 1.9 | 8.5 ± 0.15 | 1.04 ± 0.06 | 12.40 ± 0.32 | 114 ± 19 | 117 ± 63 |
P | 12.5 ± 5.1 | 45.6 ± 14.4 | 41.9 ± 19.6 | 8.6 ± 0.04 | 0.61 ± 0.15 | 23.98 ± 2.55 | 190 ± 10 | 118 ± 26 | |
慈溪 Cixi | S | 6.7 ± 0.4 | 32.9 ± 1.6 | 60.4 ± 2.0 | 8.8 ± 0.05 | 0.91 ± 0.17 | 15.65 ± 3.52 | 177 ± 13 | 53 ± 15 |
P | 2.0 ± 0.8 | 22.3 ± 2.6 | 75.7 ± 3.1 | 9.0 ± 0.41 | 0.33 ± 0.10 | 9.98 ± 0.31 | 156 ± 14 | 173 ± 28 | |
杭州 Hangzhou | S | 2.5 ± 0.9 | 16.9 ± 1.6 | 80.7 ± 2.5 | 8.7 ± 0.05 | 0.34 ± 0.09 | 9.36 ± 0.63 | 224 ± 25 | 92 ± 46 |
P | 2.0 ± 0.7 | 15.8 ± 0.4 | 82.2 ± 1.1 | 9.1 ± 0.08 | 0.31 ± 0.05 | 8.64 ± 0.87 | 173 ± 29 | 37 ± 10 |
变量 Variables | 植物类型 Plant (df = 2) | 地点 Site (df = 5) | 植物类型×地点 Plant × Site (df = 5) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | P | F | P | F | P | |||
砂粒 Sand (%) | 0.59 | 0.449 | 41.75 | < 0.001 | 4.31 | 0.004 | ||
粉粒 Silt (%) | 0.02 | 0.897 | 30.31 | < 0.001 | 1.76 | 0.145 | ||
粘粒 Clay (%) | 0.01 | 0.928 | 33.33 | < 0.001 | 1.75 | 0.149 | ||
pH | 15.21 | < 0.001 | 9.75 | < 0.001 | 2.23 | 0.072 | ||
总氮 Total nitrogen | 13.57 | 0.001 | 20.83 | < 0.001 | 22.34 | < 0.001 | ||
总碳 Total carbon | 78.03 | < 0.001 | 119.78 | < 0.001 | 56.19 | < 0.001 | ||
株高 Height | 12.26 | < 0.001 | 8.00 | < 0.001 | 11.04 | < 0.001 | ||
植株密度 Shoot density | 0.42 | 0.52 | 3.34 | 0.014 | 7.84 | < 0.001 |
表2 植物类型、采样地点及其交互作用对土壤属性和植物特征的影响
Table 2 Summary of two-way ANOVA for testing the effects of plant species and sampling sites on soil properties and plant characteristics
变量 Variables | 植物类型 Plant (df = 2) | 地点 Site (df = 5) | 植物类型×地点 Plant × Site (df = 5) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | P | F | P | F | P | |||
砂粒 Sand (%) | 0.59 | 0.449 | 41.75 | < 0.001 | 4.31 | 0.004 | ||
粉粒 Silt (%) | 0.02 | 0.897 | 30.31 | < 0.001 | 1.76 | 0.145 | ||
粘粒 Clay (%) | 0.01 | 0.928 | 33.33 | < 0.001 | 1.75 | 0.149 | ||
pH | 15.21 | < 0.001 | 9.75 | < 0.001 | 2.23 | 0.072 | ||
总氮 Total nitrogen | 13.57 | 0.001 | 20.83 | < 0.001 | 22.34 | < 0.001 | ||
总碳 Total carbon | 78.03 | < 0.001 | 119.78 | < 0.001 | 56.19 | < 0.001 | ||
株高 Height | 12.26 | < 0.001 | 8.00 | < 0.001 | 11.04 | < 0.001 | ||
植株密度 Shoot density | 0.42 | 0.52 | 3.34 | 0.014 | 7.84 | < 0.001 |
变量 Variables | 植物类型 Plant type (df = 1) | 地点 Site (df = 5) | 植物类型 × 地点 Plant type × Site (df = 5) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | P | F | P | F | P | |||
属数 Genus number | 2.56 | 0.118 | 24.18 | < 0.001 | 6.90 | < 0.001 | ||
密度 Density | 3.59 | 0.006 | 5.76 | < 0.001 | 5.28 | < 0.001 | ||
Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') | 0.01 | 0.92 | 28.18 | < 0.001 | 7.24 | < 0.001 | ||
营养多样性指数 Trophic diversity index (TD) | 17.05 | < 0.001 | 17.50 | < 0.001 | 3.76 | 0.008 | ||
富集指数 Enrichment index (EI) | 11.52 | 0.002 | 20.62 | < 0.001 | 13.15 | < 0.001 | ||
结构指数 Structure index (SI) | 9.07 | 0.005 | 4.08 | 0.005 | 3.39 | 0.013 | ||
线虫通路比值 Nematode channel ratio (NCR) | 22.94 | < 0.001 | 9.29 | < 0.001 | 5.37 | < 0.001 | ||
植食性线虫 Herbivores (%) | 24.14 | < 0.001 | 54.20 | < 0.001 | 11.85 | < 0.001 | ||
食藻类线虫 Algal feeders (%) | 0.90 | 0.348 | 6.78 | < 0.001 | 7.17 | < 0.001 | ||
食细菌线虫 Bacterivores (%) | 10.96 | 0.002 | 78.34 | < 0.001 | 15.69 | < 0.001 | ||
食真菌线虫 Fungivores (%) | 34.65 | < 0.001 | 8.98 | < 0.001 | 5.42 | < 0.001 | ||
杂食性线虫 Omnivores (%) | 11.89 | 0.001 | 14.01 | < 0.001 | 9.10 | < 0.001 | ||
捕食性线虫 Carnivores (%) | 14.65 | < 0.001 | 5.98 | < 0.001 | 8.70 | < 0.001 |
表3 植物类型、采样地点及其交互作用对土壤线虫的属数、密度、多样性指数、结构指数、富集指数、线虫通路比值和各营养类群比例的影响
Table 3 Summary of two-way ANOVA for testing the effects of plant type and sampling site on soil nematode genus number, density, diversity index, structure index, enrichment index, nematode channel ratio and trophic group proportions
变量 Variables | 植物类型 Plant type (df = 1) | 地点 Site (df = 5) | 植物类型 × 地点 Plant type × Site (df = 5) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | P | F | P | F | P | |||
属数 Genus number | 2.56 | 0.118 | 24.18 | < 0.001 | 6.90 | < 0.001 | ||
密度 Density | 3.59 | 0.006 | 5.76 | < 0.001 | 5.28 | < 0.001 | ||
Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') | 0.01 | 0.92 | 28.18 | < 0.001 | 7.24 | < 0.001 | ||
营养多样性指数 Trophic diversity index (TD) | 17.05 | < 0.001 | 17.50 | < 0.001 | 3.76 | 0.008 | ||
富集指数 Enrichment index (EI) | 11.52 | 0.002 | 20.62 | < 0.001 | 13.15 | < 0.001 | ||
结构指数 Structure index (SI) | 9.07 | 0.005 | 4.08 | 0.005 | 3.39 | 0.013 | ||
线虫通路比值 Nematode channel ratio (NCR) | 22.94 | < 0.001 | 9.29 | < 0.001 | 5.37 | < 0.001 | ||
植食性线虫 Herbivores (%) | 24.14 | < 0.001 | 54.20 | < 0.001 | 11.85 | < 0.001 | ||
食藻类线虫 Algal feeders (%) | 0.90 | 0.348 | 6.78 | < 0.001 | 7.17 | < 0.001 | ||
食细菌线虫 Bacterivores (%) | 10.96 | 0.002 | 78.34 | < 0.001 | 15.69 | < 0.001 | ||
食真菌线虫 Fungivores (%) | 34.65 | < 0.001 | 8.98 | < 0.001 | 5.42 | < 0.001 | ||
杂食性线虫 Omnivores (%) | 11.89 | 0.001 | 14.01 | < 0.001 | 9.10 | < 0.001 | ||
捕食性线虫 Carnivores (%) | 14.65 | < 0.001 | 5.98 | < 0.001 | 8.70 | < 0.001 |
图2 两种植物群落中土壤线虫的属数、密度、Shannon-Wiener多样性和营养多样性指数。误差棒表示标准误(n = 4); * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001。
Fig. 2 Soil nematode genus number, density, Shannon-Wiener diversity index and trophic diversity index in two communities dominated respectively by Solidago canadensis and Phragmites australis. Bars indicate standard errors of mean data (n = 4) ); * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001.
图3 两种植物群落中土壤线虫营养类群的比例。误差棒表示标准误(n = 4); * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01
Fig. 3 Proportions of soil nematode feeding groups in the two communities dominated respectively by Solidago canadensis and Phragmites australis. Bars indicate standard errors of mean data (n = 4).
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