新疆西天山雪岭云杉群落动态变化及其影响因素

doi:10.17520/biods.2025275

生物多样性 ›› 2025, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (11): 25275. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025275 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2025275

• 研究报告：植物多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

新疆西天山雪岭云杉群落动态变化及其影响因素

黄继红¹(), 依里帆·艾克拜尔江²^,³, 程瑞明¹, 王文栋⁴, 许玥¹(), 姚杰¹(), 丁易¹^,^*()()

¹ 中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与自然保护研究所, 国家林业和草原局森林生态环境重点实验室, 北京 100091
² 新疆西天山国家级自然保护区管理中心, 新疆伊宁 835000
³ 新疆西天山森林生态系统定位观测研究站, 新疆巩留 835400
⁴ 新疆林科院森林生态研究所, 乌鲁木齐 830063

收稿日期:2025-07-17 接受日期:2025-10-21 出版日期:2025-11-20 发布日期:2025-12-26
通讯作者: 丁易
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(32271616);国家自然科学基金(42271069);国家重点研发计划(2023YFE0112800)

Dynamics of the Picea schrenkiana community in the west Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang and their influencing factors

Jihong Huang¹(), Erfan Akberjan²^,³, Ruiming Cheng¹, Wendong Wang⁴, Yue Xu¹(), Jie Yao¹(), Yi Ding¹^,^*()()

¹ Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
² Administration of Xinjiang West Tianshan National Nature Reserve, Yining, Xinjiang 835000, China
³ Xinjiang West Tianshan forest ecosystem observation and research station, Gongliu, Xinjiang 835400, China
⁴ Institute of Forest Ecology, Xinjiang Academy of Forestry Sciences, Urumqi 830063, China

Received:2025-07-17 Accepted:2025-10-21 Online:2025-11-20 Published:2025-12-26
Contact: Yi Ding
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32271616);National Natural Science Foundation of China(42271069);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFE0112800)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

新疆天山的雪岭云杉(Picea schrenkiana)群落是我国重要的山地森林类型, 是维持新疆绿洲生态安全的重要屏障。研究天山雪岭云杉群落结构的长期动态变化, 对于理解干旱区山地温带针叶林生态系统功能的维持和开展适应性管理具有重要意义。本研究基于2008-2024年(分别在2008、2014、2019和2024年进行了4次调查)针对新疆西天山国家级自然保护区6 ha雪岭云杉群落动态监测样地中所有胸径 ≥ 1 cm的木本植物调查数据, 研究了雪岭云杉群落的动态变化规律。结果表明: (1)在过去的16年间, 雪岭云杉群落内的木本植物个体多度逐渐降低, 其中雪岭云杉的个体多度由1,310减少到1,123, 减少了14.27%, 2014-2019年间减少的比例最高。(2)木本植物的死亡率在2008-2014、2014-2019和2019-2024年3个不同时间段分别为0.06%、2.88%和1.99%, 呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势; 补充率分别为0.60%、0.60%和0.10%, 呈现后期下降的变化趋势; 物种周转率分别为0.62%、3.39%和2.08%, 呈现先急剧增加再下降的变化趋势; 群落地上生物量的生长量和损失量均在2014-2019年间最高, 但净变化在2008-2014年间最大。(3)物种丰富度显著提高了群落树木个体的补充率、死亡率和周转率; 较高的土壤有效氮含量显著降低了地上生物量的净变化, 而高的土壤pH值显著提高了地上生物量的净变化。本研究表明新疆西天山雪岭云杉群落正在经历显著的群落结构转变, 与此同时也面临着高死亡率与低补充率并存的衰退风险。

关键词: 温带针叶林, 雪岭云杉, 群落结构, 死亡率, 补充率

Abstract

Aims: Studying the dynamics of temperate coniferous forests is crucial for understanding their formation and maintenance. This study aims to: (1) investigate the long-term trends (over 16 years) in individual abundance, mortality rate, recruitment rate, and aboveground biomass within Picea schrenkiana communities; and (2) assess how local-scale abiotic factors (soil available nitrogen, pH, and topographic position) and biotic factors (local species richness and competition from dominant species) influence these community dynamics.

Methods: We selected a 6-ha temperate natural coniferous forest dynamics plot (FDP) in the west Tianshan National Nature Reserve, Xinjiang, as the research site. We conducted thorough surveys of woody plants with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 1 cm in 2008, 2014, 2019, and 2024, respectively. We analyzed and compared the changes in community composition, structure, and dynamics over these years.

Results: (1) Over the 16-year period, the abundance of woody plant individuals in the FDP decreased. Specifically, the total number of Picea schrenkiana individuals declined from 1,310 to 1,123, a reduction of 14.27%, with the most significant decrease occurring between 2014 and 2019. (2) Across the three time intervals (2008-2014, 2014-2019, 2019-2024), the mortality rates of woody plants were 0.06%, 2.88%, and 1.99%, respectively, showing an initial increase followed by a decrease. The recruitment rates were 0.60%, 0.60%, and 0.10%, respectively, remaining stable initially before a sharp decline. The turnover rates were 0.62%, 3.39%, and 2.08%, respectively, remaining stable initially, then sharply increasing, and finally decreasing. The loss and growth of aboveground biomass in the community were highest during the 2014-2019 period, while the net change in aboveground biomass was greatest during the 2008-2014 period. (3) The recruitment rate, mortality rate, and turnover rate of the community were all positively correlated with species richness. Soil available nitrogen content had a significant negative effect on the net change in aboveground biomass, whereas soil pH had a significant positive effect.

Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the Tianshan Picea schrenkiana community in the west Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang is undergoing significant structural and functional changes and is at risk of decline due to high mortality and low recruitment rates. This research provides an important scientific basis for the ecological restoration and biodiversity conservation strategies of Tianshan Picea schrenkiana forests.

Key words: temperate coniferous forests, Picea schrenkiana, community structure, mortality rate, recruitment rate

黄继红, 依里帆·艾克拜尔江, 程瑞明, 王文栋, 许玥, 姚杰, 丁易 (2025) 新疆西天山雪岭云杉群落动态变化及其影响因素. 生物多样性, 33, 25275. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025275.

Jihong Huang, Erfan Akberjan, Ruiming Cheng, Wendong Wang, Yue Xu, Jie Yao, Yi Ding (2025) Dynamics of the Picea schrenkiana community in the west Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang and their influencing factors. Biodiversity Science, 33, 25275. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025275.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2025275

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2025/V33/I11/25275

图/表 10

图1 新疆西天山6 ha森林动态监测样地地理位置(A)、等高线图(B)及典型雪岭云林照片(C)

Fig. 1 Location (A), contour map (B), and photographs of a typical Picea schrenkiana forest (C) in the 6-ha forest dynamics plot in the west Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang

表1 新疆西天山6 ha森林动态监测样地的地形和土壤因子基本信息

Table 1 Basic information of topographic and soil factors of the 6-ha forest dynamics plot in the west Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang

变量 Variables	平均值 ± 标准差 Mean ± SD
地形因子 Topographic factor
凹凸度 Convexity (Convex)	-0.11 ± 2.21
坡度 Slope	21.56° ± 7.79°
坡向 Aspect	189.77° ± 50.18°
土壤因子 Soil factor
pH	6.19 ± 0.37
土壤有机质含量 Soil organic matter content (g/kg)	173.39 ± 64.08
有效氮含量 Available nitrogen content (mg/kg)	191.47 ± 122.10
全氮含量 Total nitrogen content (g/kg)	8.67 ± 2.66
有效磷含量 Available phosphorus content (mg/kg)	37.56 ± 21.35
全磷含量 Total phosphorus content (g/kg)	0.21 ± 0.04

表2 新疆西天山雪岭云杉群落不同年际(2008-2024年)活立木个体数量(%)的变化

Table 2 Changes in the number of living trees across different years (2008-2024) in the Picea schrenkiana community in the west Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang

物种 Species	2008	2014	2019	2024
雪岭云杉 Picea schrenkiana	1,310 (91.54%)	1,341 (90.73%)	1,210 (91.74%)	1,123 (93.58%)
天山桦 Betula tianschanica	91 (6.36%)	92 (6.22%)	62 (4.70%)	50 (4.17%)
天山花楸 Sorbus tianschanica	11 (0.77%)	11 (0.74 %)	7 (0.53%)	3 (0.25%)
新疆忍冬 Lonicera tatarica	10 (0.70%)	13 (0.88%)	17 (1.29%)	10 (0.83%)
山楂 Crataegus pinnatifida	3 (0.21%)	3 (0.20%)	3 (0.23%)	3 (0.25%)
黄花柳 Salix caprea	3 (0.21%)	3 (0.20%)	4 (0.30%)	4 (0.33%)
伊犁小檗 Berberis iliensis	2 (0.14%)	14 (0.95%)	16 (1.21%)	7 (0.58%)
新疆野苹果 Malus sieversii	1 (0.07%)	1 (0.07%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
合计 Total	1,431 (100.00%)	1,478 (100.00%)	1,319 (100.00%)	1,200 (100.00%)

图2 新疆西天山雪岭云杉群落不同年际(2008-2024年)活立木不同径级个体数分布。柱状图代表不同调查年份不同径级个体数, 曲线图代表不同调查年份随径级变化个体数的拟合曲线。

Fig. 2 Interannual variation (2008-2024) in DBH-classes distribution of living stems in the Picea schrenkiana community in the west Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang. The bar shows the number of individuals corresponding to different DBH-classes across survey years. The line represents the fitted curves of individual numbers varying with DBH-classes in different survey years.

图3 新疆西天山雪岭云杉群落不同年际(2008-2024年)不同径级死亡个体数分布。柱状图体现代表不同时间段不同径级死亡个体数, 曲线图代表不同时间段随径级变化死亡个体数的拟合曲线。

Fig. 3 Interannual (2008-2024) mortality distribution across DBH-classes in the Picea schrenkiana community in the west Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang. The bar displays the number of dead individuals across different DBH-classes in various time periods. The line graph represents the fitted curve of dead individual numbers varying by DBH-classes over different time periods.

图4 新疆西天山雪岭云杉群落不同年际(2008-2024年)树木个体数变化率(A)和地上生物量年均变化率(B)

Fig. 4 Interannual (2008-2024) change rates of tree individual number (A) and aboveground biomass (AGB) (B) in the Picea schrenkiana community in the west Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang

图5 生物、土壤和地形3类因子对新疆西天山雪岭云杉群落个体的补充率(A)、死亡率(B)和周转率(C)的贡献比例

Fig. 5 Proportional contributions of biological, soil, and topographic factors to the recruitment rate (A), mortality rate (B), and turnover rate (C) in the Picea schrenkiana community in the west Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang

图6 新疆西天山雪岭云杉群落个体的补充率(A)、死亡率(B)和周转率(C)的影响因素。* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01。

Fig. 6 Factors influencing recruitment rate (A), mortality rate (B), and turnover rate (C) in the Picea schrenkiana community in the west Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang. Convex, Convexity; SOM, Soil organic matter content; AN, Available nitrogen content; TN, Total nitrogen content; AP, Available phosphorus content; TP, Total phosphorus content. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01.

图7 生物、土壤和地形3类因子对新疆西天山雪岭云杉群落地上生物量补充量(A)、损失量(B)、生长量(C)和净变化(D)的贡献比例

Fig. 7 The proportional contributions of biological, soil, and topographic factors to the aboveground biomass (AGB) recruitment (A), loss (B), growth (C), and net change (D) in the Picea schrenkiana community in the west Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang

图8 新疆西天山雪岭云杉群落地上生物量补充量(A)、损失量(B)、生长量(C)和净变化(D)的影响因素。* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001。

Fig. 8 Factors influencing to the aboveground biomass (AGB) recruitment (A), loss (B), growth (C), and net change (D) in the Picea schrenkiana community in the west Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang. Convex, Convexity; SOM, Soil organic matter content; AN, Available nitrogen content; TN, Total nitrogen content; AP, Available phosphorus content; TP, Total phosphorus content. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001.

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新疆西天山雪岭云杉群落动态变化及其影响因素

Dynamics of the Picea schrenkiana community in the west Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang and their influencing factors

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