生物多样性 ›› 2024, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (1): 23101. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023101 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2023101
耿云1,4, 寇一祎2,4, 范新卓3,4, 徐姝瑶4, 丛丽4,*(), 张玉钧4
收稿日期:
2023-04-03
接受日期:
2023-11-07
出版日期:
2024-01-20
发布日期:
2024-02-07
通讯作者:
*E-mail: congli1980@163.com
基金资助:
Yun Geng1,4, Yiyi Kou2,4, Xinzhuo Fan3,4, Shuyao Xu4, Li Cong4,*(), Yujun Zhang4
Received:
2023-04-03
Accepted:
2023-11-07
Online:
2024-01-20
Published:
2024-02-07
Contact:
*E-mail: congli1980@163.com
摘要:
国家公园在促进人与自然和谐共生等方面有着十分重要的作用, 然而基于需求视角的自然教育功能研究仍匮乏。本文基于卡诺模型理论, 以大熊猫国家公园为例, 采取线上和线下相结合的问卷发放方式, 实证分析了公众特别是青年人对国家公园自然教育的需求特征, 在识别出优先项的同时引入顾客满意度系数, 分析了大熊猫国家公园教育功能的实现对公众满意度的影响。研究结果表明: 青年人对大熊猫国家公园自然教育的需求分为4个维度: 知识获取、意识改变或影响、技能提升、行为(意向)改变。意识改变或影响、技能提升和行为(意向)改变为期望型需求, 这3项功能需求维度被满足的越多, 青年游客群体的满意度就越高, 若没有得到满足, 满意度就会下降; 知识获取是魅力型需求, 这类功能需求维度不在游客的需求意识中, 一旦得到满足往往出乎预料, 会带来较高的满意感。最后, 对大熊猫国家公园及其活动开展和规划建设提出了相关的建议和意见。
耿云, 寇一祎, 范新卓, 徐姝瑶, 丛丽, 张玉钧 (2024) 基于卡诺模型的大熊猫国家公园自然教育需求研究. 生物多样性, 32, 23101. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023101.
Yun Geng, Yiyi Kou, Xinzhuo Fan, Shuyao Xu, Li Cong, Yujun Zhang (2024) Research on natural education demand of Giant Panda National Park based on Kano model. Biodiversity Science, 32, 23101. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023101.
题项 Item | 选项 Option | 占比 Proportion (%) |
---|---|---|
性别 Gender | 男 Male | 45.5 |
女 Female | 54.5 | |
年龄 Age | 18岁以下 Under 18 years old | 0.7 |
18-25岁 18-25 years old | 53.5 | |
26-30岁 26-30 years old | 18.0 | |
31-40岁 31-40 years old | 21.1 | |
41-50岁 41-50 years old | 5.4 | |
51-60岁 51-60 years old | 1.3 | |
60岁以上 Over 60 years old | 0 | |
月收入 Monthly income | 3,000元以下 Below 3,000 yuan | 48.1 |
3,000-6,000元 3,000-6,000 yuan | 11.5 | |
6,001-10,000元 6,001-10,000 yuan | 22.6 | |
10,001-20,000元 10,001-20,000 yuan | 14.8 | |
20,000元以上 Over 20,000 yuan | 3.0 | |
学历 Educational background | 初中及以下 Junior high school and below | 0.5 |
高中或中专 High school or vocational school | 2.4 | |
大专 Junior college | 7.9 | |
本科 Undergraduate course | 82.5 | |
研究生及以上 Graduate or above | 6.7 |
表1 人口统计学特征
Table 1 Demographic characteristics
题项 Item | 选项 Option | 占比 Proportion (%) |
---|---|---|
性别 Gender | 男 Male | 45.5 |
女 Female | 54.5 | |
年龄 Age | 18岁以下 Under 18 years old | 0.7 |
18-25岁 18-25 years old | 53.5 | |
26-30岁 26-30 years old | 18.0 | |
31-40岁 31-40 years old | 21.1 | |
41-50岁 41-50 years old | 5.4 | |
51-60岁 51-60 years old | 1.3 | |
60岁以上 Over 60 years old | 0 | |
月收入 Monthly income | 3,000元以下 Below 3,000 yuan | 48.1 |
3,000-6,000元 3,000-6,000 yuan | 11.5 | |
6,001-10,000元 6,001-10,000 yuan | 22.6 | |
10,001-20,000元 10,001-20,000 yuan | 14.8 | |
20,000元以上 Over 20,000 yuan | 3.0 | |
学历 Educational background | 初中及以下 Junior high school and below | 0.5 |
高中或中专 High school or vocational school | 2.4 | |
大专 Junior college | 7.9 | |
本科 Undergraduate course | 82.5 | |
研究生及以上 Graduate or above | 6.7 |
功能需求 Functional requirements | 均值 Mean | 方差 Variance | 因子载荷 Factor loading | A | O | M | I | R | CSI | CDSI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
知识获取 Knowledge acquisition | ||||||||||
1 生态系统知识 Ecosystem knowledge | 3.16 | 43.55 | 0.52 | 238 | 97 | 72 | 151 | 5 | 0.60 | -0.30 |
2 野生动物物种知识 Knowledge of wildlife species | 3.14 | 5.14 | 0.45 | 218 | 136 | 70 | 133 | 4 | 0.64 | -0.37 |
3 野生动物保护相关法律知识 Legal knowledge related to wildlife protection | 3.12 | 3.73 | 0.56 | 147 | 171 | 105 | 141 | 3 | 0.56 | -0.49 |
4 熊猫谷森林公园历史知识 Historical knowledge of Panda Valley Forest Park | 3.08 | 3.30 | 0.48 | 200 | 136 | 57 | 165 | 7 | 0.60 | -0.35 |
5 熊猫谷森林公园功能的知识 Knowledge of the functions of Panda Valley Forest Park | 3.13 | 2.62 | 0.71 | 202 | 120 | 75 | 167 | 3 | 0.57 | -0.35 |
6 感受熊猫谷对游客行为的管理 Experience the management of tourist behavior in panda valley | 3.10 | 2.43 | 0.64 | 117 | 137 | 96 | 205 | 7 | 0.46 | -0.42 |
7 大熊猫的生理知识 Physiological knowledge of giant pandas | 3.06 | 2.38 | 0.62 | 190 | 157 | 60 | 155 | 3 | 0.62 | -0.39 |
8 大熊猫行为知识 Knowledge of giant panda behavior | 3.23 | 2.19 | 0.51 | 194 | 164 | 55 | 146 | 6 | 0.64 | -0.39 |
9 大熊猫的生态学知识 Ecological knowledge of giant pandas | 3.26 | 2.13 | 0.46 | 184 | 151 | 54 | 169 | 5 | 0.60 | -0.37 |
10 大熊猫的保护知识 Protection knowledge of giant pandas | 3.07 | 2.06 | 0.51 | 129 | 252 | 82 | 97 | 6 | 0.68 | -0.60 |
11 以大熊猫为对象的旅游活动知识 Knowledge of tourism activities targeting giant pandas | 3.15 | 1.98 | 0.51 | 244 | 172 | 33 | 110 | 8 | 0.74 | -0.37 |
意识改变或影响 Consciousness change or influence | ||||||||||
12 主动学习意识 Consciousness of active learning | 2.98 | 1.90 | 0.70 | 196 | 133 | 49 | 182 | 6 | 0.59 | -0.33 |
13 解说系统使用意识 Explanation system usage awareness | 3.21 | 1.77 | 0.46 | 183 | 134 | 76 | 170 | 6 | 0.56 | -0.37 |
14 咨询解答疑惑的意识 Awareness of consulting and answering questions | 3.08 | 1.71 | 0.63 | 171 | 161 | 97 | 134 | 7 | 0.59 | -0.46 |
15 自我反省意识 Awareness of reflecting on oneself | 3.19 | 1.67 | 0.72 | 164 | 125 | 70 | 207 | 4 | 0.51 | -0.34 |
16 环境可持续发展忧患意识 Awareness of environmental sustainability | 3.20 | 1.63 | 0.48 | 135 | 222 | 91 | 112 | 7 | 0.64 | -0.56 |
17 国家公园管理不当忧患意识 Inappropriate management of national parks and awareness of crisis | 3.16 | 1.57 | 0.46 | 126 | 207 | 111 | 115 | 8 | 0.60 | -0.57 |
技能提升 Skill improvement | ||||||||||
18 选择对环境干扰最少的游览路径 Selecting the tour path with the least interference to the environment | 3.27 | 1.53 | 0.57 | 187 | 182 | 70 | 120 | 7 | 0.66 | -0.45 |
19 处理自产垃圾的技能 Skills for handling self-produced waste | 3.18 | 1.49 | 0.60 | 123 | 245 | 96 | 95 | 5 | 0.66 | -0.61 |
20 对野生生物的物种识别能力 Ability to identify species of wildlife | 3.11 | 1.48 | 0.49 | 210 | 166 | 54 | 134 | 2 | 0.67 | -0.39 |
21 保护自己免受伤害的技能 Skills to protect yourself from harm | 3.28 | 1.39 | 0.63 | 122 | 255 | 105 | 78 | 4 | 0.67 | -0.64 |
22 减少自身行为对野生动植物的干扰 Reduce the interference of behavior to wild animals and plants | 2.97 | 1.30 | 0.52 | 151 | 220 | 80 | 111 | 4 | 0.66 | -0.53 |
23 鉴赏和感悟生态美的能力 Ability to appreciate and appreciate ecological beauty | 3.15 | 1.27 | 0.49 | 226 | 150 | 36 | 153 | 2 | 0.67 | -0.33 |
行为(意向)改变 Behavior (intention) change | ||||||||||
24 不随地乱扔垃圾的习惯 Habit of not littering | 3.20 | 1.23 | 0.50 | 72 | 296 | 130 | 63 | 5 | 0.65 | -0.76 |
25 主动捡起他人随地丢弃的垃圾的习惯 Actively picking up garbage that others have thrown away | 3.12 | 1.15 | 0.62 | 146 | 167 | 86 | 164 | 6 | 0.56 | -0.45 |
26 劝阻他人危害野生动物及环境的行为 Dissuade others from endangering wildlife and the environment | 4.07 | 1.12 | 0.39 | 111 | 238 | 103 | 113 | 4 | 0.62 | -0.60 |
27 主动帮助日常生活中需要帮助的小动物 Actively help small animals in need in daily life | 3.15 | 1.11 | 0.50 | 185 | 194 | 67 | 115 | 7 | 0.68 | -0.47 |
28 为野生动物及环境保护出谋划策 Provide suggestions for wildlife and environmental protection | 3.24 | 1.01 | 0.53 | 214 | 141 | 51 | 152 | 8 | 0.64 | -0.34 |
29 践行低碳生活的习惯 Practice the habit of low-carbon life | 3.19 | 0.95 | 0.41 | 146 | 229 | 79 | 112 | 3 | 0.66 | -0.54 |
30 积极参与环保主题的活动, 宣传环保的生活理念 Actively participate in activities and promote the concept of environmental protection in daily life | 2.89 | 0.83 | 0.75 | 170 | 186 | 73 | 137 | 3 | 0.63 | -0.46 |
31 参与以保护为前提的生态旅游 Participate in ecotourism with protection as a prerequisite | 3.83 | 0.86 | 0.6 | 190 | 195 | 56 | 125 | 5 | 0.68 | -0.44 |
32 关注有关野生动物保护的知识的习惯 Habit of paying attention to knowledge about wildlife conservation | 3.82 | 0.77 | 0.67 | 135 | 151 | 59 | 118 | 13 | 0.64 | -0.44 |
33 为野生动物保护项目捐款的习惯 Habit of donating money for wildlife conservation projects | 3.66 | 0.73 | 0.5 | 133 | 96 | 54 | 182 | 12 | 0.53 | -0.28 |
表2 大熊猫国家公园自然教育功能需求项的因子分析、分类及满意度系数得分表。A: 魅力型需求; O: 期望型需求; M: 必备型需求; I: 无差异型需求; R: 反向型需求。加粗数值所对应的功能需求为功能需求的最终分类。
Table 2 Factor analysis, classification and score of satisfaction coefficient of natural educational function requirements in Giant Panda National Park. A, Attractive quality; O, One-dimensional quality; M, Must-be quality; I, Indifferent quality; R, Reverse quality. The functional requirement corresponding to the bold value is the final classification of functional requirement.
功能需求 Functional requirements | 均值 Mean | 方差 Variance | 因子载荷 Factor loading | A | O | M | I | R | CSI | CDSI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
知识获取 Knowledge acquisition | ||||||||||
1 生态系统知识 Ecosystem knowledge | 3.16 | 43.55 | 0.52 | 238 | 97 | 72 | 151 | 5 | 0.60 | -0.30 |
2 野生动物物种知识 Knowledge of wildlife species | 3.14 | 5.14 | 0.45 | 218 | 136 | 70 | 133 | 4 | 0.64 | -0.37 |
3 野生动物保护相关法律知识 Legal knowledge related to wildlife protection | 3.12 | 3.73 | 0.56 | 147 | 171 | 105 | 141 | 3 | 0.56 | -0.49 |
4 熊猫谷森林公园历史知识 Historical knowledge of Panda Valley Forest Park | 3.08 | 3.30 | 0.48 | 200 | 136 | 57 | 165 | 7 | 0.60 | -0.35 |
5 熊猫谷森林公园功能的知识 Knowledge of the functions of Panda Valley Forest Park | 3.13 | 2.62 | 0.71 | 202 | 120 | 75 | 167 | 3 | 0.57 | -0.35 |
6 感受熊猫谷对游客行为的管理 Experience the management of tourist behavior in panda valley | 3.10 | 2.43 | 0.64 | 117 | 137 | 96 | 205 | 7 | 0.46 | -0.42 |
7 大熊猫的生理知识 Physiological knowledge of giant pandas | 3.06 | 2.38 | 0.62 | 190 | 157 | 60 | 155 | 3 | 0.62 | -0.39 |
8 大熊猫行为知识 Knowledge of giant panda behavior | 3.23 | 2.19 | 0.51 | 194 | 164 | 55 | 146 | 6 | 0.64 | -0.39 |
9 大熊猫的生态学知识 Ecological knowledge of giant pandas | 3.26 | 2.13 | 0.46 | 184 | 151 | 54 | 169 | 5 | 0.60 | -0.37 |
10 大熊猫的保护知识 Protection knowledge of giant pandas | 3.07 | 2.06 | 0.51 | 129 | 252 | 82 | 97 | 6 | 0.68 | -0.60 |
11 以大熊猫为对象的旅游活动知识 Knowledge of tourism activities targeting giant pandas | 3.15 | 1.98 | 0.51 | 244 | 172 | 33 | 110 | 8 | 0.74 | -0.37 |
意识改变或影响 Consciousness change or influence | ||||||||||
12 主动学习意识 Consciousness of active learning | 2.98 | 1.90 | 0.70 | 196 | 133 | 49 | 182 | 6 | 0.59 | -0.33 |
13 解说系统使用意识 Explanation system usage awareness | 3.21 | 1.77 | 0.46 | 183 | 134 | 76 | 170 | 6 | 0.56 | -0.37 |
14 咨询解答疑惑的意识 Awareness of consulting and answering questions | 3.08 | 1.71 | 0.63 | 171 | 161 | 97 | 134 | 7 | 0.59 | -0.46 |
15 自我反省意识 Awareness of reflecting on oneself | 3.19 | 1.67 | 0.72 | 164 | 125 | 70 | 207 | 4 | 0.51 | -0.34 |
16 环境可持续发展忧患意识 Awareness of environmental sustainability | 3.20 | 1.63 | 0.48 | 135 | 222 | 91 | 112 | 7 | 0.64 | -0.56 |
17 国家公园管理不当忧患意识 Inappropriate management of national parks and awareness of crisis | 3.16 | 1.57 | 0.46 | 126 | 207 | 111 | 115 | 8 | 0.60 | -0.57 |
技能提升 Skill improvement | ||||||||||
18 选择对环境干扰最少的游览路径 Selecting the tour path with the least interference to the environment | 3.27 | 1.53 | 0.57 | 187 | 182 | 70 | 120 | 7 | 0.66 | -0.45 |
19 处理自产垃圾的技能 Skills for handling self-produced waste | 3.18 | 1.49 | 0.60 | 123 | 245 | 96 | 95 | 5 | 0.66 | -0.61 |
20 对野生生物的物种识别能力 Ability to identify species of wildlife | 3.11 | 1.48 | 0.49 | 210 | 166 | 54 | 134 | 2 | 0.67 | -0.39 |
21 保护自己免受伤害的技能 Skills to protect yourself from harm | 3.28 | 1.39 | 0.63 | 122 | 255 | 105 | 78 | 4 | 0.67 | -0.64 |
22 减少自身行为对野生动植物的干扰 Reduce the interference of behavior to wild animals and plants | 2.97 | 1.30 | 0.52 | 151 | 220 | 80 | 111 | 4 | 0.66 | -0.53 |
23 鉴赏和感悟生态美的能力 Ability to appreciate and appreciate ecological beauty | 3.15 | 1.27 | 0.49 | 226 | 150 | 36 | 153 | 2 | 0.67 | -0.33 |
行为(意向)改变 Behavior (intention) change | ||||||||||
24 不随地乱扔垃圾的习惯 Habit of not littering | 3.20 | 1.23 | 0.50 | 72 | 296 | 130 | 63 | 5 | 0.65 | -0.76 |
25 主动捡起他人随地丢弃的垃圾的习惯 Actively picking up garbage that others have thrown away | 3.12 | 1.15 | 0.62 | 146 | 167 | 86 | 164 | 6 | 0.56 | -0.45 |
26 劝阻他人危害野生动物及环境的行为 Dissuade others from endangering wildlife and the environment | 4.07 | 1.12 | 0.39 | 111 | 238 | 103 | 113 | 4 | 0.62 | -0.60 |
27 主动帮助日常生活中需要帮助的小动物 Actively help small animals in need in daily life | 3.15 | 1.11 | 0.50 | 185 | 194 | 67 | 115 | 7 | 0.68 | -0.47 |
28 为野生动物及环境保护出谋划策 Provide suggestions for wildlife and environmental protection | 3.24 | 1.01 | 0.53 | 214 | 141 | 51 | 152 | 8 | 0.64 | -0.34 |
29 践行低碳生活的习惯 Practice the habit of low-carbon life | 3.19 | 0.95 | 0.41 | 146 | 229 | 79 | 112 | 3 | 0.66 | -0.54 |
30 积极参与环保主题的活动, 宣传环保的生活理念 Actively participate in activities and promote the concept of environmental protection in daily life | 2.89 | 0.83 | 0.75 | 170 | 186 | 73 | 137 | 3 | 0.63 | -0.46 |
31 参与以保护为前提的生态旅游 Participate in ecotourism with protection as a prerequisite | 3.83 | 0.86 | 0.6 | 190 | 195 | 56 | 125 | 5 | 0.68 | -0.44 |
32 关注有关野生动物保护的知识的习惯 Habit of paying attention to knowledge about wildlife conservation | 3.82 | 0.77 | 0.67 | 135 | 151 | 59 | 118 | 13 | 0.64 | -0.44 |
33 为野生动物保护项目捐款的习惯 Habit of donating money for wildlife conservation projects | 3.66 | 0.73 | 0.5 | 133 | 96 | 54 | 182 | 12 | 0.53 | -0.28 |
功能需求维度 Functional requirements dimension | A | O | M | I | R | 类别 Classification | CSI | CDSI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
知识获取 Knowledge acquisition | 2,063 | 1,693 | 759 | 1,639 | 57 | A | 0.61 | -0.40 |
意识改变或影响 Consciousness change or influence | 975 | 982 | 494 | 920 | 38 | O | 0.58 | -0.44 |
技能提升 Skill improvement | 1,019 | 1,218 | 441 | 691 | 24 | O | 0.66 | -0.49 |
行为(意向)改变 Behavior (intention) change | 1,595 | 1,940 | 756 | 1,339 | 56 | O | 0.63 | -0.48 |
表3 大熊猫国家公园教育功能需求维度分类及满意度系数得分表
Table 3 Classification and score of satisfaction coefficient of educational function requirement dimension in Giant Panda National Park
功能需求维度 Functional requirements dimension | A | O | M | I | R | 类别 Classification | CSI | CDSI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
知识获取 Knowledge acquisition | 2,063 | 1,693 | 759 | 1,639 | 57 | A | 0.61 | -0.40 |
意识改变或影响 Consciousness change or influence | 975 | 982 | 494 | 920 | 38 | O | 0.58 | -0.44 |
技能提升 Skill improvement | 1,019 | 1,218 | 441 | 691 | 24 | O | 0.66 | -0.49 |
行为(意向)改变 Behavior (intention) change | 1,595 | 1,940 | 756 | 1,339 | 56 | O | 0.63 | -0.48 |
象限 Quadrant | 功能需求维度 Functional requirements dimension | 数量 Quantity | 功能需求Functional requirements |
---|---|---|---|
I 期望型需求One-dimensional quality | 知识获取 Knowledge acquisition | 4 | 2、7、8、11 |
技能提升 Skill improvement | 3 | 18、20、23 | |
行为(意向)改变 Behavior (intention) change | 3 | 28、31、32 | |
II 魅力型需求 Attractive quality | 知识获取 Knowledge acquisition | 1 | 10 |
意识改变或影响 Consciousness change or influence | 1 | 16 | |
技能提升 Skill improvement | 3 | 19、21、22 | |
行为(意向)改变 Behavior (intention) change | 6 | 24、25、26、27、29、30 | |
III 无差异型需求Indifferent quality | 知识获取 Knowledge acquisition | 1 | 3 |
意识改变或影响 Consciousness change or influence | 2 | 14、17 | |
IV 必备型需求 Must-be quality | 知识获取 Knowledge acquisition | 5 | 1、4、5、6、9 |
意识改变或影响 Consciousness change or influence | 3 | 12、13、15 | |
行为(意向)改变 Behavior (intention) change | 1 | 33 |
表4 顾客满意度系数下的大熊猫国家公园教育功能分布表
Table 4 Distribution of educational functions of Giant Panda National Parks under customer satisfaction coefficient
象限 Quadrant | 功能需求维度 Functional requirements dimension | 数量 Quantity | 功能需求Functional requirements |
---|---|---|---|
I 期望型需求One-dimensional quality | 知识获取 Knowledge acquisition | 4 | 2、7、8、11 |
技能提升 Skill improvement | 3 | 18、20、23 | |
行为(意向)改变 Behavior (intention) change | 3 | 28、31、32 | |
II 魅力型需求 Attractive quality | 知识获取 Knowledge acquisition | 1 | 10 |
意识改变或影响 Consciousness change or influence | 1 | 16 | |
技能提升 Skill improvement | 3 | 19、21、22 | |
行为(意向)改变 Behavior (intention) change | 6 | 24、25、26、27、29、30 | |
III 无差异型需求Indifferent quality | 知识获取 Knowledge acquisition | 1 | 3 |
意识改变或影响 Consciousness change or influence | 2 | 14、17 | |
IV 必备型需求 Must-be quality | 知识获取 Knowledge acquisition | 5 | 1、4、5、6、9 |
意识改变或影响 Consciousness change or influence | 3 | 12、13、15 | |
行为(意向)改变 Behavior (intention) change | 1 | 33 |
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