长江上游支流赤水河流域底栖动物物种多样性与保护对策

doi:10.17520/biods.2022674

生物多样性 ›› 2023, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (8): 22674. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022674

• 研究报告: 动物多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

长江上游支流赤水河流域底栖动物物种多样性与保护对策

张多鹏¹^,², 刘洋¹^,³, 李正飞¹^,^*(), 葛奕豪¹^,³, 张君倩¹, 谢志才¹

1.中国科学院水生生物研究所淡水生态与生物技术国家重点实验室, 武汉 430072
2.大连海洋大学水产与生命学院, 辽宁大连 116000
3.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049

收稿日期:2022-12-09 接受日期:2023-03-02 出版日期:2023-08-20 发布日期:2023-08-14
通讯作者: *E-mail: lizhengfei@ihb.ac.cn
基金资助:
科技基础资源调查专项(2022FY100400);国家自然科学基金(32271664)

Species diversity and recommended rehabilitative strategies of benthic macroinvertebrate in the Chishui River, a tributary of the Upper Yangtze River

Duopeng Zhang¹^,², Yang Liu¹^,³, Zhengfei Li¹^,^*(), Yihao Ge¹^,³, Junqian Zhang¹, Zhicai Xie¹

1. State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072
2. College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000
3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049

Received:2022-12-09 Accepted:2023-03-02 Online:2023-08-20 Published:2023-08-14
Contact: *E-mail: lizhengfei@ihb.ac.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

作为长江上游唯一未在干流建坝的一级支流和长江上游珍稀特有鱼类国家级自然保护区的核心区, 赤水河流域孕育和保护了极为丰富的底栖动物多样性。然而对赤水河底栖动物的了解仍不充分, 缺乏涵盖整个流域的连续性、季节性的底栖动物调查。本研究于2019-2021年按季度开展4次调查, 系统评估了赤水河水系底栖动物物种多样性, 更新了物种名录, 甄别出其驱动机制及受胁因素, 并提出相应的保护对策。本次调查共记录底栖动物5门9纲22目86科186属209种。全流域优势种均为昆虫类, 如蜉蝣属一种(Ephemera sp.)、扁蜉属一种(Heptagenia sp.)、河花蜉属一种(Polamanthus sp.)、四节蜉属一种(Baetis sp.)、潜水蝽科一种(Naucoridae sp.)和多足摇蚊属一种(Polypedilum sp.)。春季底栖动物的物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数、Pielou均匀度指数均高于其他季节。上游的密度、物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson优势度指数均明显高于中下游。主坐标分析显示, 不同季节和不同河段间底栖动物群落结构差异显著。冗余分析结果显示, 底栖动物的分布主要受底质、海拔、流速、溶解氧、NH₄⁺-N和大尺度空间因子PCNM1、PCNM2、PCNM3、PCNM6的驱动。方差分解结果表明, 环境过滤对群落结构的影响大于空间因子(随机效应)。流域内的多重人类活动(如支流的梯级电站、采矿业、土地开发利用、酿酒业、旅游业等)严重影响底栖动物多样性。建议采取退耕还林、维持水文的自然节律、管控采矿业和酿酒业、优化防治外来入侵种等一系列对策, 建立有效的预测和风险评估机制。

关键词: 赤水河, 底栖动物, 群落结构, 物种多样性, 冗余分析

Abstract

Aims: The Chishui River basin in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River harbors a rich array of macroinvertebrate diversity. While the area’s importance has been acknowledged and is included in the National Rare and Endemic Fish Nature Reserve, our understanding of its macroinvertebrate diversity and dynamics remains limited. Importantly, continuous, seasonal macroinvertebrate surveys of the entire Chishui River basin have not been undertaken. To address this shortcoming, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of species diversity in this system and updated the species list based on the combined datasets of 2019-2021 seasonal investigations.
Methods: Macroinvertebrates were sampled from the main stream and tributaries in autumn (October 2019), winter (December 2019), summer (July 2020) and spring (March 2021). One-way ANOVA was used to examine the differences of abundance, biomass and ecological indices between different reaches and different seasons. Principal co-ordinates analysis (PCoA) and PERMANOVA were adopted to test the variation of community structures among different reaches and seasons. Redundancy analysis was applied to identify the key environmental factors and spatial factors that significantly influence the community structure of macroinvertebrates. The potential drivers of observed community patterns and proposed protective strategies and actions were subsequently identified.
Results: A total of 209 species of 186 genera and 86 families in 22 orders and 5 phyla were recorded with the exclusively dominant species being aquatic insects: Ephemera sp., Heptagenia sp., Polamanthus sp., Baetis sp., Naucoridae sp. and Polypedilum sp. Indexes of species richness, abundance and measures of diversity (Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson dominance index, Pielou evenness index) revealed substantial spatial-temporal differences, with the largest in spring and in the upstream region. PCoA showed that the macroinvertebrate community structure varied significantly between seasons and sections of the river. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that five environmental (substrate, altitude, velocity, dissolved oxygen, NH₄⁺-N) and four large-scale spatial factors (PCNM1, PCNM2, PCNM3, PCNM6) were the key drivers underpinning community variation. Variation partitioning analysis indicated that environmental filtering had a stronger effect on community variation than spatial structuring.
Conclusion: To rehabilitate and protect the river’s macroinvertebrate diversity, we recommend the implementation of multiple protective strategies and preventive actions. These include at the very least, the introduction of a ten-year fishing ban, continuous afforestation practices, and regulation of illegal mining and liquor-making industries to promote recovery of the natural hydrological rhythm and riparian zones. State-of-the-art methods to prevent and control invasive alien species, and the establishment of effective prediction and risk evaluation mechanisms are also recommended.

Key words: Chishui River, macrobenthos, community structure, biodiversity, redundancy analysis

张多鹏, 刘洋, 李正飞, 葛奕豪, 张君倩, 谢志才 (2023) 长江上游支流赤水河流域底栖动物物种多样性与保护对策. 生物多样性, 31, 22674. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022674.

Duopeng Zhang, Yang Liu, Zhengfei Li, Yihao Ge, Junqian Zhang, Zhicai Xie (2023) Species diversity and recommended rehabilitative strategies of benthic macroinvertebrate in the Chishui River, a tributary of the Upper Yangtze River. Biodiversity Science, 31, 22674. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022674.

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https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2023/V31/I8/22674

图/表 12

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	上游 Upstream	中游 Midstream	下游 Downstream	F	P
河宽 Channel width (m)	36.07 ± 21.55	77.69 ± 51.53	193.80 ± 43.15	18.869	< 0.001*
流速 Current velocity (m/s)	1.04 ± 0.39	1.32 ± 0.78	0.70 ± 0.60	2.795	0.074
水深 Water depth (m)	0.26 ± 0.21	0.36 ± 0.14	0.63 ± 0.59	5.434	0.009*
海拔 Altitude (m)	920.55 ± 463.32	314.68 ± 51.60	213.55 ± 7.93	46.367	< 0.001*
大石 Boulder (%)	0.57 ± 0.18	0.31 ± 0.37	0.01 ± 0.03	16.172	< 0.001*
卵石 Pebble (%)	0.34 ± 0.89	0.04 ± 0.04	0.01 ± 0.03	6.319	0.004*
沙 Grit (%)	0.46 ± 0.13	0.25 ± 0.23	0.19 ± 0.38	6.036	0.005*
淤泥 Silt (%)	0.21 ± 0.18	0.62 ± 0.41	0.89 ± 0.22	14.465	< 0.001*
铵氮 Ammonia nitrogen (mg/L)	0.19 ± 0.06	0.21 ± 0.12	0.19 ± 0.07	0.262	0.771
总氮 Total nitrogen (mg/L)	3.65 ± 0.85	3.24 ± 0.19	2.71 ± 0.59	3.952	0.028*
总磷 Total phosphate (mg/L)	0.05 ± 0.02	0.06 ± 0.02	0.05 ± 0.01	0.319	0.729
高锰酸盐指数 COD_MN (mg/L)	1.78 ± 0.39	2.91 ± 0.78	3.58 ± 0.74	24.169	< 0.001*
电导率 Conductivity (μS/cm)	447.43 ± 164.49	590.49 ± 34.42	402.01 ± 193.23	2.664	0.083
溶解氧 Dissolved oxygen (mg/L)	15.08 ± 1.68	13.50 ± 0.75	12.03 ± 1.76	9.309	< 0.001*
pH	7.96 ± 0.41	8.04 ± 0.11	7.95 ± 0.07	0.358	0.701
氧化还原电位 Oxidation-reduction potential (mV)	73.32 ± 31.37	38.95 ± 20.36	42.79 ± 21.34	5.273	< 0.001*

	上游 Upstream	中游 Midstream	下游 Downstream	F	P
河宽 Channel width (m)	36.07 ± 21.55	77.69 ± 51.53	193.80 ± 43.15	18.869	< 0.001*
流速 Current velocity (m/s)	1.04 ± 0.39	1.32 ± 0.78	0.70 ± 0.60	2.795	0.074
水深 Water depth (m)	0.26 ± 0.21	0.36 ± 0.14	0.63 ± 0.59	5.434	0.009*
海拔 Altitude (m)	920.55 ± 463.32	314.68 ± 51.60	213.55 ± 7.93	46.367	< 0.001*
大石 Boulder (%)	0.57 ± 0.18	0.31 ± 0.37	0.01 ± 0.03	16.172	< 0.001*
卵石 Pebble (%)	0.34 ± 0.89	0.04 ± 0.04	0.01 ± 0.03	6.319	0.004*
沙 Grit (%)	0.46 ± 0.13	0.25 ± 0.23	0.19 ± 0.38	6.036	0.005*
淤泥 Silt (%)	0.21 ± 0.18	0.62 ± 0.41	0.89 ± 0.22	14.465	< 0.001*
铵氮 Ammonia nitrogen (mg/L)	0.19 ± 0.06	0.21 ± 0.12	0.19 ± 0.07	0.262	0.771
总氮 Total nitrogen (mg/L)	3.65 ± 0.85	3.24 ± 0.19	2.71 ± 0.59	3.952	0.028*
总磷 Total phosphate (mg/L)	0.05 ± 0.02	0.06 ± 0.02	0.05 ± 0.01	0.319	0.729
高锰酸盐指数 COD_MN (mg/L)	1.78 ± 0.39	2.91 ± 0.78	3.58 ± 0.74	24.169	< 0.001*
电导率 Conductivity (μS/cm)	447.43 ± 164.49	590.49 ± 34.42	402.01 ± 193.23	2.664	0.083
溶解氧 Dissolved oxygen (mg/L)	15.08 ± 1.68	13.50 ± 0.75	12.03 ± 1.76	9.309	< 0.001*
pH	7.96 ± 0.41	8.04 ± 0.11	7.95 ± 0.07	0.358	0.701
氧化还原电位 Oxidation-reduction potential (mV)	73.32 ± 31.37	38.95 ± 20.36	42.79 ± 21.34	5.273	< 0.001*

物种 Taxa	春季 Spring (%)	夏季 Summer (%)	秋季 Autumn (%)	冬季 Winter (%)
霍甫水丝蚓 Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri		6.95
四节蜉属一种 Baetis sp.	10.19	23.12	20.63	17.94
花翅蜉属一种 Baetiella sp.			6.61
柔裳蜉属一种 Habrophlebiodes sp.			8.34
小蜉属一种 Ephemerella sp.			5.17
扁蜉属一种 Heptagenia sp.	13.39		27.53
河花蜉属一种 Polamanthus sp.	11.91
纹石蛾属一种 Hydropsyche sp.		6.64	14.31	15.05
齿斑摇蚊属一种 Stictochironomus sp.			5.75
多足摇蚊属一种 Polypedilum sp.	9.13	5.72

物种 Taxa	春季 Spring (%)	夏季 Summer (%)	秋季 Autumn (%)	冬季 Winter (%)
霍甫水丝蚓 Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri		6.95
四节蜉属一种 Baetis sp.	10.19	23.12	20.63	17.94
花翅蜉属一种 Baetiella sp.			6.61
柔裳蜉属一种 Habrophlebiodes sp.			8.34
小蜉属一种 Ephemerella sp.			5.17
扁蜉属一种 Heptagenia sp.	13.39		27.53
河花蜉属一种 Polamanthus sp.	11.91
纹石蛾属一种 Hydropsyche sp.		6.64	14.31	15.05
齿斑摇蚊属一种 Stictochironomus sp.			5.75
多足摇蚊属一种 Polypedilum sp.	9.13	5.72

物种 Taxa	全流域 Chishui River (%)	上游 Upstream (%)	中游 Midstream (%)	下游 Downstream (%)
蜉蝣属一种 Ephemera sp.	8.09	11.39
扁蜉属一种 Heptagenia sp.	7.78	10.34
河花蜉属一种 Polamanthus sp.	6.62	9.91
四节蜉属一种 Baetis sp.	6.70	6.98		12.36
似动蜉属一种 Cinygmula sp.			7.39
潜水蝽科一种 Naucoridae sp.	6.62	7.39		8.13
多足摇蚊属一种 Polypedilum sp.	6.55		16.37	15.99
齿斑摇蚊属一种 Stictochironomus sp.				27.99
枝长跗摇蚊属一种 Cladotanytarsus sp.			8.97
环棱螺属一种 Bellamya sp.			11.54
湖球蚬 Sphaerium lacustre			7.04

长江上游支流赤水河流域底栖动物物种多样性与保护对策

Species diversity and recommended rehabilitative strategies of benthic macroinvertebrate in the Chishui River, a tributary of the Upper Yangtze River

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物种 Taxa	河段 Reaches	指示值 Indicator value	显著性 P
蜉蝣属一种 Ephemera sp.	上游 Upstream	0.721	0.004
细蜉属一种 Caenis sp.	上游 Upstream	0.520	0.013
扁蜉属一种 Heptagenia sp.	上游 Upstream	0.721	0.006
小蜉属一种 Ephemerella sp.	上游 Upstream	0.632	0.004
河花蜉属一种 Polamanthus sp.	上游 Upstream	0.782	0.001
亚美蜉属一种 Ameletus sp.	上游 Upstream	0.567	0.009
叉襀属一种 Nemoura sp.	上游 Upstream	0.368	0.030
角石蛾属一种 Stenopsyche sp.	上游 Upstream	0.421	0.029
短脉纹石蛾属一种 Cheumatopsyche sp.	上游 Upstream	0.416	0.048
龙虱科一种 Dytiscidae sp.	上游 Upstream	0.421	0.024
溪泥甲属一种 Oulimnius sp.	上游 Upstream	0.545	0.015
环足摇蚊属一种 Cricotopus sp.	上游 Upstream	0.474	0.023
大蚊属一种 Tipula sp.	上游 Upstream	0.886	0.001
朝大蚊属一种 Antocha sp.	上游 Upstream	0.400	0.039
虻科一种 Tabanidae sp.	上游 Upstream	0.316	0.025
水螨 Hydrachnellae sp.	中游 Midstream	0.059	0.032
多足摇蚊属一种 Polypedilum sp.	下游 Downstream	0.583	0.047
无距摇蚊属一种 Acalcarella sp.	下游 Downstream	0.388	0.015
齿斑摇蚊属一种 Stictochironomus sp.	下游 Downstream	0.587	0.005
贝蠓 Bezzia sp.	下游 Downstream	0.663	0.001
凸旋螺 Gyraulus convexiusculus	下游 Downstream	0.323	0.035

	F	P	第1轴 Axis 1	第2轴 Axis 2	第3轴 Axis 3	第4轴 Axis 4
环境因子 Environmental factors
大石 Boulder	4.77	0.001	-0.76	-0.59	0.04	0.25
海拔 Altitude	6.24	0.001	-0.91	0.22	0.07	0.02
流速 Velocity	1.99	0.001	0.09	0.03	0.75	0.58
溶解氧 Dissolved oxygen	1.91	0.001	0.37	-0.80	0.08	-0.16
NH₄⁺-N	1.74	0.001	-0.05	-0.02	0.90	-0.23
空间因子 Spatial factors
大尺度 PCNM1	5.39	0.001	-0.84	0.25	0.46	0.11
大尺度 PCNM2	3.17	0.001	0.53	0.31	0.79	-0.01
大尺度 PCNM6	2.13	0.009	0.32	-0.66	0.25	0.71
大尺度 PCNM3	2.19	0.014	-0.11	-0.64	0.32	-0.70

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