生物多样性 ›› 2021, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (2): 184-192. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020492
刘冬梅1, 李果1, 李俊生1,*(), 杨京彪2,*(
), 肖能文1
收稿日期:
2020-12-31
接受日期:
2021-02-18
出版日期:
2021-02-20
发布日期:
2021-02-26
通讯作者:
李俊生,杨京彪
作者简介:
yangjingbiao@muc.edu.cn基金资助:
Dongmei Liu1, Guo Li1, Junsheng Li1,*(), Jingbiao Yang2,*(
), Nengwen Xiao1
Received:
2020-12-31
Accepted:
2021-02-18
Online:
2021-02-20
Published:
2021-02-26
Contact:
Junsheng Li,Jingbiao Yang
摘要:
本研究依据《县域生物多样性相关传统知识调查与评估技术规定》, 调查评估了云南省澜沧县和四川省康定市两县域生物多样性相关传统知识的分布数量与特征, 分析了传统知识保护与传承状况, 识别了主要受威胁因素和保护空缺, 旨在为我国传统知识保护和民族地区实施传统知识获取与惠益分享制度提供科学依据, 推动《生物多样性公约》与《名古屋议定书》等国际公约的履行。研究结果如下: 分别调查编目澜沧县、康定市的生物多样性相关传统知识145项、98项; 这些传统知识具有明显的地区气候与自然环境特征、生产生活实践特征、传统文化特征和地区社会经济特征; 相关部门在传统知识保护管理方面做出了积极努力, 同时包括习惯法、传统节庆等传统文化和包括祭祀、神山、神林等宗教方式在内的地方社区行动在传统知识保护与传承方面也发挥了重要作用; 生物多样性相关传统知识、创新和做法已被广泛应用于地方社区脱贫攻坚和产业发展; 传统知识保护立法仍不健全、受到威胁、保护意识薄弱及承载传统知识的生物资源减少是制约传统知识保护传承的主要因素。两县域生物多样性相关传统知识丰富, 并且地方社区有效参与了生物多样性相关传统知识的保护与可持续利用。今后应建立传统知识获取与惠益分享国家制度; 加强宣传教育, 提升保护传承意识; 因地制宜开展传统知识保护; 推动传统知识相关生物资源的保护与可持续利用。
刘冬梅, 李果, 李俊生, 杨京彪, 肖能文 (2021) 生物多样性相关传统知识调查与评估: 以澜沧与康定两县域为例. 生物多样性, 29, 184-192. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020492.
Dongmei Liu, Guo Li, Junsheng Li, Jingbiao Yang, Nengwen Xiao (2021) Investigation and evaluation of traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity: A case study in Lancang and Kangding ethnic counties. Biodiversity Science, 29, 184-192. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020492.
名称 | 生物基源 | 分布区域 | 特征及内涵 | 其他 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Biological source | Distribution area | Characteristic and intension | Others |
传统选育农业遗传资源的相关知识 Traditional knowledge of breeding agricultural genetic resources | ||||
‘澜沧栘依’ | 栘依 | 澜沧县特有 | 培育的传统品种——甜多依, 具有食用、药用、酿酒用等多种用途, 并举办一年一度的栘依节 | 地理标志证明商标 |
Lancang Duoyi | Docynia delavayi | Endemic to Lancang County | Cultivated a traditional variety, “tianduoyi”, which is used for food, medicine, wine-making and other purposes, and held an annual Duoyi Festival | Geographical indication certification trademark |
澜沧古茶 | 茶 | 云南南部地区 | 创造积累了栽培茶树和制作茶叶的传统知识, 成为当地各民族生计和生活中不可替代的一部分 | 地理标志产品(普洱茶) |
Lancang ancient tea | Camellia sinensis | South of Yunnan Province | Created and accumulated the traditional knowledge of tea cultivation and tea production, which has become an irreplaceable part of the livelihood and life of local ethnic groups | Geographical indication products (Pu’er Tea) |
‘接骨糯’ | 水稻 | 中国南部地区 | 培育的地方品种, 具有极高的食用、药用、饲用和文化价值 | 地方特产 |
Jiegunuo | Oryza sativa | South of China | Cultivated a local rice variety with edible, medicinal, feeding and cultural value | Local speciality |
‘康定红皮萝卜’ | 萝卜 | 康定市特有 | 培育的适应当地高寒气候的地方萝卜品种, 具有食药两用功能 | 农产品地理标志 |
Kangding radish | Broussonetia papyrifera | Endemic to Kangding City | Cultivated a local radish variety adapted to the local alpine climate with dual functions of food and medicine | Geographical indication of agricultural products |
‘康定芫根’ | 芫根 | 康定市特有 | 培育的优良芫青品种, 具有重要的食用、药用和文化价值 | 农产品地理标志 |
Kangding swede | Brassica rapa | Endemic to Kangding City | Cultivated a good swede variety with important edible, medicinal and cultural value | Geographical indication of |
agricultural products | ||||
康定雪茶 | 雪茶 | 青藏高原及周边高寒山地 | 康定市藏族社区传统使用的天然保健饮品 | 地方特产 |
Kangding snow tea | Thamnolia vermicularia | Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings | Traditional natural health drink for Tibetan community in Kangding City | Local speciality |
传统医药相关知识 Traditional medicinal and its related knowledge | ||||
白豆花 | 粗柄杜娟 | 拉祜族社区 | 拉祜族传统食花和食疗文化的典型 | 地方特产 |
Baidouhua | Rhododendron decorum | Lahu community | The typical culture of flower eating and diet therapy | Local speciality |
肾炎那此 | 肾茶 | 拉祜族社区 | 传统治疗肾类疾病的草药知识 | 地方特产 |
Shenyan naci | Clerodendranthus spicatus | Lahu community | Traditional herbal medicine knowledge for kidney diseases | Local speciality |
虫草 | 冬虫夏草 | 藏族社区 | 藏族传统名贵天然保健品 | 地方特产 |
Cordyceps | Cordyceps sinensis | Tibetan community | Traditional valuable natural health | Local speciality |
care products of Tibetan community | ||||
人参果 | 蕨麻 | 藏族社区 | 藏族传统食用的保健品, 当地称为人参果 | 地方特产 |
Renshenguo | Potentilla anserina | Tibetan community | Tibetan traditional health care products, locally known as the “fruit of life” | Local speciality |
藏族传统药浴疗法 | - | 藏族社区 | 藏族传统医疗诊法之一, 主治风湿类关节炎 | 市级非遗项目 |
Tibetan medicine bath therapy | Tibetan community | It is one of the traditional Tibetan medical methods, mainly for rheumatoid arthritis | Municipal intangible cultural heritage | |
拉祜族药粥疗法 | - | 拉祜族社区 | 传统食疗方法之一, 具有预防疾病、补充治疗、调补养生等功效 | 地方特产 |
Medicine porridge therapy of Lahu People | Lahu community | It is one of the traditional dietotherapy methods, which has the functions of disease prevention, supplementary treatment, tonic and disease preservation | Local speciality | |
与生物资源可持续利用相关传统技术 Traditional technologies of sustainable use of biological resources | ||||
富邦腊肉 | 家猪 | 澜沧县特有 | 以地方品种‘滇南小耳猪’为原料的腊肉制作技艺 | 地方特产 |
Technique of making Fubang bacon | Sus scrofa | Endemic to Lancang County | The technique of making bacon with local pig variety-‘Diannan xiaoerzhu’ as raw material | Local speciality |
domesticus | ||||
拉祜族葫芦笙制作 | 葫芦 | 拉祜族社区 | 以葫芦作为共鸣箱的笙, 是拉祜族最具特色的传统乐器 | 省级非遗项目 |
技艺 | Lagenaria siceraria | Lahu community | The most distinctive traditional musical instrument of Lahu People, with gourd as resonance box | Provincial intangible cultural heritage |
Technique of making gourd Sheng of Lahu People | ||||
名称 | 生物基源 | 分布区域 | 特征及内涵 | 其他 |
Name | Biological source | Distribution area | Characteristic and intension | Others |
传统手工造纸技艺 | 构树 | 中国南部地区 | 传统的以构树皮为原料的造纸技艺 | 省级非遗项目 |
Traditional handmade papermaking techniques | Broussonetia papyrifera | South of China | Traditional papermaking technology with bark as raw material | Provincial intangible cultural heritage |
拉祜族服饰制作技艺 | - | 拉祜族社区 | 传统的服饰制作技艺, 包含了拉祜族的传统文化 | 省级非遗项目 |
The technique of dress making | Lahu community | The traditional dress making skills including the traditional culture of Lahu People | Provincial intangible cultural heritage | |
拉祜族竹编技艺 | 竹类 | 拉祜族社区 | 充分利用当地丰富的竹类资源制作生产生活用具 | 省级非遗项目 |
Bamboo weaving techniques | Bambusoideae | Lahu community | Making full use of local bamboo resources to make production and living utensils | Provincial intangible cultural heritage |
藏族唐卡制作技艺 | - | 藏族社区 | 藏族社区独具特色的绘画艺术 | 省级非遗项目 |
Technique of Tibetan Thangka making | Tibetan community | The unique painting art of Tibetan community | Provincial intangible cultural heritage | |
康巴藏族服饰制作技艺 | - | 康巴藏区 | 传统的服饰制作技艺, 是康巴藏区的典型民族文化之一 | 省级非遗项目 |
Technique of dress making in Kangba Tibetan | Tibetan area of Kham | Traditional dress making technique, one of the typical national cultures in the Tibetan area of Kham. | Provincial intangible cultural heritage | |
与生物资源利用相关的传统文化 Traditional culture related to utilization of biological resources | ||||
芦笙舞 | - | 中国西南地区 | 拉祜族古老的民族舞蹈, 反映了拉祜族的生产生活和历史文化 | 国家级非遗项目 |
Lusheng dance | Southwest of China | The ancient dance of Lahu People, which reflect the production, life, history and culture of Lahu People | National intangible cultural heritage | |
葫芦节 | 葫芦 | 澜沧县特有 | 拉祜族最隆重的传统节日, 体现了葫芦崇拜为代表的生态伦理观 | 省级非遗项目 |
Gourd Festival | Lagenaria siceraria | Endemic to Lancang County | The most solemn traditional festival of Lahu People, which show the ecological ethics represented by gourd worship | Provincial intangible cultural heritage |
布朗族山康茶祖节 | 茶 | 澜沧县特有 | 布朗族最隆重的传统节日, 以崇拜茶树和祭祀茶神为主要内容 | 省级非遗项目 |
Shankang Tea Festival of Bulang People | Camellia sinensis | Endemic to Lancang County | The most solemn traditional festival of Bulang People to worship tea tree and sacrifice tea God | Provincial intangible cultural heritage |
康定四月八转山节 | - | 康定市特有 | 康定藏族重要的传统节日, 体现了敬畏自然和保护环境的理念 | 国家级非遗项目 |
Turn mountain festival in Kangding | Endemic to Kangding City | Kangding Tibetan important traditional festivals, emboding the concept of reverence for nature and protection of the environment | National intangible cultural heritage | |
City | ||||
康定芫根灯会 | 芫根 | 康定市特有 | 康定地区独特的以芫根作为灯盏材料的藏族传统节日 | 市级非遗项目 |
Lamp Festival in Kangding City | Brassica rapa | Endemic to Kangding City | The unique Tibetan traditional festival in Kangding area, which uses genkwa root as the material of Lantern festival | Municipal intangible cultural heritage |
表1 澜沧县和康定市部分重要传统知识列表
Table 1 List of important traditional knowledge (TK) in Lancang Couty and Kangding City
名称 | 生物基源 | 分布区域 | 特征及内涵 | 其他 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Biological source | Distribution area | Characteristic and intension | Others |
传统选育农业遗传资源的相关知识 Traditional knowledge of breeding agricultural genetic resources | ||||
‘澜沧栘依’ | 栘依 | 澜沧县特有 | 培育的传统品种——甜多依, 具有食用、药用、酿酒用等多种用途, 并举办一年一度的栘依节 | 地理标志证明商标 |
Lancang Duoyi | Docynia delavayi | Endemic to Lancang County | Cultivated a traditional variety, “tianduoyi”, which is used for food, medicine, wine-making and other purposes, and held an annual Duoyi Festival | Geographical indication certification trademark |
澜沧古茶 | 茶 | 云南南部地区 | 创造积累了栽培茶树和制作茶叶的传统知识, 成为当地各民族生计和生活中不可替代的一部分 | 地理标志产品(普洱茶) |
Lancang ancient tea | Camellia sinensis | South of Yunnan Province | Created and accumulated the traditional knowledge of tea cultivation and tea production, which has become an irreplaceable part of the livelihood and life of local ethnic groups | Geographical indication products (Pu’er Tea) |
‘接骨糯’ | 水稻 | 中国南部地区 | 培育的地方品种, 具有极高的食用、药用、饲用和文化价值 | 地方特产 |
Jiegunuo | Oryza sativa | South of China | Cultivated a local rice variety with edible, medicinal, feeding and cultural value | Local speciality |
‘康定红皮萝卜’ | 萝卜 | 康定市特有 | 培育的适应当地高寒气候的地方萝卜品种, 具有食药两用功能 | 农产品地理标志 |
Kangding radish | Broussonetia papyrifera | Endemic to Kangding City | Cultivated a local radish variety adapted to the local alpine climate with dual functions of food and medicine | Geographical indication of agricultural products |
‘康定芫根’ | 芫根 | 康定市特有 | 培育的优良芫青品种, 具有重要的食用、药用和文化价值 | 农产品地理标志 |
Kangding swede | Brassica rapa | Endemic to Kangding City | Cultivated a good swede variety with important edible, medicinal and cultural value | Geographical indication of |
agricultural products | ||||
康定雪茶 | 雪茶 | 青藏高原及周边高寒山地 | 康定市藏族社区传统使用的天然保健饮品 | 地方特产 |
Kangding snow tea | Thamnolia vermicularia | Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings | Traditional natural health drink for Tibetan community in Kangding City | Local speciality |
传统医药相关知识 Traditional medicinal and its related knowledge | ||||
白豆花 | 粗柄杜娟 | 拉祜族社区 | 拉祜族传统食花和食疗文化的典型 | 地方特产 |
Baidouhua | Rhododendron decorum | Lahu community | The typical culture of flower eating and diet therapy | Local speciality |
肾炎那此 | 肾茶 | 拉祜族社区 | 传统治疗肾类疾病的草药知识 | 地方特产 |
Shenyan naci | Clerodendranthus spicatus | Lahu community | Traditional herbal medicine knowledge for kidney diseases | Local speciality |
虫草 | 冬虫夏草 | 藏族社区 | 藏族传统名贵天然保健品 | 地方特产 |
Cordyceps | Cordyceps sinensis | Tibetan community | Traditional valuable natural health | Local speciality |
care products of Tibetan community | ||||
人参果 | 蕨麻 | 藏族社区 | 藏族传统食用的保健品, 当地称为人参果 | 地方特产 |
Renshenguo | Potentilla anserina | Tibetan community | Tibetan traditional health care products, locally known as the “fruit of life” | Local speciality |
藏族传统药浴疗法 | - | 藏族社区 | 藏族传统医疗诊法之一, 主治风湿类关节炎 | 市级非遗项目 |
Tibetan medicine bath therapy | Tibetan community | It is one of the traditional Tibetan medical methods, mainly for rheumatoid arthritis | Municipal intangible cultural heritage | |
拉祜族药粥疗法 | - | 拉祜族社区 | 传统食疗方法之一, 具有预防疾病、补充治疗、调补养生等功效 | 地方特产 |
Medicine porridge therapy of Lahu People | Lahu community | It is one of the traditional dietotherapy methods, which has the functions of disease prevention, supplementary treatment, tonic and disease preservation | Local speciality | |
与生物资源可持续利用相关传统技术 Traditional technologies of sustainable use of biological resources | ||||
富邦腊肉 | 家猪 | 澜沧县特有 | 以地方品种‘滇南小耳猪’为原料的腊肉制作技艺 | 地方特产 |
Technique of making Fubang bacon | Sus scrofa | Endemic to Lancang County | The technique of making bacon with local pig variety-‘Diannan xiaoerzhu’ as raw material | Local speciality |
domesticus | ||||
拉祜族葫芦笙制作 | 葫芦 | 拉祜族社区 | 以葫芦作为共鸣箱的笙, 是拉祜族最具特色的传统乐器 | 省级非遗项目 |
技艺 | Lagenaria siceraria | Lahu community | The most distinctive traditional musical instrument of Lahu People, with gourd as resonance box | Provincial intangible cultural heritage |
Technique of making gourd Sheng of Lahu People | ||||
名称 | 生物基源 | 分布区域 | 特征及内涵 | 其他 |
Name | Biological source | Distribution area | Characteristic and intension | Others |
传统手工造纸技艺 | 构树 | 中国南部地区 | 传统的以构树皮为原料的造纸技艺 | 省级非遗项目 |
Traditional handmade papermaking techniques | Broussonetia papyrifera | South of China | Traditional papermaking technology with bark as raw material | Provincial intangible cultural heritage |
拉祜族服饰制作技艺 | - | 拉祜族社区 | 传统的服饰制作技艺, 包含了拉祜族的传统文化 | 省级非遗项目 |
The technique of dress making | Lahu community | The traditional dress making skills including the traditional culture of Lahu People | Provincial intangible cultural heritage | |
拉祜族竹编技艺 | 竹类 | 拉祜族社区 | 充分利用当地丰富的竹类资源制作生产生活用具 | 省级非遗项目 |
Bamboo weaving techniques | Bambusoideae | Lahu community | Making full use of local bamboo resources to make production and living utensils | Provincial intangible cultural heritage |
藏族唐卡制作技艺 | - | 藏族社区 | 藏族社区独具特色的绘画艺术 | 省级非遗项目 |
Technique of Tibetan Thangka making | Tibetan community | The unique painting art of Tibetan community | Provincial intangible cultural heritage | |
康巴藏族服饰制作技艺 | - | 康巴藏区 | 传统的服饰制作技艺, 是康巴藏区的典型民族文化之一 | 省级非遗项目 |
Technique of dress making in Kangba Tibetan | Tibetan area of Kham | Traditional dress making technique, one of the typical national cultures in the Tibetan area of Kham. | Provincial intangible cultural heritage | |
与生物资源利用相关的传统文化 Traditional culture related to utilization of biological resources | ||||
芦笙舞 | - | 中国西南地区 | 拉祜族古老的民族舞蹈, 反映了拉祜族的生产生活和历史文化 | 国家级非遗项目 |
Lusheng dance | Southwest of China | The ancient dance of Lahu People, which reflect the production, life, history and culture of Lahu People | National intangible cultural heritage | |
葫芦节 | 葫芦 | 澜沧县特有 | 拉祜族最隆重的传统节日, 体现了葫芦崇拜为代表的生态伦理观 | 省级非遗项目 |
Gourd Festival | Lagenaria siceraria | Endemic to Lancang County | The most solemn traditional festival of Lahu People, which show the ecological ethics represented by gourd worship | Provincial intangible cultural heritage |
布朗族山康茶祖节 | 茶 | 澜沧县特有 | 布朗族最隆重的传统节日, 以崇拜茶树和祭祀茶神为主要内容 | 省级非遗项目 |
Shankang Tea Festival of Bulang People | Camellia sinensis | Endemic to Lancang County | The most solemn traditional festival of Bulang People to worship tea tree and sacrifice tea God | Provincial intangible cultural heritage |
康定四月八转山节 | - | 康定市特有 | 康定藏族重要的传统节日, 体现了敬畏自然和保护环境的理念 | 国家级非遗项目 |
Turn mountain festival in Kangding | Endemic to Kangding City | Kangding Tibetan important traditional festivals, emboding the concept of reverence for nature and protection of the environment | National intangible cultural heritage | |
City | ||||
康定芫根灯会 | 芫根 | 康定市特有 | 康定地区独特的以芫根作为灯盏材料的藏族传统节日 | 市级非遗项目 |
Lamp Festival in Kangding City | Brassica rapa | Endemic to Kangding City | The unique Tibetan traditional festival in Kangding area, which uses genkwa root as the material of Lantern festival | Municipal intangible cultural heritage |
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