生物多样性相关传统知识调查与评估: 以澜沧与康定两县域为例

doi:10.17520/biods.2020492

生物多样性 ›› 2021, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (2): 184-192. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020492

生物多样性相关传统知识调查与评估: 以澜沧与康定两县域为例

刘冬梅¹, 李果¹, 李俊生¹^,^*(), 杨京彪²^,^*(), 肖能文¹

1.中国环境科学研究院生态研究所, 北京 100012
2.中央民族大学生命与环境科学学院, 北京 100081

收稿日期:2020-12-31 接受日期:2021-02-18 出版日期:2021-02-20 发布日期:2021-02-26
通讯作者: 李俊生,杨京彪
作者简介:yangjingbiao@muc.edu.cn
* E-mail: lijsh@craes.org.cn;
基金资助:
生态环境部生物多样性调查与评估项目(2019HJ2096001006)

Investigation and evaluation of traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity: A case study in Lancang and Kangding ethnic counties

Dongmei Liu¹, Guo Li¹, Junsheng Li¹^,^*(), Jingbiao Yang²^,^*(), Nengwen Xiao¹

1 Institue of Ecology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012
2 College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081

Received:2020-12-31 Accepted:2021-02-18 Online:2021-02-20 Published:2021-02-26
Contact: Junsheng Li,Jingbiao Yang

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本研究依据《县域生物多样性相关传统知识调查与评估技术规定》, 调查评估了云南省澜沧县和四川省康定市两县域生物多样性相关传统知识的分布数量与特征, 分析了传统知识保护与传承状况, 识别了主要受威胁因素和保护空缺, 旨在为我国传统知识保护和民族地区实施传统知识获取与惠益分享制度提供科学依据, 推动《生物多样性公约》与《名古屋议定书》等国际公约的履行。研究结果如下: 分别调查编目澜沧县、康定市的生物多样性相关传统知识145项、98项; 这些传统知识具有明显的地区气候与自然环境特征、生产生活实践特征、传统文化特征和地区社会经济特征; 相关部门在传统知识保护管理方面做出了积极努力, 同时包括习惯法、传统节庆等传统文化和包括祭祀、神山、神林等宗教方式在内的地方社区行动在传统知识保护与传承方面也发挥了重要作用; 生物多样性相关传统知识、创新和做法已被广泛应用于地方社区脱贫攻坚和产业发展; 传统知识保护立法仍不健全、受到威胁、保护意识薄弱及承载传统知识的生物资源减少是制约传统知识保护传承的主要因素。两县域生物多样性相关传统知识丰富, 并且地方社区有效参与了生物多样性相关传统知识的保护与可持续利用。今后应建立传统知识获取与惠益分享国家制度; 加强宣传教育, 提升保护传承意识; 因地制宜开展传统知识保护; 推动传统知识相关生物资源的保护与可持续利用。

关键词: 生物多样性相关传统知识, 调查, 评估, 惠益分享, 县域

Abstract

Aims: Traditional knowledge (TK) associated with biodiversity is one of the important topics outline in the Convention on Biological Diversity and Nagoya Protocol. This study reports the characteristics, main threat factors and protection gaps of TK associated with biodiversity in Lancang County of Yunnan Province and Kangding City of Sichuan Province. The study will provide a scientific basis for promoting the protection of TK, the implementation of TK access and benefit-sharing (ABS) systems in ethnic minority areas, and the adoption of international conventions.
Methods: From 2016 to 2018, we investigated and evaluated TK associated with biodiversity in Lancang County and Kangding City, using the “Technical guidelines for investigation and assessment of TK associated with biological diversity at county level”. We used the snowball sampling method to sample the target groups, determined the holders of TK, and then interviewed key people.
Results: In Lancang County, 145 examples of TK associated with biodiversity were recorded, and 98 examples were recorded in Kangding City. These TK had obvious regional climate and natural environment characteristics, production and life practice characteristics, traditional cultural characteristics and socio-economic characteristics. Relevant government departments made positive efforts in the protection and management of TK, and local community actions, including traditional culture (customary law, rituals, etc.) and religious beliefs (sacrifice, sacred mountain, sacred forest, etc.) also played an important role in the protection and inheritance of TK. TK, innovation and practices associated with biodiversity were widely used in poverty alleviation and industrial development of local communities in Lancang County and Kangding City. The main threats to TK included the imperfect legislation of TK protection, extinction and endangerment, the low awareness of protections and the reduction of biological resources associated with TK.
Conclusion: There is rich TK associated with biodiversity in both examined counties, and local communities effectively participate in the protection and sustainable use of TK. In the future, the relevant departments should establish a national system for TK access and benefit sharing; strengthen publicity and education to enhance the awareness of protection and inheritance; protect TK according to local conditions; and promote the protection and sustainable utilization of biological resources associated with TK.

Key words: traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity, investigation, evaluation, benefit sharing, county level

刘冬梅, 李果, 李俊生, 杨京彪, 肖能文 (2021) 生物多样性相关传统知识调查与评估: 以澜沧与康定两县域为例. 生物多样性, 29, 184-192. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020492.

Dongmei Liu, Guo Li, Junsheng Li, Jingbiao Yang, Nengwen Xiao (2021) Investigation and evaluation of traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity: A case study in Lancang and Kangding ethnic counties. Biodiversity Science, 29, 184-192. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020492.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2020492

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2021/V29/I2/184

图/表 1

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名称	生物基源	分布区域	特征及内涵	其他
Name	Biological source	Distribution area	Characteristic and intension	Others
传统选育农业遗传资源的相关知识 Traditional knowledge of breeding agricultural genetic resources
‘澜沧栘依’	栘依	澜沧县特有	培育的传统品种——甜多依, 具有食用、药用、酿酒用等多种用途, 并举办一年一度的栘依节	地理标志证明商标
Lancang Duoyi	Docynia delavayi	Endemic to Lancang County	Cultivated a traditional variety, “tianduoyi”, which is used for food, medicine, wine-making and other purposes, and held an annual Duoyi Festival	Geographical indication certification trademark
澜沧古茶	茶	云南南部地区	创造积累了栽培茶树和制作茶叶的传统知识, 成为当地各民族生计和生活中不可替代的一部分	地理标志产品(普洱茶)
Lancang ancient tea	Camellia sinensis	South of Yunnan Province	Created and accumulated the traditional knowledge of tea cultivation and tea production, which has become an irreplaceable part of the livelihood and life of local ethnic groups	Geographical indication products (Pu’er Tea)
‘接骨糯’	水稻	中国南部地区	培育的地方品种, 具有极高的食用、药用、饲用和文化价值	地方特产
Jiegunuo	Oryza sativa	South of China	Cultivated a local rice variety with edible, medicinal, feeding and cultural value	Local speciality
‘康定红皮萝卜’	萝卜	康定市特有	培育的适应当地高寒气候的地方萝卜品种, 具有食药两用功能	农产品地理标志
Kangding radish	Broussonetia papyrifera	Endemic to Kangding City	Cultivated a local radish variety adapted to the local alpine climate with dual functions of food and medicine	Geographical indication of agricultural products
‘康定芫根’	芫根	康定市特有	培育的优良芫青品种, 具有重要的食用、药用和文化价值	农产品地理标志
Kangding swede	Brassica rapa	Endemic to Kangding City	Cultivated a good swede variety with important edible, medicinal and cultural value	Geographical indication of
				agricultural products
康定雪茶	雪茶	青藏高原及周边高寒山地	康定市藏族社区传统使用的天然保健饮品	地方特产
Kangding snow tea	Thamnolia vermicularia	Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings	Traditional natural health drink for Tibetan community in Kangding City	Local speciality
传统医药相关知识 Traditional medicinal and its related knowledge
白豆花	粗柄杜娟	拉祜族社区	拉祜族传统食花和食疗文化的典型	地方特产
Baidouhua	Rhododendron decorum	Lahu community	The typical culture of flower eating and diet therapy	Local speciality
肾炎那此	肾茶	拉祜族社区	传统治疗肾类疾病的草药知识	地方特产
Shenyan naci	Clerodendranthus spicatus	Lahu community	Traditional herbal medicine knowledge for kidney diseases	Local speciality
虫草	冬虫夏草	藏族社区	藏族传统名贵天然保健品	地方特产
Cordyceps	Cordyceps sinensis	Tibetan community	Traditional valuable natural health	Local speciality
			care products of Tibetan community
人参果	蕨麻	藏族社区	藏族传统食用的保健品, 当地称为人参果	地方特产
Renshenguo	Potentilla anserina	Tibetan community	Tibetan traditional health care products, locally known as the “fruit of life”	Local speciality
藏族传统药浴疗法	-	藏族社区	藏族传统医疗诊法之一, 主治风湿类关节炎	市级非遗项目
Tibetan medicine bath therapy	-	Tibetan community	It is one of the traditional Tibetan medical methods, mainly for rheumatoid arthritis	Municipal intangible cultural heritage
拉祜族药粥疗法	-	拉祜族社区	传统食疗方法之一, 具有预防疾病、补充治疗、调补养生等功效	地方特产
Medicine porridge therapy of Lahu People	-	Lahu community	It is one of the traditional dietotherapy methods, which has the functions of disease prevention, supplementary treatment, tonic and disease preservation	Local speciality
与生物资源可持续利用相关传统技术 Traditional technologies of sustainable use of biological resources
富邦腊肉	家猪	澜沧县特有	以地方品种‘滇南小耳猪’为原料的腊肉制作技艺	地方特产
Technique of making Fubang bacon	Sus scrofa	Endemic to Lancang County	The technique of making bacon with local pig variety-‘Diannan xiaoerzhu’ as raw material	Local speciality
	domesticus
拉祜族葫芦笙制作	葫芦	拉祜族社区	以葫芦作为共鸣箱的笙, 是拉祜族最具特色的传统乐器	省级非遗项目
技艺	Lagenaria siceraria	Lahu community	The most distinctive traditional musical instrument of Lahu People, with gourd as resonance box	Provincial intangible cultural heritage
Technique of making gourd Sheng of Lahu People
名称	生物基源	分布区域	特征及内涵	其他
Name	Biological source	Distribution area	Characteristic and intension	Others
传统手工造纸技艺	构树	中国南部地区	传统的以构树皮为原料的造纸技艺	省级非遗项目
Traditional handmade papermaking techniques	Broussonetia papyrifera	South of China	Traditional papermaking technology with bark as raw material	Provincial intangible cultural heritage
拉祜族服饰制作技艺	-	拉祜族社区	传统的服饰制作技艺, 包含了拉祜族的传统文化	省级非遗项目
The technique of dress making	-	Lahu community	The traditional dress making skills including the traditional culture of Lahu People	Provincial intangible cultural heritage
拉祜族竹编技艺	竹类	拉祜族社区	充分利用当地丰富的竹类资源制作生产生活用具	省级非遗项目
Bamboo weaving techniques	Bambusoideae	Lahu community	Making full use of local bamboo resources to make production and living utensils	Provincial intangible cultural heritage
藏族唐卡制作技艺	-	藏族社区	藏族社区独具特色的绘画艺术	省级非遗项目
Technique of Tibetan Thangka making	-	Tibetan community	The unique painting art of Tibetan community	Provincial intangible cultural heritage
康巴藏族服饰制作技艺	-	康巴藏区	传统的服饰制作技艺, 是康巴藏区的典型民族文化之一	省级非遗项目
Technique of dress making in Kangba Tibetan	-	Tibetan area of Kham	Traditional dress making technique, one of the typical national cultures in the Tibetan area of Kham.	Provincial intangible cultural heritage
与生物资源利用相关的传统文化 Traditional culture related to utilization of biological resources
芦笙舞	-	中国西南地区	拉祜族古老的民族舞蹈, 反映了拉祜族的生产生活和历史文化	国家级非遗项目
Lusheng dance	-	Southwest of China	The ancient dance of Lahu People, which reflect the production, life, history and culture of Lahu People	National intangible cultural heritage
葫芦节	葫芦	澜沧县特有	拉祜族最隆重的传统节日, 体现了葫芦崇拜为代表的生态伦理观	省级非遗项目
Gourd Festival	Lagenaria siceraria	Endemic to Lancang County	The most solemn traditional festival of Lahu People, which show the ecological ethics represented by gourd worship	Provincial intangible cultural heritage
布朗族山康茶祖节	茶	澜沧县特有	布朗族最隆重的传统节日, 以崇拜茶树和祭祀茶神为主要内容	省级非遗项目
Shankang Tea Festival of Bulang People	Camellia sinensis	Endemic to Lancang County	The most solemn traditional festival of Bulang People to worship tea tree and sacrifice tea God	Provincial intangible cultural heritage
康定四月八转山节	-	康定市特有	康定藏族重要的传统节日, 体现了敬畏自然和保护环境的理念	国家级非遗项目
Turn mountain festival in Kangding		Endemic to Kangding City	Kangding Tibetan important traditional festivals, emboding the concept of reverence for nature and protection of the environment	National intangible cultural heritage
City
康定芫根灯会	芫根	康定市特有	康定地区独特的以芫根作为灯盏材料的藏族传统节日	市级非遗项目
Lamp Festival in Kangding City	Brassica rapa	Endemic to Kangding City	The unique Tibetan traditional festival in Kangding area, which uses genkwa root as the material of Lantern festival	Municipal intangible cultural heritage

名称	生物基源	分布区域	特征及内涵	其他
Name	Biological source	Distribution area	Characteristic and intension	Others
传统选育农业遗传资源的相关知识 Traditional knowledge of breeding agricultural genetic resources
‘澜沧栘依’	栘依	澜沧县特有	培育的传统品种——甜多依, 具有食用、药用、酿酒用等多种用途, 并举办一年一度的栘依节	地理标志证明商标
Lancang Duoyi	Docynia delavayi	Endemic to Lancang County	Cultivated a traditional variety, “tianduoyi”, which is used for food, medicine, wine-making and other purposes, and held an annual Duoyi Festival	Geographical indication certification trademark
澜沧古茶	茶	云南南部地区	创造积累了栽培茶树和制作茶叶的传统知识, 成为当地各民族生计和生活中不可替代的一部分	地理标志产品(普洱茶)
Lancang ancient tea	Camellia sinensis	South of Yunnan Province	Created and accumulated the traditional knowledge of tea cultivation and tea production, which has become an irreplaceable part of the livelihood and life of local ethnic groups	Geographical indication products (Pu’er Tea)
‘接骨糯’	水稻	中国南部地区	培育的地方品种, 具有极高的食用、药用、饲用和文化价值	地方特产
Jiegunuo	Oryza sativa	South of China	Cultivated a local rice variety with edible, medicinal, feeding and cultural value	Local speciality
‘康定红皮萝卜’	萝卜	康定市特有	培育的适应当地高寒气候的地方萝卜品种, 具有食药两用功能	农产品地理标志
Kangding radish	Broussonetia papyrifera	Endemic to Kangding City	Cultivated a local radish variety adapted to the local alpine climate with dual functions of food and medicine	Geographical indication of agricultural products
‘康定芫根’	芫根	康定市特有	培育的优良芫青品种, 具有重要的食用、药用和文化价值	农产品地理标志
Kangding swede	Brassica rapa	Endemic to Kangding City	Cultivated a good swede variety with important edible, medicinal and cultural value	Geographical indication of
				agricultural products
康定雪茶	雪茶	青藏高原及周边高寒山地	康定市藏族社区传统使用的天然保健饮品	地方特产
Kangding snow tea	Thamnolia vermicularia	Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings	Traditional natural health drink for Tibetan community in Kangding City	Local speciality
传统医药相关知识 Traditional medicinal and its related knowledge
白豆花	粗柄杜娟	拉祜族社区	拉祜族传统食花和食疗文化的典型	地方特产
Baidouhua	Rhododendron decorum	Lahu community	The typical culture of flower eating and diet therapy	Local speciality
肾炎那此	肾茶	拉祜族社区	传统治疗肾类疾病的草药知识	地方特产
Shenyan naci	Clerodendranthus spicatus	Lahu community	Traditional herbal medicine knowledge for kidney diseases	Local speciality
虫草	冬虫夏草	藏族社区	藏族传统名贵天然保健品	地方特产
Cordyceps	Cordyceps sinensis	Tibetan community	Traditional valuable natural health	Local speciality
			care products of Tibetan community
人参果	蕨麻	藏族社区	藏族传统食用的保健品, 当地称为人参果	地方特产
Renshenguo	Potentilla anserina	Tibetan community	Tibetan traditional health care products, locally known as the “fruit of life”	Local speciality
藏族传统药浴疗法	-	藏族社区	藏族传统医疗诊法之一, 主治风湿类关节炎	市级非遗项目
Tibetan medicine bath therapy	-	Tibetan community	It is one of the traditional Tibetan medical methods, mainly for rheumatoid arthritis	Municipal intangible cultural heritage
拉祜族药粥疗法	-	拉祜族社区	传统食疗方法之一, 具有预防疾病、补充治疗、调补养生等功效	地方特产
Medicine porridge therapy of Lahu People	-	Lahu community	It is one of the traditional dietotherapy methods, which has the functions of disease prevention, supplementary treatment, tonic and disease preservation	Local speciality
与生物资源可持续利用相关传统技术 Traditional technologies of sustainable use of biological resources
富邦腊肉	家猪	澜沧县特有	以地方品种‘滇南小耳猪’为原料的腊肉制作技艺	地方特产
Technique of making Fubang bacon	Sus scrofa	Endemic to Lancang County	The technique of making bacon with local pig variety-‘Diannan xiaoerzhu’ as raw material	Local speciality
	domesticus
拉祜族葫芦笙制作	葫芦	拉祜族社区	以葫芦作为共鸣箱的笙, 是拉祜族最具特色的传统乐器	省级非遗项目
技艺	Lagenaria siceraria	Lahu community	The most distinctive traditional musical instrument of Lahu People, with gourd as resonance box	Provincial intangible cultural heritage
Technique of making gourd Sheng of Lahu People
名称	生物基源	分布区域	特征及内涵	其他
Name	Biological source	Distribution area	Characteristic and intension	Others
传统手工造纸技艺	构树	中国南部地区	传统的以构树皮为原料的造纸技艺	省级非遗项目
Traditional handmade papermaking techniques	Broussonetia papyrifera	South of China	Traditional papermaking technology with bark as raw material	Provincial intangible cultural heritage
拉祜族服饰制作技艺	-	拉祜族社区	传统的服饰制作技艺, 包含了拉祜族的传统文化	省级非遗项目
The technique of dress making	-	Lahu community	The traditional dress making skills including the traditional culture of Lahu People	Provincial intangible cultural heritage
拉祜族竹编技艺	竹类	拉祜族社区	充分利用当地丰富的竹类资源制作生产生活用具	省级非遗项目
Bamboo weaving techniques	Bambusoideae	Lahu community	Making full use of local bamboo resources to make production and living utensils	Provincial intangible cultural heritage
藏族唐卡制作技艺	-	藏族社区	藏族社区独具特色的绘画艺术	省级非遗项目
Technique of Tibetan Thangka making	-	Tibetan community	The unique painting art of Tibetan community	Provincial intangible cultural heritage
康巴藏族服饰制作技艺	-	康巴藏区	传统的服饰制作技艺, 是康巴藏区的典型民族文化之一	省级非遗项目
Technique of dress making in Kangba Tibetan	-	Tibetan area of Kham	Traditional dress making technique, one of the typical national cultures in the Tibetan area of Kham.	Provincial intangible cultural heritage
与生物资源利用相关的传统文化 Traditional culture related to utilization of biological resources
芦笙舞	-	中国西南地区	拉祜族古老的民族舞蹈, 反映了拉祜族的生产生活和历史文化	国家级非遗项目
Lusheng dance	-	Southwest of China	The ancient dance of Lahu People, which reflect the production, life, history and culture of Lahu People	National intangible cultural heritage
葫芦节	葫芦	澜沧县特有	拉祜族最隆重的传统节日, 体现了葫芦崇拜为代表的生态伦理观	省级非遗项目
Gourd Festival	Lagenaria siceraria	Endemic to Lancang County	The most solemn traditional festival of Lahu People, which show the ecological ethics represented by gourd worship	Provincial intangible cultural heritage
布朗族山康茶祖节	茶	澜沧县特有	布朗族最隆重的传统节日, 以崇拜茶树和祭祀茶神为主要内容	省级非遗项目
Shankang Tea Festival of Bulang People	Camellia sinensis	Endemic to Lancang County	The most solemn traditional festival of Bulang People to worship tea tree and sacrifice tea God	Provincial intangible cultural heritage
康定四月八转山节	-	康定市特有	康定藏族重要的传统节日, 体现了敬畏自然和保护环境的理念	国家级非遗项目
Turn mountain festival in Kangding		Endemic to Kangding City	Kangding Tibetan important traditional festivals, emboding the concept of reverence for nature and protection of the environment	National intangible cultural heritage
City
康定芫根灯会	芫根	康定市特有	康定地区独特的以芫根作为灯盏材料的藏族传统节日	市级非遗项目
Lamp Festival in Kangding City	Brassica rapa	Endemic to Kangding City	The unique Tibetan traditional festival in Kangding area, which uses genkwa root as the material of Lantern festival	Municipal intangible cultural heritage

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生物多样性相关传统知识调查与评估: 以澜沧与康定两县域为例

Investigation and evaluation of traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity: A case study in Lancang and Kangding ethnic counties

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