基于物种濒危状况评价与种群增长的一种新评估方法在水生野生动物保护司法中的应用

doi:10.17520/biods.2022319

生物多样性 ›› 2023, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (3): 22319. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022319

基于物种濒危状况评价与种群增长的一种新评估方法在水生野生动物保护司法中的应用

李钊丞¹^,², 张燕雪丹²^,^*()

1.上海海洋大学海洋科学学院, 上海 201306
2.上海海洋大学海洋文化与法律学院, 上海 201306

收稿日期:2022-06-11 接受日期:2022-08-31 出版日期:2023-03-20 发布日期:2022-11-25
通讯作者: 张燕雪丹
作者简介:* E-mail: yxdzhang@shou.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家社科基金重大项目(22ZDA109)

Applying a new valuation method for endangered species based on extinction risk evaluation and population growth to wildlife related judicial practice

Zhaocheng Li¹^,², Yanxuedan Zhang²^,^*()

1 College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306
2 College of Marine Culture and Law, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306

Received:2022-06-11 Accepted:2022-08-31 Online:2023-03-20 Published:2022-11-25
Contact: Yanxuedan Zhang

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

对野生动物物种按照珍贵、濒危程度等分类分级, 根据价值采取不同保护措施, 是我国野生动物保护的基本制度。价值评估的准确性对于实现保护目的、管理的有效性和处罚的公平性至关重要。我国于2019年制定《水生野生动物及其制品价值评估办法》(下称《评估办法》), 规定水生野生动物的基准价值和涉案个体价值核算方法。然而, 该方法对于2019年后新纳入名录的水生野生动物未规定基准价值, 只能依据物种间的种属接近程度确认价值。随着越来越多水生野生动物新进入名录, 这一方法的科学性受到质疑。鉴于此, 本文通过使用《评估办法》对2021年新纳入《国家野生动物保护名录》的236种(类)水生野生动物进行价值评估, 评价现行评估方法的合理性; 并结合IUCN物种濒危状况评价及生物学种群增长模型, 提出改进的价值评估方法。研究结果显示: (1) 2021年国家林业和草原局、农业农村部公布的《国家野生动物保护名录》新增的236种(类)水生野生动物中, 仅有30种(类)明确规定了基准价值, 8种(类)新增国家I级重点保护野生动物、131种(类)新增国家II级重点保护动物评估参照“其他种”, 价值评估存在明显偏差, 67种(类)新增保护动物则无明确可参照的基准价值, 评估存在不同程度的困难; (2)改进的评估方法通过设定保护系数和单个物种修复成本计算动物基准价值, 弥补了无基准价值的问题; 通过逻辑斯蒂模型模拟物种增长速率, 将破坏行为对种群增长速率的影响纳入价值评估, 推导出恢复原状及恢复到可持续发展水平两种可适用于司法的评估方法。本文提出的价值评估方法有效弥补了当前方法的不足, 提高了价值评估的精确性, 并通过简化数学计算, 可以应用于司法实践。基于该方法, 本文提出了修订法律并完善相关制度的建议。

关键词: 水生野生动物价值, 评估方法, 物种濒危状况, 种群增长模型, 司法应用

Abstract

Background: Classification and listing of wildlife in accordance with criteria of endangerment and preciousness etc., and adoption of different protecting measures pursuant to their value, is the fundamental of wildlife protection system in China. The accuracy of valuation is crucial in achieving protection objectives, effective management and fair punishment for illegal activities. In 2019, the “Valuation Method for Aquatic Species and their Products” (hereinafter referred to as “the Valuation Method”) was promulgated, providing the methods for evaluating the basic value of aquatic wildlife and the actual value of aquatic species in legal cases. However, the Valuation Method does not provide basic value for those newly added species after 2019, but requires that the evaluation should be based on the relatedness to species included in the valuation method classification. Along with more new species into the List of Protection, the Valuation Method is called into question.

Methods: (1) This paper assessed the Valuation Method in calculating the value of 236 newly added protected species and families in 2021; (2) Based on the findings, this paper used population growth model to established a new valuation method by incorporating extinction risk evaluation of IUCN for endangered species.

Results: (1) Among all 236 newly added species and families, only 30 species were found basic value in the Valuation Method. Eight species of Class I protection species and 131 species of Class II protection species could only be evaluated by referring to “other species” in the Valuation Method, which caused significant deviation from their true value; 67 other species could not be assigned basic value through the Valuation Method; (2) The proposed method resolved the problem of no basic value by setting a protection factor and costs for recovering individual in a species; Furthermore, we utilized logistic growth model to predict population growth, and applied this model in calculating the impact of illegal capture on growth rate of a certain species, and therefore derive valuation methods applied in legal context.

Conclusion: The improved valuation method makes up for inadequacy and inapplicability of current valuation method, increases the accuracy of valuation and simplifies the calculation which allows it to apply on legal practice. Based on this method, we also make some suggestions on the legislation and regulation of wildlife protection and valuation criteria.

Key words: value of aquatic species, valuation method, extinction risk evaluation, population growth model, judicial application

李钊丞, 张燕雪丹 (2023) 基于物种濒危状况评价与种群增长的一种新评估方法在水生野生动物保护司法中的应用. 生物多样性, 31, 22319. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022319.

Zhaocheng Li, Yanxuedan Zhang (2023) Applying a new valuation method for endangered species based on extinction risk evaluation and population growth to wildlife related judicial practice. Biodiversity Science, 31, 22319. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022319.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2022319

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2023/V31/I3/22319

图/表 6

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纲 Class	目 Order	科 Family	物种 Species	《评估办法》规定的基准价值计算方法 Method to calculate basic value in the Valuation Method	基准价值(元/尾) Basic value (Yuan per tail)
哺乳纲 Mammalia	鲸目 Cetacea	恒河豚科 Platanistidae	恒河豚 Platanista gangetica	鲸目其他种 Other species of Cetacea	50,000
两栖纲 Amphibia	有尾目 Caudata	小鲵科 Hynobiidae	安吉小鲵 Hynobius amjiensis 中国小鲵 Hynobius chinensis	有尾目其他种 Other species of Caudata	300
			挂榜山小鲵 Hynobius guabangshanensis
			猫儿山小鲵 Hynobius maoershanensis
			普雄原鲵 Protohynobius puxiongensis
			辽宁爪鲵 Onychodactylus zhaoermii
辐鳍亚纲 Actinopteri	鲟形目 Acipenseriformes	鲟科 Acipenseridae	鳇 Huso dauricus	鲟形目其他所有种 Other species of Acipenseriformes	5,000 (成体 Adult) 2,000 (卵 Spawn)

纲 Class	目 Order	科 Family	物种 Species	《评估办法》规定的基准价值计算方法 Method to calculate basic value in the Valuation Method	基准价值(元/尾) Basic value (Yuan per tail)
哺乳纲 Mammalia	鲸目 Cetacea	恒河豚科 Platanistidae	恒河豚 Platanista gangetica	鲸目其他种 Other species of Cetacea	50,000
两栖纲 Amphibia	有尾目 Caudata	小鲵科 Hynobiidae	安吉小鲵 Hynobius amjiensis 中国小鲵 Hynobius chinensis	有尾目其他种 Other species of Caudata	300
			挂榜山小鲵 Hynobius guabangshanensis
			猫儿山小鲵 Hynobius maoershanensis
			普雄原鲵 Protohynobius puxiongensis
			辽宁爪鲵 Onychodactylus zhaoermii
辐鳍亚纲 Actinopteri	鲟形目 Acipenseriformes	鲟科 Acipenseridae	鳇 Huso dauricus	鲟形目其他所有种 Other species of Acipenseriformes	5,000 (成体 Adult) 2,000 (卵 Spawn)

纲 Class	目 Order	科 Family	种(类)数量 Number of species	《评估办法》规定的基准价值计算方法 Method to calculate basic value in the Valuation Method	基准价值(元/尾) Basic value (Yuan per tail)
爬行纲 Reptilia	龟鳖目 Testudines	地龟科 Geoemydidae	8	地龟科其他种 Other species of Geoemydidae	500
	有鳞目 Squamata	瘰鳞蛇科 Acrochordidae	1	蛇目所有种(仅瘰鳞蛇、水蛇及海蛇科) All species of Serpentes (only Acrochordidae, Homalopsidae and Hydrophiidae)	300
	有鳞目 Squamata	眼镜蛇科 Elapidae	16		300
两栖纲 Amphibia	有尾目 Caudata	小鲵科 Hynobiidae	23	有尾目其他种 Other species of Caudata	300
	有尾目 Caudata	蝾螈科 Salamandroidae	28	有尾目其他种 Other species of Caudata	300
	无尾目 Anura	叉舌蛙科 Dicroglossidae	6	无尾目其他种 Other species of Anura	100
硬骨鱼纲 Osteichthyes	鲟形目 Acipenseriformes	鲟科 Acipenseridae	4	鲟形目其他所有种 Other species of Acipenseriformes	5,000 (成体 Adult)
	鲟形目 Acipenseriformes	鲟科 Acipenseridae	4	鲟形目其他所有种 Other species of Acipenseriformes	2,000 (卵 Spawn)
	鲤形目 Cypriniformes	鲤科 Cyprinidae	32	鲤科其他种 Other species of Cyprinidae	100
	海龙鱼目 Syngnathiformes	海龙鱼科 Syngnathidae	1	海马属其他种 Other species of Hippocampus	30
	海龙鱼目 Syngnathiformes	海龙鱼科 Syngnathidae	1	海马属其他种 Other species of Hippocampus	200 (克氏海马 Hippocampus kelloggi)
双壳纲 Bivalvia	帘蛤目 Veneroida	砗磲科 Tridacnidae	5	砗磲科其他种 Other species of Tridacnidae	200
珊瑚纲 Anthozoa	软珊瑚目 Alcyonacea	笙珊瑚科 Tubiporidae	1	珊瑚类其他种 Other species of Anthozoa	500 Yuan/kg
	软珊瑚目 Alcyonacea	竹节柳珊瑚科 Isididae	3
	角珊瑚目所有种 Antipatharia spp.		1
	石珊瑚目所有种 Scleractinia spp.		1
	苍珊瑚科所有种 Helioporidae spp.		1

纲 Class	目 Order	科 Family	种(类)数量 Number of species	《评估办法》规定的基准价值计算方法 Method to calculate basic value in the Valuation Method	基准价值(元/尾) Basic value (Yuan per tail)
爬行纲 Reptilia	龟鳖目 Testudines	地龟科 Geoemydidae	8	地龟科其他种 Other species of Geoemydidae	500
	有鳞目 Squamata	瘰鳞蛇科 Acrochordidae	1	蛇目所有种(仅瘰鳞蛇、水蛇及海蛇科) All species of Serpentes (only Acrochordidae, Homalopsidae and Hydrophiidae)	300
	有鳞目 Squamata	眼镜蛇科 Elapidae	16		300
两栖纲 Amphibia	有尾目 Caudata	小鲵科 Hynobiidae	23	有尾目其他种 Other species of Caudata	300
	有尾目 Caudata	蝾螈科 Salamandroidae	28	有尾目其他种 Other species of Caudata	300
	无尾目 Anura	叉舌蛙科 Dicroglossidae	6	无尾目其他种 Other species of Anura	100
硬骨鱼纲 Osteichthyes	鲟形目 Acipenseriformes	鲟科 Acipenseridae	4	鲟形目其他所有种 Other species of Acipenseriformes	5,000 (成体 Adult)
	鲟形目 Acipenseriformes	鲟科 Acipenseridae	4	鲟形目其他所有种 Other species of Acipenseriformes	2,000 (卵 Spawn)
	鲤形目 Cypriniformes	鲤科 Cyprinidae	32	鲤科其他种 Other species of Cyprinidae	100
	海龙鱼目 Syngnathiformes	海龙鱼科 Syngnathidae	1	海马属其他种 Other species of Hippocampus	30
	海龙鱼目 Syngnathiformes	海龙鱼科 Syngnathidae	1	海马属其他种 Other species of Hippocampus	200 (克氏海马 Hippocampus kelloggi)
双壳纲 Bivalvia	帘蛤目 Veneroida	砗磲科 Tridacnidae	5	砗磲科其他种 Other species of Tridacnidae	200
珊瑚纲 Anthozoa	软珊瑚目 Alcyonacea	笙珊瑚科 Tubiporidae	1	珊瑚类其他种 Other species of Anthozoa	500 Yuan/kg
	软珊瑚目 Alcyonacea	竹节柳珊瑚科 Isididae	3
	角珊瑚目所有种 Antipatharia spp.		1
	石珊瑚目所有种 Scleractinia spp.		1
	苍珊瑚科所有种 Helioporidae spp.		1

物种分类 Classification							国家I级或II级重点保护动物 Class I or II of species for protection in National List	物种数 No. of species		新增未核定价值的物种在名录中同科物种中占比 Percentage of new species with no basic value in the same family under the National List (%)		新增未核定价值的科在名录中同目中占比 Percentage of new families in the same order under the National List (%)		评估困难程度 Difficulties for valuation
脊索动物门 Chordata	爬行纲 Reptilia		龟鳖目 Testudines		平胸龟科 Platysternidae		II	1		100		12.50		二级 Level 2
	圆口纲 Cyclostomata		七鳃鳗目 Petromyzontiformes		七鳃鳗科 Petromyzonidae		II	3		100		100		四级 Level 4
	软骨鱼纲 Chondrichthyes		鲼目 Myliobatiformes		魟科 Dasyatidae		II	1		100		33.30		二级 Level 2
	硬骨鱼纲 Osteichthyes		鲱形目 Clupeiformes		鲱科 Clupeidae		I	1		100		100		三级 Level 3
			鲇形目 Siluriformes		科 Pangasiidae		I	1		100		100		三级 Level 3
					鲿科 Bagridae		II	1		100				三级 Level 3
					鲇科 Siluridae		II	1		100				三级 Level 3
					钝头鮠科 Amblycipitidae		II	1		100				三级 Level 3
					鮡科 Sisoridae		II	6		100				三级 Level 3
			鲤形目 Cypriniformes		双孔鱼科 Gyrinocheilidae		II	1		100		71.43		二级 Level 2
					裸吻鱼科 Psilorhynchidae		II	1		100				二级 Level 2
					鳅科 Cobitidae		II	3		100				二级 Level 2
					条鳅科 Nemacheilidae		II	4		100				二级 Level 2
					爬鳅科 Balitoridae		II	1		100				二级 Level 2
			鲑形目 Salmoniformes		鲑科 Salmonidae		II	8		80		0		一级 Level 1
物种分类 Classification						国家I级或II级重点保护动物 Class I or II of species for protection in National List			物种数 Species		新增未核定价值的物种在名录中同科物种中占比 Percentage of new species with no basic value in the same family under the National List (%)		新增未核定价值的科在名录中同目中占比 Percentage of new families in the same order under the National List (%)	评估困难程度 Difficulties for valuation
半索动物门 Hemichordata		肠鳃纲 Enteropneusta	柱头虫目 Balanoglossida	殖翼柱头虫科 Ptychoderidae		II			4		80		50	一级 Level 1
半索动物门 Hemichordata		肠鳃纲 Enteropneusta	柱头虫目 Balanoglossida	史氏柱头虫科 Spengeliidae		II			1		100		50	二级 Level 2
节肢动物门 Arthropoda		肢口纲 Merostomata	剑尾目 Xiphosura	鲎科 Tachypleidae		II			2		100		100	五级 Level 5
节肢动物门 Arthropoda		软甲纲 Malacostraca	十足目 Decapoda	龙虾科 Palinuridae		II			1		100		100	五级 Level 5
软体动物门 Mollusca		双壳纲 Bivalvia	蚌目 Unionoida	珍珠蚌科 Margaritanidae		II			1		100		100	四级 Level 4
				蚌科 Unionidae		II			4		100			四级 Level 4
				截蛏科 Solecurtidae		II			2		100			四级 Level 4
		腹足纲 Gastropoda	中腹足目 Mesogastropoda	田螺科 Viviparidae		II			1		100		50	二级 Level 2
			中腹足目 Mesogastropoda	法螺科 Charoniidae		II			1		100		50	二级 Level 2
			原始腹足目 Archaeogastropoda	蝾螺科 Turbinidae		II			1		100		100	三级 Level 3
刺胞动物门 Cnidaria		水螅纲 Hydrozoa	花裸螅目 Anthoathecata	多孔螅科 Milleporidae		II			7		100		100	四级 Level 4
刺胞动物门 Cnidaria		水螅纲 Hydrozoa	花裸螅目 Anthoathecata	柱星螅科 Stylasteridae		II			8		100		100	四级 Level 4

基于物种濒危状况评价与种群增长的一种新评估方法在水生野生动物保护司法中的应用

Applying a new valuation method for endangered species based on extinction risk evaluation and population growth to wildlife related judicial practice

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