生物多样性 ›› 2023, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (3): 22430.  DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022430

所属专题: 青藏高原生物多样性与生态安全

• 研究报告: 植物多样性 • 上一篇    下一篇

青藏高原植被调查与制图评估

桑佳文1,2, 宋创业1,*(), 贾宁霞1,2, 贾元1,2, 刘长成1, 乔鲜果1, 张琳1, 袁伟影1, 吴冬秀1, 李凌浩1, 郭柯1,*()   

  1. 1.中国科学院植物研究所植被与环境变化国家重点实验室, 北京 100093
    2.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
  • 收稿日期:2022-07-26 接受日期:2022-12-05 出版日期:2023-03-20 发布日期:2023-03-28
  • 通讯作者: 宋创业,郭柯
  • 作者简介:guoke@ibcas.ac.cn
    * E-mail: songcy@ibcas.ac.cn;
  • 基金资助:
    第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究(2019QZKK0301);中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA26010101)

Vegetation survey and mapping on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Jiawen Sang1,2, Chuangye Song1,*(), Ningxia Jia1,2, Yuan Jia1,2, Changcheng Liu1, Xianguo Qiao1, Lin Zhang1, Weiying Yuan1, Dongxiu Wu1, Linghao Li1, Ke Guo1,*()   

  1. 1 State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093
    2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
  • Received:2022-07-26 Accepted:2022-12-05 Online:2023-03-20 Published:2023-03-28
  • Contact: Chuangye Song,Ke Guo

摘要:

青藏高原植被调查与制图一直是青藏高原植被生态学研究的重要内容。历史上, 我国多次开展青藏高原植被考察活动, 在植被制图方面取得了一系列重要成果。本研究首先基于文献研读对青藏高原植被考察及其成果进行回顾, 并对制图范围包括青藏高原的、使用比较广泛的植被图进行对比和分析; 然后, 基于第二次青藏高原综合科学考察获取的植被调查样点数据, 与多幅植被图在数据一致性方面进行了对比。结果表明: (1)青藏高原植被调查的历史久远, 但系统、科学的青藏高原植被调查开始于1949年新中国成立之后, 期间获取了大量植被调查数据, 出版了大量的专著和图志, 《中华人民共和国植被图(1 : 4,000,000)》《中国草地资源图集(1 : 1,000,000)》和《中华人民共和国植被图(1 : 1,000,000)》是包含整个青藏高原、应用最为广泛的3幅植被图, 《青藏高原现状植被图》是基于现阶段植被调查数据制作的青藏高原植被图。但是这4幅图在植被分类体系上存在较大差异, 严重影响了图件之间的可比性。(2)对比发现, 4幅植被图之间均存在一定程度的不一致性。面积较大的植被型组, 如森林和草本植被, 在植被图之间的一致性较高; 但面积相对较小的植被型组, 如沼泽与水生植被和农业植被, 在植被图之间的一致性较低。进一步以高山嵩草(Carex parvula)草甸、紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)草原、青藏薹草(Carex moorcroftii)草原、沙生针茅(Stipa glareosa)草原、矮生嵩草(Carex alatauensis)草甸、藏沙蒿(Artemisia wellbyi)草原、昆仑针茅(Stipa roborowskyi)草原、固沙草(Orinus thoroldii)草原等8种青藏高原的典型植被类型为研究对象, 发现它们的面积和空间分布格局在《中华人民共和国植被图(1 : 1,000,000)》和《中国草地资源图集(1 : 1,000,000)》之间也存在较大的差异。(3)植被调查样点数据与《中华人民共和国植被图(1 : 1,000,000)》《中国草地资源图集(1 : 1,000,000)》《青藏高原现状植被图》的对比发现, 在植被型组水平上分别有45.05%、21.02%、50.83%的植被调查样点的植被类型与植被图不吻合。(4)近30年来, 由于气候变化及人类活动的影响, 青藏高原植被的分布格局已经发生了较大变化。同时, 植被调查与制图技术进步巨大, 高空间、时间及光谱分辨率遥感影像与深度学习技术在植被制图中的应用更加深入, 绘制新一代青藏高原大、中比例尺的植被图的时机已经成熟。新一代大、中比例尺植被图的编制将给青藏高原的生态系统管理、生态屏障区和重大生态修复工程建设提供更为翔实的基础数据资料。

关键词: 植被图, 植被类型, 植被变化, 气候变化, 调查

Abstract

Background & Aim: Surveying and mapping has always been an important part of vegetation research on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Historically, China has performed several vegetation surveys of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and compiled a series of important vegetation maps. In this research, we aim to review the history of vegetation surveys and mapping on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and evaluate the consistency across maps, and to investigate the consistency between vegetation types in several maps and vegetation survey points provided by the Second Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program.

Results: (1) The vegetation surveys of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have a long history, with systematic and scientific vegetation surveys of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau starting after the founding of the People’s Republic of China. In vegetation mapping, the Vegetation Map of China (1 : 4,000,000), the Grassland Resource Map of China (1 : 1,000,000), and the Vegetation Map of China (1 : 1,000,000) were the most widely used vegetation maps that cover the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. However, they are quite different in vegetation classification systems. (2) The comparison between different vegetation maps shows that the vegetation formation groups covering a large area, such as forest and grassland, have high consistency between different vegetation maps, while the vegetation formation groups covering a small area, such as aquatic and agricultural vegetation, have low consistency between different vegetation maps. Furthermore, we select Carex parvula meadow, Stipa purpurea grassland, Carex moorcroftii grassland, Stipa glareosa grassland, Carex alatauensis meadow, Artemisia wellbyi grassland, Stipa roborowskyi grassland, and Orinus thoroldii grassland to investigate the differences in the areas and spatial distribution patterns between the Vegetation Map of China (1 : 1,000,000) and the Grassland Resource Map of China (1 : 1,000,000). The results show that there are significant differences in the area and spatial distribution pattern between the two maps for these selected vegetation types. (3) The comparison of vegetation types between vegetation survey points and the Vegetation Map of China (1 : 1,000,000), the Grassland Resource Map of China (1 : 1,000,000), and the Current Vegetation Map of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (2019−2020) indicates that 45.05%, 21.02%, and 50.83% of the vegetation survey points, respectively, are not consistent with the three vegetation maps at the vegetation formation group level. (4) In the past 30 years, due to the influence of climate change and human activities, the vegetation distribution pattern of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has changed significantly.

Conclusion: Vegetation survey and mapping technology has undergone great progress in recent decades. Remote imaging with high spatial, temporal, and spectral resolution and deep learning technology have been widely used in vegetation identification and mapping. It is the right time to produce new vegetation maps of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau at medium or large scales, which will provide more detailed and fundamental data for ecosystem management, and ecological restoration projects on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Key words: vegetation mapping, vegetation type, vegetation change, climate change, surveying