生物多样性 ›› 2019, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (12): 1298-1308.DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019157
刘硕然1,2,3,杨道德1,*(),李先福2,3,4,谭路4,孙军5,和晓阳5,杨文书5,任国鹏2,3,Davide Fornacca2,3,蔡庆华4,肖文2,3,*(
)
收稿日期:
2019-05-08
接受日期:
2019-09-26
出版日期:
2019-12-20
发布日期:
2020-02-22
通讯作者:
杨道德,肖文
基金资助:
Shuoran Liu1,2,3,Daode Yang1,*(),Xianfu Li2,3,4,Lu Tan4,Jun Sun5,Xiaoyang He5,Wenshu Yang5,Guopeng Ren2,3,Davide Fornacca2,3,Qinghua Cai4,Wen Xiao2,3,*(
)
Received:
2019-05-08
Accepted:
2019-09-26
Online:
2019-12-20
Published:
2020-02-22
Contact:
Yang Daode,Xiao Wen
摘要:
高山微水体由于面积微小且通过地表径流形成串联结构常常被认为与高山溪流具有类似的生境, 然而由于这两类生境中环境因子与底栖动物多样性存在差异, 它们在生态系统中的作用可能完全不同。滇西北地区是全球生物多样性热点区域之一, 境内高山微水体和高山溪流分布密集, 在区域底栖生物多样性维持方面具有重要的功能, 然而目前对这两类高山淡水生态系统的研究较少。为了比较这两类生境环境因子的异同及其对底栖动物多样性的维持作用, 2015年6月, 作者在云南省怒江州贡山县的高山峡谷内, 对27个高山微水体和同区域分布的1条高山溪流(海拔高差500 m范围)的底栖动物多样性和水环境因子进行了实地调查。结果表明: (1)高山微水体和高山溪流底栖动物群落中优势分类单元种群数量均比较庞大, 而稀有分类单元数量较多且种群较小; (2)两种生境在环境因子、物种多样性、功能多样性和群落结构方面的差异明显, 高山溪流有较高的物种丰富度、物种多样性和功能多样性; (3)高山微水体底栖动物多样性的分布与水环境因子无关, 而高山溪流底栖动物多样性与群落结构的形成受到与流速关联的水环境因子和海拔的影响。因此, 高山微水体与高山溪流不能简单地视为类似的生境类型, 它们对区域底栖动物多样性和生态功能维持可能具有不同的作用。
刘硕然, 杨道德, 李先福, 谭路, 孙军, 和晓阳, 杨文书, 任国鹏, Davide Fornacca, 蔡庆华, 肖文. 滇西北高山微水体与溪流生境底栖动物多样性和环境特征[J]. 生物多样性, 2019, 27(12): 1298-1308.
Shuoran Liu, Daode Yang, Xianfu Li, Lu Tan, Jun Sun, Xiaoyang He, Wenshu Yang, Guopeng Ren, Davide Fornacca, Qinghua Cai, Wen Xiao. Diversity in benthic and environmental characteristics on alpine micro-waterbodies and stream ecosystems in northwest Yunnan[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2019, 27(12): 1298-1308.
图1 研究区域及样点图示(微水体串联图示中圈内的微水体串最终与溪流连通)
Fig. 1 Research area and sampling sites. The micro-waterbodies (MWB) which are circled indicate that the water flow from the micro-waterbody cascades is running into the stream finally.
环境因子 Environmental variables | 微水体 Micro-waterbody | 溪流 Stream | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
最小值 Min. | 最大值 Max. | 平均值 ± 标准差 Mean ± SD | 最小值 Min. | 最大值 Max. | 平均值 ± 标准差 Mean ± SD | |
海拔 Alt (m) ns2 | 3,266.00 | 3,332.00 | 3,299.70 ± 27.34 | 3,087.00 | 3,586.00 | 3,364.90 ± 188.82 |
电导率 Cond (μs/cm) **2 | 2.94 | 10.45 | 5.12 ± 1.33 | 10.82 | 34.50 | 17.54 ± 8.84 |
溶解氧含量 DO (mg/L) **1 | 3.13 | 7.51 | 5.68 ± 0.92 | 6.22 | 7.18 | 6.72 ± 0.27 |
pH值 pH **1 | 5.48 | 6.20 | 5.84 ± 0.24 | 5.80 | 6.55 | 6.23 ± 0.26 |
面积 Area (m2) none | 3.00 | 160.00 | 26.15 ± 33.65 | / | / | / |
水深 Depth (cm) *1 | 8.00 | 43.00 | 27.70 ± 10.09 | 6.00 | 26.00 | 18.33 ± 6.48 |
底泥深度 BSD (cm) none | 9.50 | 58.00 | 26.09 ± 13.02 | / | / | / |
浊度 Turb (NTU) ns1 | 0.00 | 3.70 | 1.42 ± 1.08 | 0.00 | 2.40 | 0.98 ± 1.06 |
总氮 TN (mg/L) ns1 | 0.096 | 0.729 | 0.300 ± 0.170 | 0.115 | 0.445 | 0.280 ± 0.110 |
总磷 TP (mg/L) ns1 | 0.024 | 0.104 | 0.046 ± 0.016 | 0.036 | 0.068 | 0.050 ± 0.010 |
化学需氧量 COD (mg/L) *1 | 0.160 | 4.730 | 2.150 ± 1.290 | 0.160 | 5.056 | 3.320 ± 1.420 |
总有机碳含量 TOC (mg/L) ns1 | 0.924 | 7.590 | 4.270 ± 1.640 | 3.043 | 6.963 | 4.800 ± 1.070 |
溪流宽度 Width (m) none | / | / | / | 0.50 | 5.30 | 2.53 ±1.78 |
溪流流速 FV (m/s) none | / | / | / | 0.16 | 0.93 | 0.58 ± 0.31 |
表1 溪流与微水体各环境因子描述及差异性分析
Table 1 List of the descriptive statistics and difference in environmental variables between stream and micro-waterbody
环境因子 Environmental variables | 微水体 Micro-waterbody | 溪流 Stream | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
最小值 Min. | 最大值 Max. | 平均值 ± 标准差 Mean ± SD | 最小值 Min. | 最大值 Max. | 平均值 ± 标准差 Mean ± SD | |
海拔 Alt (m) ns2 | 3,266.00 | 3,332.00 | 3,299.70 ± 27.34 | 3,087.00 | 3,586.00 | 3,364.90 ± 188.82 |
电导率 Cond (μs/cm) **2 | 2.94 | 10.45 | 5.12 ± 1.33 | 10.82 | 34.50 | 17.54 ± 8.84 |
溶解氧含量 DO (mg/L) **1 | 3.13 | 7.51 | 5.68 ± 0.92 | 6.22 | 7.18 | 6.72 ± 0.27 |
pH值 pH **1 | 5.48 | 6.20 | 5.84 ± 0.24 | 5.80 | 6.55 | 6.23 ± 0.26 |
面积 Area (m2) none | 3.00 | 160.00 | 26.15 ± 33.65 | / | / | / |
水深 Depth (cm) *1 | 8.00 | 43.00 | 27.70 ± 10.09 | 6.00 | 26.00 | 18.33 ± 6.48 |
底泥深度 BSD (cm) none | 9.50 | 58.00 | 26.09 ± 13.02 | / | / | / |
浊度 Turb (NTU) ns1 | 0.00 | 3.70 | 1.42 ± 1.08 | 0.00 | 2.40 | 0.98 ± 1.06 |
总氮 TN (mg/L) ns1 | 0.096 | 0.729 | 0.300 ± 0.170 | 0.115 | 0.445 | 0.280 ± 0.110 |
总磷 TP (mg/L) ns1 | 0.024 | 0.104 | 0.046 ± 0.016 | 0.036 | 0.068 | 0.050 ± 0.010 |
化学需氧量 COD (mg/L) *1 | 0.160 | 4.730 | 2.150 ± 1.290 | 0.160 | 5.056 | 3.320 ± 1.420 |
总有机碳含量 TOC (mg/L) ns1 | 0.924 | 7.590 | 4.270 ± 1.640 | 3.043 | 6.963 | 4.800 ± 1.070 |
溪流宽度 Width (m) none | / | / | / | 0.50 | 5.30 | 2.53 ±1.78 |
溪流流速 FV (m/s) none | / | / | / | 0.16 | 0.93 | 0.58 ± 0.31 |
图2 基于环境因子的PCoA双标图。AS为溪流样点, AU、AD为微水体样点。Depth: 水深; Area: 面积; Width: 溪流宽度; FV:流速; Cond: 电导率; Turb: 浊度。
Fig. 2 Biplot of PCoA calculated based on environmental factors. AS indicates stream sites, AU and AD indicate micro-waterbody sites. Depth, Water depth; Area, Waterbody surface area; Width, Stream width; FV, Flow velocity; Cond, Conductivity; Turb, Turbidity.
图3 高山微水体(A)及溪流(B)分类单元多度排序曲线(箭头所示为曲线拐点, 作为优势分类单元与稀有分类单元分界), 横坐标为物种排列顺序,对应附录1。
Fig. 3 Species abundance ranking curves for alpine micro-waterbody (A) and stream (B). Arrows indicate the inflection point of the curve between the dominant taxa and rare taxa. X axis refers to the species order in Appendix 1.
图4 底栖动物物种在样点间分布热图(分类单元物种多度以颜色深浅区分)
Fig. 4 Heatmap of the benthic species distribution among the collection sites. The species abundance for each taxon marked by the color shade
微水体 Micro-waterbody | 溪流 Stream | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
最小值 Min. | 最大值 Max. | 平均值 ± 标准差 Mean ± SD | 最小 值 Min. | 最大 值 Max. | 平均值 ± 标准差 Mean ± SD | |
S ns1 | 3.00 | 10.00 | 6.26 ± 2.07 | 3.00 | 12.00 | 8.67 ± 3.43 |
H' *1 | 0.882 | 1.649 | 1.240 ± 0.250 | 1.011 | 2.265 | 1.720 ± 0.460 |
FDis **1 | 0.000 | 0.469 | 0.220 ± 0.130 | 0.544 | 0.968 | 0.820 ± 0.130 |
表2 溪流与微水体底栖动物群落的物种丰富度(S)、物种多样性(H')和功能多样性(FDis)
Table 2 List of the species richness, species diversity and functional diversity between stream and micro-waterbody
微水体 Micro-waterbody | 溪流 Stream | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
最小值 Min. | 最大值 Max. | 平均值 ± 标准差 Mean ± SD | 最小 值 Min. | 最大 值 Max. | 平均值 ± 标准差 Mean ± SD | |
S ns1 | 3.00 | 10.00 | 6.26 ± 2.07 | 3.00 | 12.00 | 8.67 ± 3.43 |
H' *1 | 0.882 | 1.649 | 1.240 ± 0.250 | 1.011 | 2.265 | 1.720 ± 0.460 |
FDis **1 | 0.000 | 0.469 | 0.220 ± 0.130 | 0.544 | 0.968 | 0.820 ± 0.130 |
图6 基于底栖动物群落数据和环境因子的CCA双标图。AS为溪流样点, AU、AD为微水体样点。Alt: 海拔; FV: 流速; Cond: 电导率。
Fig. 6 Biplot of CCA which calculated based on the benthic community data and environmental factors. hydrogen ion concentration (pH), flow velocity (FV) and conductivity (Cond). AS indicates stream sites, AU and AD indicate micro-waterbody sites. Alt, Altitude; FV, Flow velocity; Cond, Conductivity.
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