通过遗传多样性探讨极小种群野生植物的致濒机理及保护策略: 以裸子植物为例

doi:10.17520/biods.2019116

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

遗传多样性是生物多样性的重要组成部分, 然而由于资源的过度开发利用和生境的破碎化影响了物种的遗传多样性, 甚至威胁到物种的生存适应性和生物多样性。极小种群野生植物是亟待保护的国家重点保护濒危植物,遗传多样性研究对揭示极小种群致濒机理及保护策略具有重要意义。生境破碎化会造成物种遗传多样性降低、种群间分化增加、基因流减少等, 使种群濒危。但在某些物种中, 繁殖特征、进化历史等生物和生态因素的不同也可能造成近期生境破碎化后遗传效应的延迟。裸子植物进化历史悠久, 包含许多孑遗物种, 由于生活史周期长, 遭受生境破碎化后可能短期内显示不出遗传效应的改变, 但长期很难恢复。本文以裸子植物为例综述了濒危植物的遗传多样性研究的案例, 探讨了濒危裸子植物应对环境恶化的维持机制、致濒因素和保护方案, 旨在说明通过遗传多样性研究充分认识极小种群致濒机理对高效保护极小种群野生植物的重要性。

关键词: 极小种群野生植物, 裸子植物, 遗传多样性, 致濒机理, 保护策略

Abstract

Genetic diversity is an important component of biodiversity. However, the overexploitation of natural resources and habitat fragmentation have severely degraded the genetic diversity of many affected species. Wild Plant with Extremely Small Populations (WPESP) are in urgent need of rescue, their genetic diversity are of great significance for studying the endangerment mechanism and providing conservation strategies. Habitat fragmentation might reduce genetic diversity, increase genetic differentiation among populations or limit gene flow. However, biological and ecological factors of threatened species, such as the reproductive characteristic and the demographic history, may also impact the genetic effects of recent habitat fragmentation. For gymnosperms, genetic composition can be quite stable when facing habitat fragmentation because of their lengthy generation time. However, in the long term, the loss of genetic diversity will be unrecoverable. In this review paper, we survey genetic studies of threatened gymnosperms, summarize endangerment mechanisms under habitat fragmentation, and finally recommend conservation strategies for gymnosperms. The findings of this paper indicate that a comprehensive understanding of the endangerment mechanisms through genetic diversity studies is important for effective and efficient conservation of Wild Plant with Extremely Small Populations.

Key words: Wild Plant with Extremely Small Populations (WPESP), gymnosperms, genetic diversity, endangerment mechanism, conservation strategy

苏金源, 燕语, 李冲, 李丹, 杜芳 (2020) 通过遗传多样性探讨极小种群野生植物的致濒机理及保护策略: 以裸子植物为例. 生物多样性, 28, 376-384. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019116.

Jinyuan Su, Yu Yan, Chong Li, Dan Li, Fang K. Du (2020) Informing conservation strategies with genetic diversity in Wild Plant with Extremely Small Populations: A review on gymnosperms. Biodiversity Science, 28, 376-384. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019116.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2019116

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2020/V28/I3/376

图/表 1

参考文献 67

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物种 Species	研究方法 Methods	主要结论 Main results	文献 Reference
杉科 Taxodiaceae
水杉属 Metasequoia
水杉 M. glyptostroboides	RAPD	恢复种群依然未保留足够的遗传多样性, 建议未来迁地保护 Restored populations are lack of sufficient genetic diversity, requiring future ex situ conservation	Li et al, 2005
松科 Pinaceae
银杉属 Cathaya
银杉 C. argyrophylla	nDNA, mtDNA	野生种群遗传多样性极低, 建议迁地保护及人工授粉 Low genetic diversity of wild populations, suggesting ex situ conservation and artificial pollination	Wang & Ge, 2006
冷杉属 Abies
资源冷杉 A. ziyuanensis	cpDNA, mtDNA	种群内遗传多样性低, 种群间遗传分化高, 建议就地保护成年树及幼苗 Low genetic diversity within populations and high genetic differentiation among populations, suggesting in situ protection of adult trees and seedlings	Peng et al, 2012
百山祖冷杉 A. beshanzuensis
元宝山冷杉 A. yuanbaoshanensis
梵净山冷杉 A. fanjingshanensis
紫果冷杉 A. recurvata
巴山冷杉 A. fargesii
红豆杉科 Taxaceae
穗花杉属 Amentotaxus
穗花杉 A. argotaenia	cpDNA, mtDNA, nSSRs	历史生境破碎化和近期生境退化降低了遗传多样性, 建议加强生境修复 Historical fragmentation and recent habitat degradation reduced genetic diversity, suggesting habitat restoration	Ge et al, 2015
台湾穗花杉 A. formosana
云南穗花杉 A. yunnanensis
A. poilanei
红豆杉属 Taxus
密叶红豆杉 T. contorta	cpDNA, nSSRs	第四纪气候震荡导致低遗传多样性, 建议就地和迁地综合保护 Quaternary climatic oscillations resulted in low genetic diversity of species, suggesting in situ and ex situ conservation	Poudel et al, 2014
喜马拉雅红豆杉 T. wallichiana
南方红豆杉 T. mairei
东北红豆杉 T. cuspidata	cpDNA, mtDNA	自然和移栽种群皆具高遗传多样性、无明显遗传结构和丰富基因流, 说明是近期的致濒, 建议就地保护 High genetic diversity, lack of genetic structure, and extensive gene flow were detected in both natural and transplanted populations, indicating recently decrease of the species and suggesting in situ conservation	Su et al, 2018
麻黄科 Ephedraceae
麻黄属 Ephedra
草麻黄 E. sinica	cpDNA	种群内遗传多样性高, 遗传分化显著, 建议保护物种遗传多样性 High genetic diversity within populations and significant genetic differentiation, suggesting gene conservation of species	Yin et al, 2016
中麻黄 E. intermedia	cpDNA		Yin et al, 2016
苏铁科 Cycadaceae
苏铁属 Cycas
攀枝花苏铁 C. panzhihuaensis	AFLP	野生和栽培种群遗传多样性高和遗传分化低, 建议加强迁地保护 High genetic diversity and low genetic differentiation within both wild and cultivated populations, requiring ex situ conservation	Yang et al, 2015
银杏科 Ginkgoaceae
银杏属 Ginkgo
银杏 G. biloba	cpDNA	种群内遗传多样性高, 种群间基因交流频繁, 建议就地保护 High genetic diversity within populations and continual gene flow among populations, suggesting in situ conservation	Gong et al, 2008
罗汉松科 Podocarpaceae
陆均松属 Dacrydium
陆均松 D. pectinatum	ISSR	岛屿种群遗传多样性高, 遗传分化低和基因流丰富, 建议就地保护 High genetic diversity, low genetic differentiation and high gene flow on island populations, suggesting in situ conservation	Su et al, 2010

物种 Species	研究方法 Methods	主要结论 Main results	文献 Reference
杉科 Taxodiaceae
水杉属 Metasequoia
水杉 M. glyptostroboides	RAPD	恢复种群依然未保留足够的遗传多样性, 建议未来迁地保护 Restored populations are lack of sufficient genetic diversity, requiring future ex situ conservation	Li et al, 2005
松科 Pinaceae
银杉属 Cathaya
银杉 C. argyrophylla	nDNA, mtDNA	野生种群遗传多样性极低, 建议迁地保护及人工授粉 Low genetic diversity of wild populations, suggesting ex situ conservation and artificial pollination	Wang & Ge, 2006
冷杉属 Abies
资源冷杉 A. ziyuanensis	cpDNA, mtDNA	种群内遗传多样性低, 种群间遗传分化高, 建议就地保护成年树及幼苗 Low genetic diversity within populations and high genetic differentiation among populations, suggesting in situ protection of adult trees and seedlings	Peng et al, 2012
百山祖冷杉 A. beshanzuensis
元宝山冷杉 A. yuanbaoshanensis
梵净山冷杉 A. fanjingshanensis
紫果冷杉 A. recurvata
巴山冷杉 A. fargesii
红豆杉科 Taxaceae
穗花杉属 Amentotaxus
穗花杉 A. argotaenia	cpDNA, mtDNA, nSSRs	历史生境破碎化和近期生境退化降低了遗传多样性, 建议加强生境修复 Historical fragmentation and recent habitat degradation reduced genetic diversity, suggesting habitat restoration	Ge et al, 2015
台湾穗花杉 A. formosana
云南穗花杉 A. yunnanensis
A. poilanei
红豆杉属 Taxus
密叶红豆杉 T. contorta	cpDNA, nSSRs	第四纪气候震荡导致低遗传多样性, 建议就地和迁地综合保护 Quaternary climatic oscillations resulted in low genetic diversity of species, suggesting in situ and ex situ conservation	Poudel et al, 2014
喜马拉雅红豆杉 T. wallichiana
南方红豆杉 T. mairei
东北红豆杉 T. cuspidata	cpDNA, mtDNA	自然和移栽种群皆具高遗传多样性、无明显遗传结构和丰富基因流, 说明是近期的致濒, 建议就地保护 High genetic diversity, lack of genetic structure, and extensive gene flow were detected in both natural and transplanted populations, indicating recently decrease of the species and suggesting in situ conservation	Su et al, 2018
麻黄科 Ephedraceae
麻黄属 Ephedra
草麻黄 E. sinica	cpDNA	种群内遗传多样性高, 遗传分化显著, 建议保护物种遗传多样性 High genetic diversity within populations and significant genetic differentiation, suggesting gene conservation of species	Yin et al, 2016
中麻黄 E. intermedia	cpDNA		Yin et al, 2016
苏铁科 Cycadaceae
苏铁属 Cycas
攀枝花苏铁 C. panzhihuaensis	AFLP	野生和栽培种群遗传多样性高和遗传分化低, 建议加强迁地保护 High genetic diversity and low genetic differentiation within both wild and cultivated populations, requiring ex situ conservation	Yang et al, 2015
银杏科 Ginkgoaceae
银杏属 Ginkgo
银杏 G. biloba	cpDNA	种群内遗传多样性高, 种群间基因交流频繁, 建议就地保护 High genetic diversity within populations and continual gene flow among populations, suggesting in situ conservation	Gong et al, 2008
罗汉松科 Podocarpaceae
陆均松属 Dacrydium
陆均松 D. pectinatum	ISSR	岛屿种群遗传多样性高, 遗传分化低和基因流丰富, 建议就地保护 High genetic diversity, low genetic differentiation and high gene flow on island populations, suggesting in situ conservation	Su et al, 2010

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