利用昆虫携带的花粉初探西藏入侵植物印加孔雀草在当地传粉网络中的地位

doi:10.17520/biods.2018269

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

入侵植物在新生境中成功定殖后, 通过利用当地传粉昆虫促进繁殖可以更好地保证种群的扩张, 但是入侵植物在当地传粉网络中的角色和地位仍不是很清楚。本文利用西藏近年发现的入侵植物印加孔雀草(Tagetes minuta), 分析其访花昆虫所携带的植物花粉种类, 构建了植物花粉-传粉者网络, 探讨印加孔雀草快速入侵和扩张的可能机制。结果表明印加孔雀草为泛化传粉系统, 共有13种昆虫访花, 其中12种携带有印加孔雀草花粉, 所有花粉中印加孔雀草花粉数量占比为89.89%。12种印加孔雀草传粉昆虫中, 4种泛化传粉昆虫(1种蜂、2种食蚜蝇和1种蝇)是其主要传粉昆虫。本研究揭示印加孔雀草在较短时间内已经成功利用多种当地泛化传粉昆虫为其授粉, 已顺利融入当地的传粉网络, 今后需要更加重视对印加孔雀草的防控。

关键词: 青藏高原, Tagetes minuta, 入侵植物, 传粉网络, 花粉

Abstract

Invasive plants that use local pollinators would better ensure their expansion in the new environment, but the role and status of the invasive plants on local pollination network is still unclear. In this paper, we analyzed the pollen grains of Tagetes minuta carried by pollinators and constructed a plant-pollinator network, to explore the roles and impacts of T. minuta in local pollination network. The results showed that pollination system of T. minuta was generalized, and there were 13 insect species visiting its flowers, 12 of which carried pollen grains of T. minuta, and the pollen grains of T. minuta accounted for 89.89%. Among the 12 pollinator species of T. minuta, one species of bees, two species of scorpion flies and one species of flies are the main pollinators. This study reveals that T. minuta has successfully used a variety of local pollinators for pollination in a relatively short period of time, indicating that T. minuta has strong adaptability and diffusion ability, and it is necessary to pay more attentions to the prevention and control of T. minuta in the future.

Key words: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Tagetes minuta, invasive plants, pollination network, pollen

土艳丽,王力平,王喜龙,王林林,段元文 (2019) 利用昆虫携带的花粉初探西藏入侵植物印加孔雀草在当地传粉网络中的地位. 生物多样性, 27, 306-313. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2018269.

Tu Yanli,Wang Liping,Wang Xilong,Wang Linlin,Duan Yuanwen (2019) Status of invasive plants on local pollination networks: A case study of Tagetes minuta in Tibet based on pollen grains from pollinators. Biodiversity Science, 27, 306-313. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2018269.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2018269

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2019/V27/I3/306

图/表 6

图1 西藏印加孔雀草种群与传粉昆虫。(A)印加孔雀草种群; (B)膜翅目分舌蜂科一种; (C)双翅目蝇类花蝇科一种; (D)双翅目蝇类丽蝇科一种; (E)鳞翅目红灰蝶; (F)鞘翅目拟步甲科一种。

Fig. 1 Population of Tagetes minuta in Tibet and its pollinators. (A) T. minuta population; (B) Colletidae sp.; (C) Anthomyiidae sp.; (D) Calliphoridae sp.; (E) Lycaena phlaeas; (F) Tenebrionidae sp.

表1 印加孔雀草种群的传粉网络的群落水平参数

Table 1 Community level parameters of pollination network of Tagetes minuta population

特征 Traits	网络参数 Parameters
植物种类数 No. of plant species	12
访花昆虫种类数 No. of visiting species	13
植物与昆虫的连接数量 No. of interactions	63
连接度 Connectance	0.404
嵌套度 Nestedness temperature	14.57
加权嵌套度 Weighted nestedness	0.683
特化水平 Specialization level (H°2)	0.147

表2 印加孔雀草种群的传粉网络中植物物种水平的几个参数

Table 2 Several parameters of plants at the species levels in the pollination network of Tagetes minuta population

代码 Codes	植物 Plant species	传粉者种类 Degree	传粉昆虫比例 Normalised degree	物种强度 Species strength	特化水平 Specialization level (d°)
A	印加孔雀草 Tagetes minuta	12	0.923	10.312	0.034
B	狭叶荆芥 Nepeta souliei	8	0.615	0.85	0.095
C	无心菜 Arenaria serphyllifolia	5	0.385	0.086	0.11
D	马先蒿属一种 Pedicularis sp.	6	0.462	0.054	0.085
E	龙胆属一种 Gentiana sp.	4	0.308	0.779	0.467
F	紫草科一种 Boraginaceae sp.	6	0.462	0.107	0.046
G	蓝钟花属一种 Cyananthus sp.	5	0.385	0.328	0.289
H	唇形科一种 Lamiaceae sp.	4	0.308	0.197	0.099
I	唇形科一种 Lamiaceae sp.	1	0.077	0.002	0.045
J	唇形科一种 Lamiaceae sp.	3	0.231	0.037	0.332
K	百合科一种 Liliaceae sp.	3	0.231	0.352	0.563
L	甘青老鹳草 Geranium pylzowianum	6	0.462	0.063	0.117

图2 印加孔雀草的传粉昆虫所携带的花粉扫描图。(A)印加孔雀草; (B)狭叶荆芥; (C)无心菜; (D)马先蒿属一种; (E)龙胆属一种; (F)紫草科一种; (G)蓝钟花属一种; (H-J)唇形科; (K)百合科一种; (L)甘青老鹳草。

Fig. 2 A scan of pollens carried by pollinators of Tagetes minuta. (A) Tagetes minuta; (B) Nepeta souliei; (C) Arenaria serphyllifolia; (D) Pedicularis sp.; (E) Gentiana sp.; (F) Boraginaceae sp.; (G) Cyananthus sp.; (H-J) Lamiaceae spp.; (K) Liliaceae sp.; (L) Geranium pylzowianum.

图3 印加孔雀草的所有访花昆虫携带的花粉网络。上部每个矩形框表示一种传粉者, 下部每个矩形框表示一种植物, 框的宽度与花粉数量成正比。灰线表示植物与传粉者之间的连接。植物及传粉者各编号代表的物种见表2和表3。

Fig. 3 Pollen network carried by pollinators of Tagetes minuta. Upper bars represent insect species and lower bars represent plant species. Bar width is proportional to the frequency of interactions. Lines are relative to the interaction between plants and insects. The codes of species are shown in Table 2 and Table 3.

表3 印加孔雀草种群的传粉网络中传粉昆虫物种水平的几个参数

Table 3 Several parameters of pollinators at the species level in the pollination network of the Tagetes minuta population

代码 Codes	传粉者 Pollinators	昆虫数量 Samples	植物物种 Degree	植物物种比例 Normalised degree	物种强度 Species strength	特化水平 d°
Bee sp.	分舌花蜂科Colletidae	32	11	0.917	1.611	0.006
Syr sp.1	长尾管蚜蝇Eristalis tenax	5	10	0.833	2.194	0.102
Syr sp.2	黑带蚜蝇属Episyrpus	3	7	0.583	0.64	0.024
Syr sp.3	黑带蚜蝇属Episyrpus	3	7	0.583	1.319	0.012
Syr sp.4	食蚜蝇科Syrphidae	1	2	0.167	0.013	0
Fly sp.1	丽蝇科Calliphoridae	2	8	0.667	4.072	0.016
Fly sp.2	丽蝇科Calliphoridae	1	2	0.167	0.299	0.139
Fly sp.3	蝇科Muscidae	1	1	0.083	0.014	0.017
Fly sp.4	花蝇科Anthomyiidae	1	4	0.333	0.303	0.034
Sar sp.	麻蝇科Sarcophadidae	2	4	0.333	0.823	0.056
Pier sp.1	东方菜粉蝶Pieris canidia	1	2	0.167	0.501	0.803
Pier sp.2	红灰蝶Lycaena phlaeas	2	1	0.083	0.003	0.005
Col sp.	拟步甲科Tenebrionidae	1	4	0.333	0.229	0.119

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