生物多样性 ›› 2014, Vol. 22 ›› Issue (4): 516-524. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.13212
所属专题: 昆虫多样性与生态功能
杭佳1, 石云1,2, 刘文惠1, 贺达汉1,3,,A;*()
收稿日期:
2013-09-30
接受日期:
2014-01-14
出版日期:
2014-07-20
发布日期:
2014-07-24
通讯作者:
贺达汉
基金资助:
Jia Hang1, Yun Shi1,2, Wenhui Liu1, Dahan He1,3,*()
Received:
2013-09-30
Accepted:
2014-01-14
Online:
2014-07-20
Published:
2014-07-24
Contact:
He Dahan
摘要:
为了解宁夏黄土丘陵区不同生境地表甲虫群落多样性变化规律及与环境因子的关系, 并探讨不同生态恢复措施对维持地表甲虫群落多样性的影响, 2013年7-8月, 作者利用陷阱法调查了该区6种生境内的地表甲虫群落多样性。结果表明: 灌草混交林地、乔灌混交林地、生态薪炭林地中地表甲虫物种丰富度和个体数量均较高, 天然封育草地、生态经济林地和水平农田中物种丰富度较低, 生态经济林地和水平农田中甲虫个体数量显著高于天然封育草地。不同生境间, 灌草混交林地、乔灌混交林地与生态薪炭林地之间、生态经济林地与水平农田之间甲虫群落组成相似性较高。多元回归分析表明, 草本层生物量、灌木层盖度及土壤含水量是影响甲虫物种丰富度的决定因素, 林冠层盖度和枯落物厚度是决定地表甲虫个体数量的重要因素。CCA分析表明, 枯落物盖度、枯落物厚度、林冠层盖度及草本层盖度是影响地表甲虫群落组成的重要环境因子。研究表明, 灌草混交林地为地表甲虫群落多样性维持较好的生境类型, 是宁夏黄土丘陵区典型生态恢复的最优模式。
杭佳, 石云, 刘文惠, 贺达汉 (2014) 宁夏黄土丘陵区不同生态恢复生境地表甲虫多样性. 生物多样性, 22, 516-524. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.13212.
Jia Hang, Yun Shi, Wenhui Liu, Dahan He (2014) Diversity of ground-dwelling beetles (Coleoptera) in restored habitats in the hill and gully area of Loess Plateau, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. Biodiversity Science, 22, 516-524. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.13212.
图1 研究区样地分布示意图
Fig. 1 Distribution of the sample sites in study area. SG, Shrub/grassland; TS, Tree/shrub mix; FF, Fuel-wood forest; PF, Plantation forest; RG, Naturally restored grassland; TF, Level terraced field; OR, Other regions.
灌草混交林地 SG | 乔灌混交林地 TS | 生态薪炭林地 FF | 天然封育草地 RG | 生态经济林地 PF | 水平农田地 TF | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
林冠层物种数 Species of canopy layer (CS) | 0.00±0.00c | 3.33±0.33a | 0.00±0.00c | 0.00±0.00c | 1.00±0.00b | 0.00±0.00c |
林冠层盖度 Cover of canopy layer (CC) (%) | 0.00±0.00c | 56.67±6.89a | 0.00±0.00c | 0.00±0.00c | 40.33±2.91b | 0.00±0.00c |
灌木层物种数 Number of shrub species (SN) | 3.33±0.33a | 1.33±0.33b | 2.00±0.00b | 0.00±0.00c | 0.00±0.00c | 0.00±0.00c |
灌木层盖度 Cover of shrub species (SC) (%) | 33.15±1.15b | 23.21±1.15c | 43.67±0.88a | 0.00±0.00d | 0.00±0.00d | 0.00±0.00d |
草本层物种数 Number of herb species (HN) | 6.00±0.58b | 8.00±0.58a | 9.00±0.58a | 6.67±0.33b | 4.33±0.33c | 3.33±0.33c |
草本层盖度 Cover of herb species (HC) (%) | 70.33±3.18a | 67.67±1.45a | 60.00±2.89ab | 49.33±2.96b | 23.67±1.33c | 21.35±3.05c |
枯落物盖度 Cover of leaf litter (LC) (%) | 60.12±2.89ab | 66.67±1.67a | 56.62±1.68b | 25.43±1.05c | 23.35±1.68c | 6.53±0.92d |
枯落物厚度 Depth of leaf litter (LD) (cm) | 0.37±0.02b | 0.55±0.03a | 0.33±0.03b | 0.19±0.01c | 0.11±0.01d | 0.05±0.01d |
草本层生物量 Herbaceous biomass (HB) (g/m2) | 156.41±37.68a | 72.40±7.26b | 72.50±3.95b | 51.27±7.90b | 50.21±1.66b | 18.95±2.09b |
土壤含水量 Soil water content (SW) (%) | 21.64±0.32a | 20.71±0.35a | 20.15±0.32a | 14.13±0.57c | 18.01±0.14b | 18.13±0.29b |
海拔 Elevation (ELV) (m) | 1,775.00 | 1,783.00 | 1,808.67 | 1,728.33 | 1,726.33 | 1,833.00 |
坡向 Slop aspect (SA) | 东北坡Northeast | 西南坡 Southwest | 西坡 West | 西南坡 Southwest | 东南坡 Southeast | 东北坡 Northeast |
坡度 Slop gradient (SG) | 10° | 15° | 23° | 21° | 8° | 12° |
表1 宁夏黄土丘陵区不同生境环境特征参数(平均值±标准误)
Table 1 The environmental characteristics (mean±SE) in different habitats in the hill and gully area of Loess Plateau, Ningxia
灌草混交林地 SG | 乔灌混交林地 TS | 生态薪炭林地 FF | 天然封育草地 RG | 生态经济林地 PF | 水平农田地 TF | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
林冠层物种数 Species of canopy layer (CS) | 0.00±0.00c | 3.33±0.33a | 0.00±0.00c | 0.00±0.00c | 1.00±0.00b | 0.00±0.00c |
林冠层盖度 Cover of canopy layer (CC) (%) | 0.00±0.00c | 56.67±6.89a | 0.00±0.00c | 0.00±0.00c | 40.33±2.91b | 0.00±0.00c |
灌木层物种数 Number of shrub species (SN) | 3.33±0.33a | 1.33±0.33b | 2.00±0.00b | 0.00±0.00c | 0.00±0.00c | 0.00±0.00c |
灌木层盖度 Cover of shrub species (SC) (%) | 33.15±1.15b | 23.21±1.15c | 43.67±0.88a | 0.00±0.00d | 0.00±0.00d | 0.00±0.00d |
草本层物种数 Number of herb species (HN) | 6.00±0.58b | 8.00±0.58a | 9.00±0.58a | 6.67±0.33b | 4.33±0.33c | 3.33±0.33c |
草本层盖度 Cover of herb species (HC) (%) | 70.33±3.18a | 67.67±1.45a | 60.00±2.89ab | 49.33±2.96b | 23.67±1.33c | 21.35±3.05c |
枯落物盖度 Cover of leaf litter (LC) (%) | 60.12±2.89ab | 66.67±1.67a | 56.62±1.68b | 25.43±1.05c | 23.35±1.68c | 6.53±0.92d |
枯落物厚度 Depth of leaf litter (LD) (cm) | 0.37±0.02b | 0.55±0.03a | 0.33±0.03b | 0.19±0.01c | 0.11±0.01d | 0.05±0.01d |
草本层生物量 Herbaceous biomass (HB) (g/m2) | 156.41±37.68a | 72.40±7.26b | 72.50±3.95b | 51.27±7.90b | 50.21±1.66b | 18.95±2.09b |
土壤含水量 Soil water content (SW) (%) | 21.64±0.32a | 20.71±0.35a | 20.15±0.32a | 14.13±0.57c | 18.01±0.14b | 18.13±0.29b |
海拔 Elevation (ELV) (m) | 1,775.00 | 1,783.00 | 1,808.67 | 1,728.33 | 1,726.33 | 1,833.00 |
坡向 Slop aspect (SA) | 东北坡Northeast | 西南坡 Southwest | 西坡 West | 西南坡 Southwest | 东南坡 Southeast | 东北坡 Northeast |
坡度 Slop gradient (SG) | 10° | 15° | 23° | 21° | 8° | 12° |
图2 6种生境中地表甲虫物种丰富度和个体数量。图中柱上不同字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05)。各生境名称缩写同图1。
Fig. 2 Species richness and abundance of individual ground- dwelling beetles collected by pitfall traps in different habitats. Means with different letters in bars are significantly different (P<0.05). The meanings of SG, TS, FF, RG, PF and TF are the same as those in Fig.1
乔灌混交林地 TS | 生态薪炭林地 FF | 天然封育草地 RG | 生态经济林地 PF | 水平农田地 TF | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
灌草混交林地 SG | 0.63 | 0.67 | 0.46 | 0.39 | 0.49 |
乔灌混交林地 TS | - | 0.61 | 0.50 | 0.44 | 0.39 |
生态薪炭林地 FF | - | - | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.42 |
天然封育草地 RG | - | - | - | 0.52 | 0.50 |
生态经济林地 PF | - | - | - | - | 0.63 |
表2 不同生境地表甲虫群落的相似性系数
Table 2 Similarity coefficients of ground-dwelling beetle communities in different habitats
乔灌混交林地 TS | 生态薪炭林地 FF | 天然封育草地 RG | 生态经济林地 PF | 水平农田地 TF | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
灌草混交林地 SG | 0.63 | 0.67 | 0.46 | 0.39 | 0.49 |
乔灌混交林地 TS | - | 0.61 | 0.50 | 0.44 | 0.39 |
生态薪炭林地 FF | - | - | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.42 |
天然封育草地 RG | - | - | - | 0.52 | 0.50 |
生态经济林地 PF | - | - | - | - | 0.63 |
回归模型 Regression model | r2 | P | |
---|---|---|---|
物种丰富度 Species richness | -11.68 + 5.35 SC + 0.78 HB + 1.64 SW | 0.83 | 0.000** |
个体数量 Abundance of individual | 76.80 + 12.23 LD + 3.42 CC | 0.72 | 0.000** |
表3 环境因子与地表甲虫物种丰富度和个体数量的回归分析
Table 3 Regression analysis of environmental variables and species richness and abundance of individual ground-dwelling beetles
回归模型 Regression model | r2 | P | |
---|---|---|---|
物种丰富度 Species richness | -11.68 + 5.35 SC + 0.78 HB + 1.64 SW | 0.83 | 0.000** |
个体数量 Abundance of individual | 76.80 + 12.23 LD + 3.42 CC | 0.72 | 0.000** |
图3 地表甲虫群落组成与7个环境因子的CCA排序图。各环境因子名称缩写同表1。
Fig. 3 CCA for beetle species and seven environmental variables which were the most important in shaping the beetle-abundance patterns. The beetle species are marked with 4+4 letter abbreviations, e.g., Carabus brandti = Carabran. The meanings of environmental factors are the same as those in Table 1.
科 Family | 物种 Species | 灌草混交林地 SG | 乔灌混交 林地 TS | 生态薪炭 林地 FF | 天然封育草地 RG | 生态经 济林地 PF | 水平农 田地 TF | 总个体数 Total | 百分比 % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
步甲科 Carabidae | 直角通缘步甲 Pterostichus gebleri | 284 | 333 | 419 | 56 | 144 | 79 | 1,315 | 29.32 |
麻步甲 Carabus brandti | 137 | 248 | 294 | 43 | 6 | 53 | 781 | 17.41 | |
赤胸长步甲 Dolichus halensis | 24 | 16 | 2 | 0 | 290 | 316 | 648 | 14.45 | |
直角婪步甲 Harpalus corporosus | 5 | 3 | 13 | 0 | 36 | 19 | 76 | 1.69 | |
蒙古伪葬步甲 Pseudotaphoxenus mongolicus | 10 | 1 | 34 | 3 | 1 | 20 | 69 | 1.54 | |
婪步甲属一种 Harpalus sp.1 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 38 | 0 | 54 | 1.20 | |
锯步甲属一种 Pristosia sp. | 33 | 4 | 10 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 49 | 1.09 | |
双斑猛步甲 Cymindis binotata | 25 | 12 | 11 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 49 | 1.09 | |
婪步甲属一种 Harpalus sp.2 | 4 | 8 | 2 | 1 | 19 | 14 | 48 | 1.07 | |
半猛步甲 Cymindis daimio | 20 | 3 | 10 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 36 | 0.8 | |
短翅伪葬步甲 Pseudotaphoxenus brevipennis | 4 | 1 | 14 | 3 | 7 | 7 | 36 | 0.8 | |
黄鞘婪步甲 Harpalus pallidipennis | 18 | 10 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 35 | 0.78 | |
婪步甲属一种 Harpalus sp.3 | 5 | 8 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 26 | 0.58 | |
婪步甲属一种 Harpalus sp.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 0.13 | |
中华金星步甲 Calosoma chinense | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 0.09 | |
考氏肉步甲 Broscus kozlovi | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 0.09 | |
金龟科 Scarabaeidae | 小驼嗡蜣螂 Onthophagus gibbulus | 160 | 83 | 10 | 45 | 48 | 56 | 402 | 8.96 |
中华嗡蜣螂 O. sinicus | 150 | 11 | 8 | 5 | 11 | 18 | 203 | 4.53 | |
双顶嗡蜣螂 O. bivertex | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.09 | |
大黑蜣螂属一种 Catharsius sp. | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.09 | |
虎甲科 Cicindelidae | 星斑虎甲 Cicindela kaleea | 72 | 118 | 37 | 25 | 19 | 44 | 315 | 7.02 |
云纹虎甲 C. elisae | 1 | 0 | 0 | 73 | 0 | 0 | 74 | 1.65 | |
拟步甲科 Tenebrionidae | 克小鳖甲 Microdera kraatzi | 0 | 5 | 6 | 47 | 0 | 0 | 58 | 1.29 |
异形琵甲 Blaps variolosa | 11 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 20 | 0.45 | |
条纹琵甲 B. potanini | 0 | 15 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 20 | 0.45 | |
扁长琵甲 B. variolaris | 1 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11 | 0.25 | |
象甲科 Curculionidae | 暗褐尖筒象 Myllocerus pelidnus | 3 | 13 | 0 | 28 | 0 | 0 | 44 | 0.98 |
苜蓿象甲 Hypera postica | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.09 | |
甜菜象甲 Bothynoderse punctiventris | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.09 | |
芫菁科 Meloidae | 苹斑芫菁 Mylabris calida | 6 | 1 | 3 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 0.47 |
凹胸黑芫菁 Epicauta xantusi | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0.11 | |
暗头豆芫菁 Epicauta obscurocephala | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.09 | |
鳃金龟科 Melolonthidae | 小阔胫玛绢金龟 Maladera ovatula | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 0.20 |
福婆鳃金龟 Brahmina faldermanni | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.09 | |
粪金龟科 Geotrupidae | 戴锤角粪金龟 Bolbotrypes davidis | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.09 |
埋葬甲科 Silphidae | 尸葬甲 Necrodes littoralis | 2 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0.18 |
大红斑葬甲 Nicrophorus japonicus | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.09 | |
黄斑葬甲一种 Nicrophorus sp. | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.09 | |
瓢虫科 Coccinellidae | 七星瓢虫 Coccinella septempunctata | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 7 | 0.16 |
异色瓢虫 Harmonia axyridis | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.09 | |
多异瓢虫 Hippodamia variegata | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 0.09 | |
双七瓢虫 Coccinula quatuordecimpustulata | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 0.09 | |
叩甲科 Chrysomelidae | 暗色槽缝叩甲 Agrypnus musculus | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.09 |
总计 Total | 1,011 | 923 | 899 | 360 | 634 | 658 | 4,485 |
宁夏黄土丘陵区不同生境内地表甲虫群落的物种组成与分布
Table S1 Species composition and distribution of ground-dwelling beetle communities within restored habitats in the hill and gully area of Loess Plateau, Ningxia http://www.biodiversity-science.net/fileup/PDF/w2013-212-1.pdf
科 Family | 物种 Species | 灌草混交林地 SG | 乔灌混交 林地 TS | 生态薪炭 林地 FF | 天然封育草地 RG | 生态经 济林地 PF | 水平农 田地 TF | 总个体数 Total | 百分比 % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
步甲科 Carabidae | 直角通缘步甲 Pterostichus gebleri | 284 | 333 | 419 | 56 | 144 | 79 | 1,315 | 29.32 |
麻步甲 Carabus brandti | 137 | 248 | 294 | 43 | 6 | 53 | 781 | 17.41 | |
赤胸长步甲 Dolichus halensis | 24 | 16 | 2 | 0 | 290 | 316 | 648 | 14.45 | |
直角婪步甲 Harpalus corporosus | 5 | 3 | 13 | 0 | 36 | 19 | 76 | 1.69 | |
蒙古伪葬步甲 Pseudotaphoxenus mongolicus | 10 | 1 | 34 | 3 | 1 | 20 | 69 | 1.54 | |
婪步甲属一种 Harpalus sp.1 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 38 | 0 | 54 | 1.20 | |
锯步甲属一种 Pristosia sp. | 33 | 4 | 10 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 49 | 1.09 | |
双斑猛步甲 Cymindis binotata | 25 | 12 | 11 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 49 | 1.09 | |
婪步甲属一种 Harpalus sp.2 | 4 | 8 | 2 | 1 | 19 | 14 | 48 | 1.07 | |
半猛步甲 Cymindis daimio | 20 | 3 | 10 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 36 | 0.8 | |
短翅伪葬步甲 Pseudotaphoxenus brevipennis | 4 | 1 | 14 | 3 | 7 | 7 | 36 | 0.8 | |
黄鞘婪步甲 Harpalus pallidipennis | 18 | 10 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 35 | 0.78 | |
婪步甲属一种 Harpalus sp.3 | 5 | 8 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 26 | 0.58 | |
婪步甲属一种 Harpalus sp.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 0.13 | |
中华金星步甲 Calosoma chinense | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 0.09 | |
考氏肉步甲 Broscus kozlovi | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 0.09 | |
金龟科 Scarabaeidae | 小驼嗡蜣螂 Onthophagus gibbulus | 160 | 83 | 10 | 45 | 48 | 56 | 402 | 8.96 |
中华嗡蜣螂 O. sinicus | 150 | 11 | 8 | 5 | 11 | 18 | 203 | 4.53 | |
双顶嗡蜣螂 O. bivertex | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.09 | |
大黑蜣螂属一种 Catharsius sp. | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.09 | |
虎甲科 Cicindelidae | 星斑虎甲 Cicindela kaleea | 72 | 118 | 37 | 25 | 19 | 44 | 315 | 7.02 |
云纹虎甲 C. elisae | 1 | 0 | 0 | 73 | 0 | 0 | 74 | 1.65 | |
拟步甲科 Tenebrionidae | 克小鳖甲 Microdera kraatzi | 0 | 5 | 6 | 47 | 0 | 0 | 58 | 1.29 |
异形琵甲 Blaps variolosa | 11 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 20 | 0.45 | |
条纹琵甲 B. potanini | 0 | 15 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 20 | 0.45 | |
扁长琵甲 B. variolaris | 1 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11 | 0.25 | |
象甲科 Curculionidae | 暗褐尖筒象 Myllocerus pelidnus | 3 | 13 | 0 | 28 | 0 | 0 | 44 | 0.98 |
苜蓿象甲 Hypera postica | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.09 | |
甜菜象甲 Bothynoderse punctiventris | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.09 | |
芫菁科 Meloidae | 苹斑芫菁 Mylabris calida | 6 | 1 | 3 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 0.47 |
凹胸黑芫菁 Epicauta xantusi | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0.11 | |
暗头豆芫菁 Epicauta obscurocephala | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.09 | |
鳃金龟科 Melolonthidae | 小阔胫玛绢金龟 Maladera ovatula | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 0.20 |
福婆鳃金龟 Brahmina faldermanni | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.09 | |
粪金龟科 Geotrupidae | 戴锤角粪金龟 Bolbotrypes davidis | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.09 |
埋葬甲科 Silphidae | 尸葬甲 Necrodes littoralis | 2 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0.18 |
大红斑葬甲 Nicrophorus japonicus | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.09 | |
黄斑葬甲一种 Nicrophorus sp. | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.09 | |
瓢虫科 Coccinellidae | 七星瓢虫 Coccinella septempunctata | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 7 | 0.16 |
异色瓢虫 Harmonia axyridis | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.09 | |
多异瓢虫 Hippodamia variegata | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 0.09 | |
双七瓢虫 Coccinula quatuordecimpustulata | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 0.09 | |
叩甲科 Chrysomelidae | 暗色槽缝叩甲 Agrypnus musculus | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.09 |
总计 Total | 1,011 | 923 | 899 | 360 | 634 | 658 | 4,485 |
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