城市森林不同林分类型的昆虫多样性: 以南京紫金山南麓为例

doi:10.17520/biods.2022357

生物多样性 ›› 2023, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (2): 22357. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022357

所属专题：昆虫多样性与生态功能

• 研究报告: 动物多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

城市森林不同林分类型的昆虫多样性: 以南京紫金山南麓为例

唐楚飞¹, 葛成², 曹烨¹, 曹弘毅¹, 宋晓晓³, 廖怀建¹^,^*()

1.江苏省农业科学院休闲农业研究所, 南京 210014
2.江苏省农林职业技术学院农学园艺学院, 江苏句容 212400
3.中国农业科学院草原研究所, 呼和浩特 010010

收稿日期:2022-06-29 接受日期:2022-10-13 出版日期:2023-02-20 发布日期:2022-12-31
通讯作者: *廖怀建, E-mail: lhj@jaas.ac.cn
基金资助:
江苏省自然科学基金青年基金(BK20210159);江苏省农业科技自主创新资金(CX(20)3184);江苏省农业科学院探索性颠覆性项目(ZX(21)1227);江苏农林职业技术学院院级课题(2021KJ45)

Insect diversity in different stand types of urban forest: A case study at the southern foot of Zijin Mountain, Nanjing

Chufei Tang¹, Cheng Ge², Ye Cao¹, Hongyi Cao¹, Xiaoxiao Song³, Huaijian Liao¹^,^*()

1. Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014
2. College of Agronomy and Horticulture, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, Jiangsu 212400
3. Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010

Received:2022-06-29 Accepted:2022-10-13 Online:2023-02-20 Published:2022-12-31
Contact: *Huaijian Liao, E-mail: lhj@jaas.ac.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为阐明影响城市森林昆虫多样性的关键因素, 本研究采用扫网法与马氏网法, 于2020年7月下旬至2021年7月上旬对江苏南京紫金山南麓阔叶混交林、针阔混交林、针阔混交沼泽地、针阔混交绿道、人工阔叶绿道和人工针叶林6类生境开展昆虫多样性调查。累计采集昆虫9目78科145种59,648头, 其中鳞翅目、半翅目、膜翅目与双翅目的物种数和个体数相对较高。α-多样性分析结果显示, 阔叶混交林昆虫多样性最高, 人工针叶林最低。仅针阔混交沼泽地与阔叶混交林的昆虫群落中等相似, 其他生境昆虫群落均互相中等不相似或极不相似。冗余分析与Pearson相关性分析结果表明, 虽然各主要昆虫类群α-多样性与环境因素的相关性存在差异, 但总体而言, 影响紫金山南麓昆虫多样性的环境因素主要为人为干扰程度、人流量、气温、日照时长、降水和海拔, 其中植被人为干扰程度影响最为显著, 干扰程度越强, 昆虫多样性越低。科学地规划和管理植被结构是保护城市森林昆虫多样性的关键。

关键词: 城市森林, 昆虫多样性, 影响因素, 人为干扰, 紫金山

Abstract

Aims: This research aimed to clarify the correlation between various environmental factors, such as anthropogenic impacts, and the insect diversity in urban forests, which can lead to the elucidation of key factors that can affect insect diversity in urban forests. Furthermore, this could result in the development and implementation of more efficient conservation guidelines and conservation strategies for the protection of urban species diversity.

Methods: From late July 2020 to early July 2021, with the use of sweeping method and Malaise traps, we collected insects from six habitats with different stand types from Zijin Mountain, Nanjing, including greenway in artificial broadleaf forest, greenway in broadleaf-conifer mixed forest, wetland in broadleaf-conifer mixed forest, as well as woodlands in artificial coniferous forest, broadleaf-conifer mixed forest, and broadleaf mixed forest. Insects were identified using morphological guides from taxonomic monographs. Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Pielou evenness index, Margalef richness index, and Simpson diversity index were used to evaluate α-diversity. Differences between insect diversity in different habitats and taxonomic orders were evaluated by Kruskal-Wallis analyses. Insect diversity in different habitats was estimated by rarefaction and extrapolation analyses. Bray-Curtis distance was calculated to evaluate the similarity of insect diversity and richness between different habitats. The influence of different environmental variables, both abiotic and biotic, on insect diversity was evaluated by redundancy analysis and Pearson correlation. Both samplings of the whole year and a part of summer were used.

Results: A total of 59,648 insects belonging to 145 species in 78 families and 9 orders were collected. Among these, the orders Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera had the highest number of species and relative abundance. Most species were captured between July and September. Rarefaction and extrapolation analyses showed that the collections of specimens can represent the insect communities of each habitat. The α-diversity analyses indicated that woodland in broadleaf mixed forest had the highest insect diversity among sampled habitats, while woodland in artificial coniferous forest had the lowest. Although most habitats do not differ significantly in α-diversity, in terms of species composition, only the wetland in broadleaf-conifer mixed forest was moderately similar to the woodland in broadleaf mixed forest. Other habitats were all moderately dissimilar or very dissimilar to each other. The redundancy analyses showed that artificial interference of vegetation, pedestrian volume, altitude, temperature, sunshine duration, and precipitation were the major variables that significantly impacted insect diversity at the southern foot of Zijin Mountain. In addition, Pearson analyses indicated that most variables are correlated to insect diversity. Despite the different effects environmental variables have on the α-diversity of major insect orders, artificial interference of vegetation had the most significant effect, as our results showed that insect diversity significantly decreased with the increase of artificial interference of vegetation. Considering the correlations between insect diversity and other variables that can be attributed to artificial interferences, we determined that vegetation structure was the variable that has the highest degree of influence on insect diversity in urban forests.

Conclusion: This study clarifies key factors affecting insect diversity in urban forests. This could potentially provide theoretical guidance in urban species diversity conservation. Scientific planning and management of vegetation structure may be the key to preserving insect diversity in urban forests. It is thus suggested that more research on the dominant factors affecting the diversity of the major insect groups be carried out. This, even at a smaller scale according to local conditions, could greatly benefit the dynamic management of urban forests.

Key words: urban forest, insect diversity, influencing factors, artificial interference, Zijin Mountain

唐楚飞, 葛成, 曹烨, 曹弘毅, 宋晓晓, 廖怀建 (2023) 城市森林不同林分类型的昆虫多样性: 以南京紫金山南麓为例. 生物多样性, 31, 22357. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022357.

Chufei Tang, Cheng Ge, Ye Cao, Hongyi Cao, Xiaoxiao Song, Huaijian Liao (2023) Insect diversity in different stand types of urban forest: A case study at the southern foot of Zijin Mountain, Nanjing. Biodiversity Science, 31, 22357. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022357.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2022357

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2023/V31/I2/22357

图/表 8

图1 紫金山南麓昆虫多样性调查样方分布图

Fig. 1 Distribution of sampling sites for insect diversity survey at the southern foot of Zijin Mountain

表1 紫金山南麓不同调查时期昆虫群落结构

Table 1 Insect communities of different sampling periods at the southern foot of Zijin Mountain

类群 Order	科数 No. of families		种数 No. of species		个体数 No. of individuals
类群 Order	7月下旬至9月 Late July to the end of September	全年 Whole year	7月下旬至9月 Late July to the end of September	全年 Whole year	7月下旬至9月 Late July to the end of September	全年 Whole year
膜翅目 Hymenoptera	7	8	13	13	2,740	9,679
鞘翅目 Coleoptera	7	9	15	17	232	1,698
半翅目 Hemiptera	14	14	20	20	1,645	6,807
直翅目 Orthoptera	5	11	7	12	25	245
螳螂目 Mantodea	1	1	1	1	4	4
鳞翅目 Lepidoptera	10	10	29	30	1,861	4,155
蜻蜓目 Odonata	3	3	7	7	59	98
脉翅目 Neuroptera	2	3	2	3	25	30
双翅目 Diptera	19	19	40	42	5,176	36,932
合计 Total	68	78	134	145	11,767	59,648

图2 紫金山南麓昆虫各目物种数和个体数。箱体对应各类群在每次调查中所见的种类或个体数, 箱体上方有相同字母时表示两类群物种数/个体数不具显著性差异, 无相同字母时存在显著差异(P < 0.05)。

Fig. 2 Number of species and individuals of each insect order at the southern foot of Zijin Mountain. Each box represents the number of species or individuals of an order collected in every sample. No significant difference exists between the number of species/individuals of two orders when they share the same letters. The difference in letters indicates a significant difference between orders (P < 0.05).

图3 紫金山南麓不同生境昆虫多样性。小提琴对应各类生境在每次调查中的多样性指数, 小提琴上方有相同字母时表示两类群物种数/个体数不具显著性差异, 无相同字母时存在显著差异(P < 0.05)。生境缩写所对应的含义见图1。

Fig. 3 Insect diversity in different habitats at the southern foot of Zijin Mountain. Each violin represents the diversity index of each sample in each habitat. No significant difference exists between the number of species/individuals of two habitats when they share the same letters. The difference in letters indicates a significant difference between habitats (P < 0.05). The meanings of habitat abbreviations are shown in Fig. 1.

图4 基于稀释外推分析的紫金山南麓不同生境昆虫群落多样性估计。(a)基于Shannon-Wiener多样性指数的估计; (b)基于Margalef丰富度指数的估计; (c)基于Simpson多样性指数的估计。图中实线段基于内插值绘制, 虚线段基于外推值绘制。生境缩写所对应的含义见图1。

Fig. 4 Estimation of insect diversity in different habitats at the southern foot of Zijin Mountain based on rarefaction and extrapolation analyses. (a) Estimation based on Shannon-Wiener diversity index; (b) Estimation based on Margalef richness index; (c) Estimation based on Simpson diversity index. The solid curves were plotted based on interpolated data and the dashed curves were based on extrapolated data. The meanings of habitat abbreviations are shown in Fig. 1.

图5 紫金山南麓不同生境昆虫群落相似性聚类。生境缩写所对应的含义见图1。

Fig. 5 Similarity cluster of insect communities in different habitats at the southern foot of Zijin Mountain. The meanings of habitat abbreviations are shown in Fig. 1.

图6 紫金山南麓昆虫群落多样性与环境因子的冗余分析排序结果。(a)基于7月下旬至9月调查样本的昆虫群落多样性分析结果; (b)基于全年样本的昆虫群落多样性分析结果; (c)基于7月下旬至9月调查样本的双翅目、鳞翅目、半翅目和膜翅目群落多样性分析结果; (d)基于全年样本的双翅目、鳞翅目、半翅目和膜翅目群落多样性分析结果。a-b图中紫色参数为昆虫多样性指数, 绿色参数为显著影响昆虫多样性的环境因素, 灰色参数为不显著影响昆虫多样性的环境因素。c-d图中黑色参数为显著影响昆虫多样性的环境因素, 灰色参数为不显著影响昆虫多样性的环境因素; 彩色参数为昆虫多样性指数, 橙色为鳞翅目, 绿色为膜翅目, 红色为半翅目, 蓝色为双翅目; “D”为Simpson多样性指数缩写, “H”为Shannon-Wiener多样性指数缩写, “J”为Pielou均匀度指数缩写, “R”为Margalef丰富度指数缩写。

Fig. 6 RDA (Redundancy analysis) sequence diagram of community diversity of insects and environmental factors at the southern foot of the Zijin Mountain. (a) Results based on samplings of Insecta from late July to the end of September; (b) Results based on the whole-year samplings of Insecta; (c) Results based on samplings of Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and Hemiptera from late July to the end of September; (d) Results based on the whole year samplings of Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and Hemiptera. LOD, Length of daytime; UVI, Ultra-violet index. For figures a-b, diversity indices are in purple. Factors significantly affected insect diversity are in green. Factors irrelevant to insect diversity are in grey. For figures c-d, factors significantly affected insect diversity are in black. Factors irrelevant to insect diversity are in grey. Diversity indices are in colors. Orange corresponds to Lepidoptera, green corresponds to Hymenoptera, red corresponds to Hemiptera, and blue corresponds to Diptera. ‘D’ represents the Simpson diversity index. ‘H’ represents the Shannon-Wiener diversity index. ‘J’ represents the Pielou evenness index. ‘R’ represents the Margalef richness index.

图7 紫金山南麓昆虫多样性与环境因子的相关性。圆圈大小和颜色对应相关性大小, 相关性越强, 圆圈面积越大, 颜色越深, 正相关为蓝色, 负相关为红色。“*”指在0.05水平显著相关, “**”指在0.01水平显著相关, “***”指在0.001水平显著相关。

Fig. 7 The correlation between insect diversity and environmental factors from samplings of the southern foot of the Zijin Mountain. The area and color of the circles refer to the strength of correlations. The stronger the correlation is, the larger and deeper the circle is. Circles are in blue if the correlation is positive and in red if the correlation is negative. LOD, Length of daytime; UVI, Ultra-violet index. ‘*’ refer to significance at the 0.05 level. ‘**’ refer to significance at the 0.01 level. ‘***’ refer to significance at the 0.001 level.

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城市森林不同林分类型的昆虫多样性: 以南京紫金山南麓为例

Insect diversity in different stand types of urban forest: A case study at the southern foot of Zijin Mountain, Nanjing

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