北美水貂和欧亚水獭在东北地区的分布与生态位重叠

doi:10.17520/biods.2022289

生物多样性 ›› 2023, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (1): 22289. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022289

• 研究报告: 动物多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

北美水貂和欧亚水獭在东北地区的分布与生态位重叠

陈敏豪¹, 张超², 王嘉栋¹, 湛振杰¹, 陈君帜², 栾晓峰¹^,^*()

1.北京林业大学生态与自然保护学院, 北京 100083
2.国家林业和草原局国家公园(自然保护地)发展中心, 北京 100714

收稿日期:2022-05-27 接受日期:2022-08-31 出版日期:2023-01-20 发布日期:2022-11-11
通讯作者: *栾晓峰, E-mail: luanxiaofeng@bjfu.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(31972944)

Distribution and niche overlap of American mink and Eurasian otter in Northeast China

Minhao Chen¹, Chao Zhang², Jiadong Wang¹, Zhenjie Zhan¹, Junzhi Chen², Xiaofeng Luan¹^,^*()

1. School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083
2. National Park (Protected Area) Development Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100714

Received:2022-05-27 Accepted:2022-08-31 Online:2023-01-20 Published:2022-11-11
Contact: *Xiaofeng Luan, E-mail: luanxiaofeng@bjfu.edu.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

作为入侵物种, 北美水貂(Neovison vison)在欧洲引起了一系列生态问题, 侵占了欧亚水獭(Lutra lutra)的生态空间, 其入侵性对当地生物多样性和生态系统构成了严重威胁。水貂引入我国东北地区已有70多年的历史, 然而国内对其野外种群却鲜有研究。掌握水貂种群的入侵范围、入侵影响因素以及与本地具有相似生态位的欧亚水獭之间的竞争关系, 对水貂的入侵管理和东北地区的生物多样性保护具有重要意义。本研究利用实地调查和文献资料获取的分布信息, 通过集合模型识别水貂和水獭的潜在分布区, 评估水貂对水獭在地理空间上的入侵风险, 并通过主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)评估其生态位重叠和影响因素。结果表明: (1)我国东北地区水貂的潜在分布区面积为61,944.57 km², 水獭的潜在分布区面积为83,590.94 km², 两者重叠区域面积为50,544.21 km², 占水獭潜在分布区面积的60.47%; (2)从各省分布情况来看, 黑龙江省水獭受水貂入侵的风险最高, 潜在分布区重叠的比例达到78.94%, 其次是吉林省, 重叠比例约为53.80%; (3)水貂和水獭生态位存在高度重叠, Schoener’s D值达到0.60。单因子生态位分析结果表明, 水獭比水貂对耕地密度更加敏感, 集中分布在低耕地密度区; 水獭和水貂均倾向选择有林地密度较高的区域, 但水貂在有林地密度的选择上更加平滑, 对森林的依赖程度比水獭低; 水貂相比水獭更倾向选择降水量低的区域; 水獭比水貂更倾向选择高海拔的栖息地。根据地理分布特征和生态位分析的结果, 我们建议通过控制人为干扰调控水獭和水貂的竞争关系, 以抑制水貂在东北地区的入侵。

关键词: 北美水貂, 欧亚水獭, 种间竞争, 入侵物种, 生态位重叠

Abstract

Aims: As an invasive species, the American mink (Neovison vison) has caused a series of ecological problems in Europe. It competes for ecological space with the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra), and its invasiveness poses a serious threat to local biodiversity and ecosystem. However, minks have been introduced into the Northeast China for more than 70 years, yet there are few studies on the field population of minks in China. The purpose of this study is to understand the influencing factors and invasive range distribution of the mink population and the competition relationship between minks and otters with a similar ecological niche.

Methods: In this study, based on the distribution information obtained from field investigation and literature, the potential distribution areas of American mink and Eurasian otter were identified by utilizing an ensemble model, and the geospatial invasion risk of American mink to Eurasian otter was assessed. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to assess niche overlap and influencing factors.

Results: The potential distribution area of American mink was 61,944.57 km², while the potential distribution area of Eurasian otter was 83,590.94 km², and the overlapping area was 50,544.21 km², accounting for 60.47% of the potential distribution area of otters in Northeast China. With distribution by province, otters in Heilongjiang Province had the highest risk of invasion by minks, and the overlap ratio of potential distribution area is 78.94%, followed by Jilin province with an overlap of 53.80%. The environmental niche of minks and otters was highly overlapped, with Schoener’s D value reaching 0.60. The results of single-factor niche analysis indicated that otters were more sensitive to cultivated land density than minks and concentrate in low cultivated land density areas. Otters and minks tended to choose areas with higher forest density, but minks had a smoother selection of forest density and were less dependent on forest than otters. Minks preferred areas with lower precipitation than otters and otters preferred higher-altitude habitats to minks.

Conclusion: According to the geographical distribution characteristics and the results of niche analysis, we suggest that the competition between otter and mink should be regulated by controlling human disturbance to suppress the mink invasion in Northeast China.

Key words: American mink, Eurasian otter, interspecific competition, invasive species, niche overlap

陈敏豪, 张超, 王嘉栋, 湛振杰, 陈君帜, 栾晓峰 (2023) 北美水貂和欧亚水獭在东北地区的分布与生态位重叠. 生物多样性, 31, 22289. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022289.

Minhao Chen, Chao Zhang, Jiadong Wang, Zhenjie Zhan, Junzhi Chen, Xiaofeng Luan (2023) Distribution and niche overlap of American mink and Eurasian otter in Northeast China. Biodiversity Science, 31, 22289. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022289.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2022289

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2023/V31/I1/22289

图/表 5

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环境变量 Environmental variables	重要性 Importance		平方和的平方根 RSS	物种分布模型 SDM	生态位量化 Niche quantification^*	数据来源 Data sources
环境变量 Environmental variables	水貂 Mink	水獭 Otter	平方和的平方根 RSS	物种分布模型 SDM	生态位量化 Niche quantification^*	数据来源 Data sources
距水域距离 Distance from water	0.765	0.692	1.031	●	●	全国地理信息资源目录服务系统 National Catalogue Service for Geographic Information https://www.webmap.cn/
居民点密度 Residential density	0.124	0.036	0.129	●	●	资源环境科学与数据中心 Resource and Environment Science and Data Center http://www.resdc.cn/Default.aspx/
耕地密度 Cultivated land density	0.037	0.112	0.118	●	●	资源环境科学与数据中心 Resource and Environment Science and Data Center http://www.resdc.cn/Default.aspx/
最干季降水量 Precipitation of driest quarter	0.056	0.056	0.080	●	●	世界气候数据网站 WorldClim http://www.worldclim.org/
海拔 Elevation	0.070	0.005	0.071	●	●	SRTM 90 m数字高程数据 SRTM 90 m Digital Elevation Database http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/
有林地密度 Forest density	0.021	0.029	0.036	●	●	资源环境科学与数据中心 Resource and Environment Science and Data Center http://www.resdc.cn/Default.aspx/
最湿季降水量 Precipitation of wettest quarter	0.014	0.001	0.014	●	●	世界气候数据网站 WorldClim http://www.worldclim.org/
坡度 Slope	0.008	0.002	0.009	●	×	SRTM 90 m数字高程数据 SRTM 90 m Digital Elevation Database http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/
地表起伏度 Relief degree of land surface	0.007	0.004	0.008	●	×	全球变化科学研究数据出版系统 Global Change Research Data Publishing and Repository http://www.geodoi.ac.cn/
距一级支流距离 Distance from primary tributaries	0.004	0.007	0.008	●	×	全国地理信息资源目录服务系统 National Catalogue Service for Geographic Information https://www.webmap.cn
距二级支流距离 Distance from secondary tributaries	0.007	0.002	0.008	●	×	全国地理信息资源目录服务系统 National Catalogue Service for Geographic Information https://www.webmap.cn
坡向 Aspect	0.005	0.003	0.006	●	×	SRTM 90 m数字高程数据 SRTM 90 m Digital Elevation Database http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/
距主要河流距离 Distance from major rivers	0.004	0.001	0.004	●	×	全国地理信息资源目录服务系统 National Catalogue Service for Geographic Information https://www.webmap.cn
距道路距离 Distance from road	0.002	0.000	0.002	●	×	全国地理信息资源目录服务系统 National Catalogue Service for Geographic Information https://www.webmap.cn
距城镇距离 Distance from town	0.001	0.001	0.001	●	×	资源环境科学与数据中心 Resource and Environment Science and Data Center http://www.resdc.cn/Default.aspx
年降水量 Annual precipitation	-	-	-	×	×	世界气候数据网站 WorldClim http://www.worldclim.org/

环境变量 Environmental variables	重要性 Importance		平方和的平方根 RSS	物种分布模型 SDM	生态位量化 Niche quantification^*	数据来源 Data sources
环境变量 Environmental variables	水貂 Mink	水獭 Otter	平方和的平方根 RSS	物种分布模型 SDM	生态位量化 Niche quantification^*	数据来源 Data sources
距水域距离 Distance from water	0.765	0.692	1.031	●	●	全国地理信息资源目录服务系统 National Catalogue Service for Geographic Information https://www.webmap.cn/
居民点密度 Residential density	0.124	0.036	0.129	●	●	资源环境科学与数据中心 Resource and Environment Science and Data Center http://www.resdc.cn/Default.aspx/
耕地密度 Cultivated land density	0.037	0.112	0.118	●	●	资源环境科学与数据中心 Resource and Environment Science and Data Center http://www.resdc.cn/Default.aspx/
最干季降水量 Precipitation of driest quarter	0.056	0.056	0.080	●	●	世界气候数据网站 WorldClim http://www.worldclim.org/
海拔 Elevation	0.070	0.005	0.071	●	●	SRTM 90 m数字高程数据 SRTM 90 m Digital Elevation Database http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/
有林地密度 Forest density	0.021	0.029	0.036	●	●	资源环境科学与数据中心 Resource and Environment Science and Data Center http://www.resdc.cn/Default.aspx/
最湿季降水量 Precipitation of wettest quarter	0.014	0.001	0.014	●	●	世界气候数据网站 WorldClim http://www.worldclim.org/
坡度 Slope	0.008	0.002	0.009	●	×	SRTM 90 m数字高程数据 SRTM 90 m Digital Elevation Database http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/
地表起伏度 Relief degree of land surface	0.007	0.004	0.008	●	×	全球变化科学研究数据出版系统 Global Change Research Data Publishing and Repository http://www.geodoi.ac.cn/
距一级支流距离 Distance from primary tributaries	0.004	0.007	0.008	●	×	全国地理信息资源目录服务系统 National Catalogue Service for Geographic Information https://www.webmap.cn
距二级支流距离 Distance from secondary tributaries	0.007	0.002	0.008	●	×	全国地理信息资源目录服务系统 National Catalogue Service for Geographic Information https://www.webmap.cn
坡向 Aspect	0.005	0.003	0.006	●	×	SRTM 90 m数字高程数据 SRTM 90 m Digital Elevation Database http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/
距主要河流距离 Distance from major rivers	0.004	0.001	0.004	●	×	全国地理信息资源目录服务系统 National Catalogue Service for Geographic Information https://www.webmap.cn
距道路距离 Distance from road	0.002	0.000	0.002	●	×	全国地理信息资源目录服务系统 National Catalogue Service for Geographic Information https://www.webmap.cn
距城镇距离 Distance from town	0.001	0.001	0.001	●	×	资源环境科学与数据中心 Resource and Environment Science and Data Center http://www.resdc.cn/Default.aspx
年降水量 Annual precipitation	-	-	-	×	×	世界气候数据网站 WorldClim http://www.worldclim.org/

省份 Province	潜在分布区 Potential distribution (km²)			重叠比例 Proportion of overlap
省份 Province	水貂 Mink	水獭 Otter	重叠区域 Overlapping region	重叠比例 Proportion of overlap
内蒙古 Inner Mongolia	12,616.02	27,758.67	12,135.05	43.72%
辽宁 Liaoning	283.56	2,780.04	266.35	9.58%
吉林 Jilin	8,264.06	14,871.51	8,001.23	53.80%
黑龙江 Heilongjiang	40,780.93	38,180.71	30,141.58	78.94%
总计 Total	61,944.57	83,590.94	50,544.21	60.47%

省份 Province	潜在分布区 Potential distribution (km²)			重叠比例 Proportion of overlap
省份 Province	水貂 Mink	水獭 Otter	重叠区域 Overlapping region	重叠比例 Proportion of overlap
内蒙古 Inner Mongolia	12,616.02	27,758.67	12,135.05	43.72%
辽宁 Liaoning	283.56	2,780.04	266.35	9.58%
吉林 Jilin	8,264.06	14,871.51	8,001.23	53.80%
黑龙江 Heilongjiang	40,780.93	38,180.71	30,141.58	78.94%
总计 Total	61,944.57	83,590.94	50,544.21	60.47%

北美水貂和欧亚水獭在东北地区的分布与生态位重叠

Distribution and niche overlap of American mink and Eurasian otter in Northeast China

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