基于视频监控系统的欧亚水獭活动节律初报及红外相机监测效果评估

doi:10.17520/biods.2020388

生物多样性 ›› 2021, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (6): 770-779.DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020388

基于视频监控系统的欧亚水獭活动节律初报及红外相机监测效果评估

韩雪松¹^,², 董正一¹^,³, 赵格¹, 赵翔¹, 史湘莹¹^,⁴, 吕植¹^,⁵, 李宏奇⁶^,^*()

1.山水自然保护中心, 北京 100871
2.Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1BN
3.Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund 223 62
4.北京大学环境科学与工程学院, 北京 100871
5.北京大学生命科学学院自然保护与社会发展研究中心, 北京 100871
6.青海省环境工程技术评估中心, 西宁 810007

收稿日期:2020-10-08 接受日期:2020-12-27 出版日期:2021-06-20 发布日期:2021-02-18
通讯作者: 李宏奇
作者简介:* E-mail: 13327676380@163.com

Using surveillance cameras to analyze the activity pattern of the Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) and the efficiency of camera trap monitoring

Xuesong Han¹^,², Zhengyi Dong¹^,³, Ge Zhao¹, Xiang Zhao¹, Xiangying Shi¹^,⁴, Zhi Lü¹^,⁵, Hongqi Li⁶^,^*()

1 Shan Shui Conservation Center, Beijing 100871, China
2 Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1BN, UK
3 Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund 223 62, Sweden
4 College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
5 Center for Nature and Society, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
6 Environmental Engineering Assessment Center of Qinghai Province, Xining 810007, China

Received:2020-10-08 Accepted:2020-12-27 Online:2021-06-20 Published:2021-02-18
Contact: Hongqi Li

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

欧亚水獭(Lutra lutra)是淡水生态系统保护的旗舰物种, 目前三江源或为其在中国仅存的连片栖息地之一。然而, 该区域欧亚水獭基础生态学信息尚属空白, 已开展的工作也多依赖于红外相机而可靠性有待评估。本文基于2018-2020年间在青海玉树通过视频监控系统和红外相机收集到的数据, 在分析区内水獭活动节律的同时, 对红外相机监测的有效性和准确性进行了评估。结果表明, 在玉树, 欧亚水獭在每日17时至次日9时活动频率较高, 每年12月至次年6月间拍摄频率较高; 繁殖期或随每年10月个体交配而开始, 至次年6月幼崽独立而终止。红外相机约可捕获69.18%的水獭出现事件, 且拍摄率随事件持续时间的延长而提高; 通过红外相机可以准确地描述出水獭活动节律, 仅有约半数红外相机影像可以准确还原事件主题(56.28%)和多只个体参与的事件中的个体数量(49.35%)。因此, 在使用红外相机对欧亚水獭进行行为学研究时应对这一情况进行充分考虑。

关键词: 欧亚水獭, 三江源, 视频监控系统, 红外相机, 活动节律, 繁殖行为

Abstract

Aim: The Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) is a flagship species for global freshwater ecosystems. As one of the most widely distributed Palearctic mammals, the otter used to inhabit most provinces in China. However, after decades of relentless hunting and habitat degradation, the Sanjiangyuan Region is now one of last strongholds for this species in China. Currently, there still remains an enormous knowledge gap in basic information about this species. Available field information has mostly been acquired through camera trapping, and the reliability of this method is still being questioned considering the revealed underperformance in the monitoring for otters.

Method:Research was conducted in Yushu City, Qinghai Province. We deployed surveillance cameras and camera traps in five monitoring sites with high otter occurrences from Oct. 2018 to May 2020. Using data collected from the surveillance cameras, we analyzed daily and annual activity patterns for the Eurasian otters in the region. To better understand the breeding period for otters, we analyzed the temporal distribution of all breeding related events. Furthermore, using surveillance cameras as reference, we evaluated the efficiency (detection rate, captured duration) and accuracy (behavior/topic, individual number) of camera traps for otter monitoring.

Results:Surveillance cameras recorded 1,033 independent events of the Eurasian otters, and 597 of them were captured by camera traps (Oct.-May). The otters were highly active from 17:00 to 09:00 (+1 day) and there was a higher capture frequency from December to June (+1 year). Most breeding related events were captured from October to April (+1 year). Camera traps detected 69.18% of otter occurrence events, which was positively correlated with an increase in event duration (0-49 s). The temporal distribution of events captured by camera traps showed a significant linear relationship with surveillance camera records, but the durations were significantly shorter. Finally, only 56.28% of the events captured by camera traps provided enough information to discern the otter's behavior; for events with more than one individual, only 49.35% of the camera trap records accurately captured otter's number.

Conclusions:The daily and annual activity patterns of the Eurasian otters in Yushu City were proven in accordance with the precious research conducted in other inland riverine ecosystems. By analyzing breeding related events, we found that the breeding season of the Eurasian otters in Yushu begins with mating behavior starting in October and ending with the dispersal of cubs by June. Although 30.82% of the events were missed by camera traps, they still accurately documented the daily and annual activity patterns of the Eurasian otters. However, because of the amount of missed information, camera traps are not the most reliable method for further quantitative behavioral studies on Eurasian otters.

Key words: Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra), Sanjiangyuan, surveillance camera, camera trap, activity pattern, breeding behavior

韩雪松, 董正一, 赵格, 赵翔, 史湘莹, 吕植, 李宏奇 (2021) 基于视频监控系统的欧亚水獭活动节律初报及红外相机监测效果评估. 生物多样性, 29, 770-779. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020388.

Xuesong Han, Zhengyi Dong, Ge Zhao, Xiang Zhao, Xiangying Shi, Zhi Lü, Hongqi Li (2021) Using surveillance cameras to analyze the activity pattern of the Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) and the efficiency of camera trap monitoring. Biodiversity Science, 29, 770-779. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020388.

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2020388

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2021/V29/I6/770

图/表 6

图1 青海玉树欧亚水獭研究区域及监测点信息

Fig. 1 Study area and field sites of the Eurasian otters in Yushu, Qinghai Province

图2 青海玉树欧亚水獭活动的年周期和日节律

Fig. 2 Annual and daily activity pattern of the Eurasian otters in Yushu, Qinghai Province

图3 不同主题事件的出现频率及记录情况。饼图表示不同类型事件的出现频率; 而每类事件中不同颜色表示两种方法对此类事件的记录情况, 其中: (1)白色为仅由视频监控系统拍摄到的事件; (2)浅灰色为同时由红外相机拍摄到但仅凭红外相机无法判断主题的事件; (3)深灰色为同时由红外相机拍摄到且可仅凭红外相机数据判断主题的事件。

Fig. 3 Frequency and sources for different topics of events. Pie plot shows the time budget of different events: (1) white represents events only captured by surveillance cameras; (2) light grey represents events also captured by camera traps but the topic of which could not be discerned; (3) dark grey represents event also captured by camera traps and the topic of which could be discerned.

图4 青海玉树欧亚水獭不同主题事件的持续时长(仅展示时长在0-300 s的事件, 占总样本量的99.26%)

Fig. 4 Duration of different events of the Eurasian otters in Yushu, Qinghai Province. The figure only shows events shorter than 300 s, accounting 99.26% of all the recorded events.

图5 青海玉树欧亚水獭繁殖相关事件的时间分布

Fig. 5 Temporal pattern of the breeding-related events of the Eurasian otters in Yushu, Qinghai Province

图6 不同时长事件的红外相机拍摄成功率和有效时长

Fig. 6 Detection rates and camera trap captured durations for the events with different durations

参考文献 38

[1]	Bifolchi A, Lodé T (2005) Efficiency of conservation shortcuts: An investigation with otters as umbrella species. Biological Conservation, 126,523-527. DOI URL
[2]	Cianfrani C, Lay GL, Maiorano L, Satizábal HF, Loy A, Guisan A (2011) Adapting global conservation strategies to climate change at the European scale: The otter as a flagship species. Biological Conservation, 144,2068-2080. DOI URL
[3]	Corbet GH (1966) The Terrestrial Mammals of Western Europe. Foulis, London.
[4]	Day CC, Westover MD, Hall LK, Larsen RT, McMillan BR (2016) Comparing direct and indirect methods to estimate detection rates and site use of a cryptic semi-aquatic carnivore. Ecological Indicators, 66,230-234. DOI URL
[5]	Erlinge S (1968) Territoriality of the otter Lutra lutra L . Oikos, 19,81-98. DOI URL
[6]	Findlay MA, Briers RA, Diamond N, White PJC (2017) Developing an empirical approach to optimal camera-trap deployment at mammal resting sites: Evidence from a longitudinal study of an otter Lutra lutra holt . European Journal of Wildlife Research, 63(6),96. DOI URL
[7]	Garcia de Leaniz C, Forman DW, Davies S, Thomson A (2006) Non-intrusive monitoring of otters ( Lutra lutra) using infrared technology . Journal of Zoology, 270,577-584. DOI URL
[8]	Gil-Sánchez JM, Antorán-Pilar E (2020) Camera-trapping for abundance estimation of otters in seasonal rivers: A field evaluation. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 66,72. DOI URL
[9]	Gula R, Theuerkauf J, Rouys S, Legault A (2010) An audio/video surveillance system for wildlife. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 56,803-807. DOI URL
[10]	Guter A, Dolev A, Saltz D, Kronfeld-Schor N (2008) Using videotaping to validate the use of spraints as an index of Eurasian otter ( Lutra lutra) activity . Ecological Indicators, 8,462-465. DOI URL
[11]	Han XS, Shi XY (2019) Otter Investigation & Conservation in China, 2019. (in Chinese)
	韩雪松, 史湘莹 (2019) 2019中国水獭调查与保护报告.] http://www.shanshui.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/20200224074256676.pdf. (accessed on2020-05-29)
[12]	Hauer S, Ansorge H, Zinke O (2002) Mortality patterns of otters ( Lutra lutra) from eastern Germany . Journal of Zoology, 256,361-368. DOI URL
[13]	Honigsfeld AM, Smole J (2011) Phototraps as a non-invasive method of monitoring otters (Lutra lutra): What can we expect? IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 28(A),60-68.
[14]	Hung N, Law CJ (2016) Lutra lutra (Carnivora: Mustelidae) Mammalian Species, 48,109-122. DOI URL
[15]	Kruuk H (1995) Wild Otters: Predation and Populations . Oxford University Press, New York.
[16]	Kruuk H (2006) Otters: Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation . Oxford University Press, New York.
[17]	Kruuk H, Moorhouse A (1991) The spatial organization of otters ( Lutra lutra) in Shetland . Journal of Zoology, 224,41-57. DOI URL
[18]	Kuhn RA, Meyer W (2009) Infrared thermography of the body surface in the Eurasian otter Lutra lutra and the giant otter Pteronura brasiliensis . Aquatic Biology, 6,143-152. DOI URL
[19]	Lerone L, Carpaneto GM, Loy A (2015) Why camera traps fail to detect a semi-aquatic mammal: Activation devices as possible cause. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 39,193-196. DOI URL
[20]	Li F, Zheng X, Zhang HR, Yang JH, Chan BPL (2017) The current status and conservation of otters on the coastal islands of Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China. Biodiversity Science, 25,840-846. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI URL
	李飞, 郑玺, 张华荣, 杨剑焕, 陈辈乐 (2017) 广东省珠海市近海诸岛水獭现状与保护建议. 生物多样性, 25,840-846.]
[21]	Li S, Wang DJ, Xiao ZS, Li XH, Wang TM, Feng LM, Wang Y (2014) Camera-trapping in wildlife research and conservation in China: Review and outlook. Biodiversity Science, 22,685-695. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI URL
	李晟, 王大军, 肖治术, 李欣海, 王天明, 冯利民, 王云 (2014) 红外相机技术在我国野生动物研究与保护中的应用与前景. 生物多样性, 22,685-695.] DOI
[22]	Liles G, Colley R (2000) Otter Lutra lutra Road Deaths in Wales: Identification of Accident Blackspots and Establishment of Mitigation Measures. Environment Agency Wales, Aberystwyth.
[23]	Mason CF, Macdonald SM (2009) Otters: Ecology and Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
[24]	Nichols JD, Bailey LL, O'Connell AF Jr, Talancy NW, Grant EHC, Gilbert AT, Annand EM, Husband TP, Hines JE (2008) Multi-scale occupancy estimation and modelling using multiple detection methods. Journal of Applied Ecology, 45,1321-1329. DOI URL
[25]	Pickles R, Zambrana V, Hoffmann-Heap I, Salinas A, Groombridge J, van Damme P (2011) An evaluation of the utility of camera traps in monitoring giant otter populations. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 28,39-45.
[26]	Quaglietta L, Fonseca VC, Mira A, Boitani L (2014) Sociospatial organization of a solitary carnivore, the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra). Journal of Mammalogy, 95,140-150. DOI URL
[27]	Reuther C (1991) Otters in captivity—A review with special reference to Lutra lutra . In: Proceedings V. International Otter Colloquium Hankensbüttel 1989 (eds Reuther C, Röchert R), pp. 269-307. Aktion Fischotterschutz e.V., Hankensbüttel
[28]	Rheingantz ML, Leuchtenberger C, Zucco CA, Fernandez FAS (2016) Differences in activity patterns of the Neotropical otter Lontra longicaudis between rivers of two Brazilian ecoregions . Journal of Tropical Ecology, 32,170-174. DOI URL
[29]	Rowcliffe MJ, Carbone C, Jansen PA, Kays R, Kranstauber B (2011) Quantifying the sensitivity of camera traps: An adapted distance sampling approach. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 2,464-476. DOI URL
[30]	Ruiz-Olmo J, Delibes M, Zapata SC (1998) External morphometry, demography, and mortality of the otter Lutra lutra (Linneo, 1758) in the Iberian Peninsula . Galemys, 10,239-251.
[31]	Ruiz-Olmo J, Olmo-Vidal JM, Mañas S, Batet A (2002) The influence of resource seasonality on the breeding patterns of the Eurasian otter ( Lutra lutra) in Mediterranean habitats . Canadian Journal of Zoology, 80,2178-2189. DOI URL
[32]	Sollmann R (2018) A gentle introduction to camera-trap data analysis. African Journal of Ecology, 56,740-749. DOI URL
[33]	Stevens SS, Cordes RC, Serfass TL (2004) Use of remote cameras in riparian areas: Challenges and solutions. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 21,1-9.
[34]	Swann DE, Kawanishi K, Palmer J (2011) Evaluating types and features of camera traps in ecological studies:A guide for researchers. In: Camera Traps in Animal Ecology (eds O'Connell AF, Nichols JD, Karanth KU), pp. 27-43. Springer Science & Business Media, New York.
[35]	Tarasoff FJ (1974) Anatomical adaptations in the river otter, sea otter and harp seal with reference to thermal regulation. In: Functional Anatomy of Marine Mammals, Vol. 2 (ed. Harrison RJ), pp. 111-141. Academic Press, London.
[36]	Trowbridge BJ (1983) Olfactory Communication in the European Otter (Lutra lutra). PhD dissertation, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen.
[37]	Wang P, Liu MC, Luo H, Wang PY, Hong MS, Tang Z, Zhou CQ, Zhang JD, Bai WK (2020) The activity patterns of salt-licking behavior differ with gender and seasons in free-ranging sambar deer. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 40,13-18. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	王盼, 刘明冲, 罗欢, 王鹏彦, 洪明生, 唐卓, 周材权, 张晋东, 白文科 (2020) 水鹿的舔盐活动模式呈现性别和季节差异. 兽类学报, 40,13-18.]
[38]	Zhang L, Wang Q, Yang LL, Li F, Chan BPL, Xiao Z, Li S, Song D, Piao Z, Fan P (2018) The neglected otters in China: Distribution change in the past 400 years and current conservation status. Biological Conservation, 228,259-267. DOI URL

基于视频监控系统的欧亚水獭活动节律初报及红外相机监测效果评估

Using surveillance cameras to analyze the activity pattern of the Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) and the efficiency of camera trap monitoring

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 6

参考文献 38

相关文章 15

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价

[1]	邹博研, 罗概, 朱博伟, 冉江洪, 房超. 川西高原三种雉类与其捕食者赤狐的空间关系[J]. 生物多样性, 2021, 29(7): 918-926.
[2]	孔玥峤, 李晟, 刘宝权, 周佳俊, 李成, 余建平. 2010–2020年中华穿山甲在中国的发现记录及保护现状[J]. 生物多样性, 2021, 29(7): 910-917.
[3]	姬云瑞, 陶义, 李昌林, 李迪强, 赵定, 刘芳. 利用红外相机调查四川雪宝顶国家级自然保护区鸟类和兽类多样性[J]. 生物多样性, 2021, 29(6): 805-810.
[4]	莫锦华, 姬云瑞, 许涵, 李迪强, 刘芳. 海南尖峰岭国家级自然保护区森林动态监测样地鸟类和兽类多样性[J]. 生物多样性, 2021, 29(6): 819-824.
[5]	黄凯, 万雅琼, 李佳琦, 朱宇静, 孙治宇, 夏万才, 黎大勇, 任宝平. 四川白河国家级自然保护区鸟兽红外相机监测[J]. 生物多样性, 2021, 29(4): 554-559.
[6]	王天明, 冯利民, 杨海涛, 鲍蕾, 王红芳, 葛剑平. 东北虎豹生物多样性红外相机监测平台概述[J]. 生物多样性, 2020, 28(9): 1059-1066.
[7]	William J.McShea, 申小莉, 刘芳, 王天明, 肖治术, 李晟. 中国的野生动物红外相机监测需要统一的标准[J]. 生物多样性, 2020, 28(9): 1125-1131.
[8]	贺如川, 王林, 权锐昌. 中国滇南-东南亚跨境动物多样性监测平台概述[J]. 生物多样性, 2020, 28(9): 1097-1103.
[9]	李晟, William J. McShea, 王大军, 申小莉, 卜红亮, 官天培, 王放, 古晓东, 张晓峰, 廖灏泓. 西南山地红外相机监测网络建设进展[J]. 生物多样性, 2020, 28(9): 1049-1058.
[10]	王东, 万雅琼, 汪世钊, 陈佳萍, 吴彤, 李佳琦, 连新明. 基于红外相机技术调查长江正源沱沱河流域鸟兽多样性[J]. 生物多样性, 2020, 28(9): 1132-1140.
[11]	包新康, 王亮, 卢梦洁, 裴鹏祖, 李建亮, 马东辉, 李佳琦. 利用红外相机监测甘肃安西极旱荒漠国家级自然保护区鸟兽物种多样性[J]. 生物多样性, 2020, 28(9): 1141-1146.
[12]	李林妙, 池辉云, 万雅琼, 周佳滨, 张礼标, 何向阳, 黄文忠, 张伯军, 徐湛荣, 刘昌传, 赖任燕, 朱秀芳, 李友余, 李佳琦, 陈金平. 广东云开山国家级自然保护区鸟兽红外相机调查初报[J]. 生物多样性, 2020, 28(9): 1154-1159.
[13]	万雅琼, 李佳琦, 杨兴文, 李晟, 徐海根. 基于红外相机的中国哺乳动物多样性观测网络建设进展[J]. 生物多样性, 2020, 28(9): 1115-1124.
[14]	范宗骥, 欧阳学军, 万雅琼, 肖文宏, 谢文贵, 欧世坤, 邓锡杰, 黄忠良, 肖治术. 基于红外相机技术对广东鼎湖山及其周边林地的鸟兽调查[J]. 生物多样性, 2020, 28(9): 1147-1153.
[15]	贾丁, 李沛芸, 赵翔, 程琛, 肖凌云, 吕植. 三江源红外相机社区监测平台概述[J]. 生物多样性, 2020, 28(9): 1104-1109.