基于视频监控系统的欧亚水獭活动节律初报及红外相机监测效果评估

doi:10.17520/biods.2020388

生物多样性 ›› 2021, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (6): 770-779.DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020388

基于视频监控系统的欧亚水獭活动节律初报及红外相机监测效果评估

韩雪松¹^,², 董正一¹^,³, 赵格¹, 赵翔¹, 史湘莹¹^,⁴, 吕植¹^,⁵, 李宏奇⁶^,^*()

1.山水自然保护中心, 北京 100871
2.Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1BN
3.Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund 223 62
4.北京大学环境科学与工程学院, 北京 100871
5.北京大学生命科学学院自然保护与社会发展研究中心, 北京 100871
6.青海省环境工程技术评估中心, 西宁 810007

收稿日期:2020-10-08 接受日期:2020-12-27 出版日期:2021-06-20 发布日期:2021-02-18
通讯作者: 李宏奇
作者简介:* E-mail: 13327676380@163.com

Using surveillance cameras to analyze the activity pattern of the Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) and the efficiency of camera trap monitoring

Xuesong Han¹^,², Zhengyi Dong¹^,³, Ge Zhao¹, Xiang Zhao¹, Xiangying Shi¹^,⁴, Zhi Lü¹^,⁵, Hongqi Li⁶^,^*()

1 Shan Shui Conservation Center, Beijing 100871, China
2 Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1BN, UK
3 Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund 223 62, Sweden
4 College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
5 Center for Nature and Society, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
6 Environmental Engineering Assessment Center of Qinghai Province, Xining 810007, China

Received:2020-10-08 Accepted:2020-12-27 Online:2021-06-20 Published:2021-02-18
Contact: Hongqi Li

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

欧亚水獭(Lutra lutra)是淡水生态系统保护的旗舰物种, 目前三江源或为其在中国仅存的连片栖息地之一。然而, 该区域欧亚水獭基础生态学信息尚属空白, 已开展的工作也多依赖于红外相机而可靠性有待评估。本文基于2018-2020年间在青海玉树通过视频监控系统和红外相机收集到的数据, 在分析区内水獭活动节律的同时, 对红外相机监测的有效性和准确性进行了评估。结果表明, 在玉树, 欧亚水獭在每日17时至次日9时活动频率较高, 每年12月至次年6月间拍摄频率较高; 繁殖期或随每年10月个体交配而开始, 至次年6月幼崽独立而终止。红外相机约可捕获69.18%的水獭出现事件, 且拍摄率随事件持续时间的延长而提高; 通过红外相机可以准确地描述出水獭活动节律, 仅有约半数红外相机影像可以准确还原事件主题(56.28%)和多只个体参与的事件中的个体数量(49.35%)。因此, 在使用红外相机对欧亚水獭进行行为学研究时应对这一情况进行充分考虑。

关键词: 欧亚水獭, 三江源, 视频监控系统, 红外相机, 活动节律, 繁殖行为

Abstract

Aim: The Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) is a flagship species for global freshwater ecosystems. As one of the most widely distributed Palearctic mammals, the otter used to inhabit most provinces in China. However, after decades of relentless hunting and habitat degradation, the Sanjiangyuan Region is now one of last strongholds for this species in China. Currently, there still remains an enormous knowledge gap in basic information about this species. Available field information has mostly been acquired through camera trapping, and the reliability of this method is still being questioned considering the revealed underperformance in the monitoring for otters.

Method:Research was conducted in Yushu City, Qinghai Province. We deployed surveillance cameras and camera traps in five monitoring sites with high otter occurrences from Oct. 2018 to May 2020. Using data collected from the surveillance cameras, we analyzed daily and annual activity patterns for the Eurasian otters in the region. To better understand the breeding period for otters, we analyzed the temporal distribution of all breeding related events. Furthermore, using surveillance cameras as reference, we evaluated the efficiency (detection rate, captured duration) and accuracy (behavior/topic, individual number) of camera traps for otter monitoring.

Results:Surveillance cameras recorded 1,033 independent events of the Eurasian otters, and 597 of them were captured by camera traps (Oct.-May). The otters were highly active from 17:00 to 09:00 (+1 day) and there was a higher capture frequency from December to June (+1 year). Most breeding related events were captured from October to April (+1 year). Camera traps detected 69.18% of otter occurrence events, which was positively correlated with an increase in event duration (0-49 s). The temporal distribution of events captured by camera traps showed a significant linear relationship with surveillance camera records, but the durations were significantly shorter. Finally, only 56.28% of the events captured by camera traps provided enough information to discern the otter's behavior; for events with more than one individual, only 49.35% of the camera trap records accurately captured otter's number.

Conclusions:The daily and annual activity patterns of the Eurasian otters in Yushu City were proven in accordance with the precious research conducted in other inland riverine ecosystems. By analyzing breeding related events, we found that the breeding season of the Eurasian otters in Yushu begins with mating behavior starting in October and ending with the dispersal of cubs by June. Although 30.82% of the events were missed by camera traps, they still accurately documented the daily and annual activity patterns of the Eurasian otters. However, because of the amount of missed information, camera traps are not the most reliable method for further quantitative behavioral studies on Eurasian otters.

Key words: Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra), Sanjiangyuan, surveillance camera, camera trap, activity pattern, breeding behavior

韩雪松, 董正一, 赵格, 赵翔, 史湘莹, 吕植, 李宏奇 (2021) 基于视频监控系统的欧亚水獭活动节律初报及红外相机监测效果评估. 生物多样性, 29, 770-779. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020388.

Xuesong Han, Zhengyi Dong, Ge Zhao, Xiang Zhao, Xiangying Shi, Zhi Lü, Hongqi Li (2021) Using surveillance cameras to analyze the activity pattern of the Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) and the efficiency of camera trap monitoring. Biodiversity Science, 29, 770-779. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020388.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2020388

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2021/V29/I6/770

图/表 6

图1 青海玉树欧亚水獭研究区域及监测点信息

Fig. 1 Study area and field sites of the Eurasian otters in Yushu, Qinghai Province

图2 青海玉树欧亚水獭活动的年周期和日节律

Fig. 2 Annual and daily activity pattern of the Eurasian otters in Yushu, Qinghai Province

图3 不同主题事件的出现频率及记录情况。饼图表示不同类型事件的出现频率; 而每类事件中不同颜色表示两种方法对此类事件的记录情况, 其中: (1)白色为仅由视频监控系统拍摄到的事件; (2)浅灰色为同时由红外相机拍摄到但仅凭红外相机无法判断主题的事件; (3)深灰色为同时由红外相机拍摄到且可仅凭红外相机数据判断主题的事件。

Fig. 3 Frequency and sources for different topics of events. Pie plot shows the time budget of different events: (1) white represents events only captured by surveillance cameras; (2) light grey represents events also captured by camera traps but the topic of which could not be discerned; (3) dark grey represents event also captured by camera traps and the topic of which could be discerned.

图4 青海玉树欧亚水獭不同主题事件的持续时长(仅展示时长在0-300 s的事件, 占总样本量的99.26%)

Fig. 4 Duration of different events of the Eurasian otters in Yushu, Qinghai Province. The figure only shows events shorter than 300 s, accounting 99.26% of all the recorded events.

图5 青海玉树欧亚水獭繁殖相关事件的时间分布

Fig. 5 Temporal pattern of the breeding-related events of the Eurasian otters in Yushu, Qinghai Province

图6 不同时长事件的红外相机拍摄成功率和有效时长

Fig. 6 Detection rates and camera trap captured durations for the events with different durations

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基于视频监控系统的欧亚水獭活动节律初报及红外相机监测效果评估

Using surveillance cameras to analyze the activity pattern of the Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) and the efficiency of camera trap monitoring

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