生物多样性 ›› 2022, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (1): 21157. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021157
• 研究报告:动物多样性 • 下一篇
张超1, 陈敏豪1, 杨立2, 庄鸿飞1, 武曙红1, 湛振杰1, 王嘉栋1, 栾晓峰1,*()
收稿日期:
2021-04-24
接受日期:
2021-08-26
出版日期:
2022-01-20
发布日期:
2022-01-29
通讯作者:
栾晓峰
作者简介:
* E-mail: luanxiaofeng@bjfu.edu.cn基金资助:
Chao Zhang1, Minhao Chen1, Li Yang2, Hongfei Zhuang1, Shuhong Wu1, Zhenjie Zhan1, Jiadong Wang1, Xiaofeng Luan1,*()
Received:
2021-04-24
Accepted:
2021-08-26
Online:
2022-01-20
Published:
2022-01-29
Contact:
Xiaofeng Luan
摘要:
水獭是水生生态系统重要的指示种和旗舰种, 由于强烈的人为干扰, 中国的水獭种群数量大幅下降, 部分区域已局部灭绝。然而目前国内对水獭的调查和研究非常有限, 本底不清的状况已经严重影响到水獭的野外保育工作。本文以东北地区的欧亚水獭指名亚种(Lutra lutra lutra)为研究对象, 基于2016-2020年的调查数据, 使用组合建模的方法评估了水獭的潜在分布区; 利用地理信息系统和系统保护规划软件分析了水獭的保护优先区并计算了各省级行政区内水獭潜在分布区和保护优先区面临的人类压力; 结合国家级自然保护区的空间布局分析了水獭的保护现状, 并以内蒙古森工集团、大兴安岭林业集团、伊春森工集团三大国有林区为例分析了重点国有林区在水獭保护中的作用。结果表明: (1)水獭潜在分布区和保护优先区面积分别为104,515.04 km2和45,448.99 km2, 其中大兴安岭的水獭保护优先区集中连片, 并与小兴安岭的保护优先区相连, 栖息地之间没有明显地理隔离, 是维持东北地区水獭种群稳定的重中之重; (2)水獭面临的人类压力大小依次为: 辽宁 > 吉林 > 黑龙江 > 内蒙古; (3)研究区内110个国家级自然保护区中有63个包含水獭潜在分布区, 覆盖面积为12,168.93 km2, 仅占水獭潜在分布区面积的11.64%, 其中32个国家级自然保护区包含水獭保护优先区, 占水獭保护优先区面积的10.88%; (4)三大国有林区涵盖了71.18%的水獭潜在分布区和79.26%的保护优先区(面积分别为74,390.89 km2和36,022.22 km2)。由此可见, 尽管水獭潜在分布区中国家级自然保护区占比较低, 但是在天然林全面禁伐的背景下, 重点国有林区可能在未来东北地区的生物多样性保护中发挥更大作用, 因此我们建议将重点国有林区中具有重要保护价值的区域逐步纳入以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系中, 以实现生物多样性的系统性和完整性保护。最后, 本文结合研究结果和实地调研提出以下保护建议: (1)加强对河流污染物的管理; (2)控制渔民捕鱼强度; (3)开展全面的水獭专项调查并建立长期的监测体系; (4)加大对水獭的科研投入; (5)加强宣传力度, 提升公众保护意识。
张超, 陈敏豪, 杨立, 庄鸿飞, 武曙红, 湛振杰, 王嘉栋, 栾晓峰 (2022) 东北地区水獭分布格局与保护优先区识别. 生物多样性, 30, 21157. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021157.
Chao Zhang, Minhao Chen, Li Yang, Hongfei Zhuang, Shuhong Wu, Zhenjie Zhan, Jiadong Wang, Xiaofeng Luan (2022) Distribution pattern and identification of conservation priority areas of the otter in Northeast China. Biodiversity Science, 30, 21157. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021157.
环境变量 Environmental variables | 第一次方差膨胀因子评估 VIF evaluation for the first time | 第二次方差膨胀因子评估 VIF evaluation for the second time | 重要性 Importance |
---|---|---|---|
年降水量 Annual precipitation | 14.246 | - | - |
最湿季降水量 Precipitation of wettest quarter | 6.432 | 2.815 | 0.017 |
最干季降水量 Precipitation of driest quarter | 4.322 | 2.870 | 0.018 |
距河流距离 Distance from river | 1.361 | 1.357 | 0.521 |
湿润指数 Moisture index | 3.120 | 2.946 | 0.051 |
海拔 Elevation | 7.402 | 7.078 | 0.006 |
地表起伏度 Relief degree of land surface | 6.491 | 6.416 | 0.002 |
有林地密度 Forest density | 2.732 | 2.429 | 0.02 |
距道路距离 Distance from road | 1.389 | 1.376 | 0.003 |
人口密度 Human density | 1.070 | 1.067 | 0.117 |
人类压力 Anthropogenic pressures | 2.590 | 2.500 | 0.048 |
表1 环境变量的方差膨胀因子(VIF)及重要性
Table 1 Variance inflation factor (VIF) value and importance of environmental variables
环境变量 Environmental variables | 第一次方差膨胀因子评估 VIF evaluation for the first time | 第二次方差膨胀因子评估 VIF evaluation for the second time | 重要性 Importance |
---|---|---|---|
年降水量 Annual precipitation | 14.246 | - | - |
最湿季降水量 Precipitation of wettest quarter | 6.432 | 2.815 | 0.017 |
最干季降水量 Precipitation of driest quarter | 4.322 | 2.870 | 0.018 |
距河流距离 Distance from river | 1.361 | 1.357 | 0.521 |
湿润指数 Moisture index | 3.120 | 2.946 | 0.051 |
海拔 Elevation | 7.402 | 7.078 | 0.006 |
地表起伏度 Relief degree of land surface | 6.491 | 6.416 | 0.002 |
有林地密度 Forest density | 2.732 | 2.429 | 0.02 |
距道路距离 Distance from road | 1.389 | 1.376 | 0.003 |
人口密度 Human density | 1.070 | 1.067 | 0.117 |
人类压力 Anthropogenic pressures | 2.590 | 2.500 | 0.048 |
图2 模型选择标准(TSS: 真实技巧统计值; AUC: 受试者操作特征曲线下的面积值)。GLM: 广义线性模型; GBM: 广义推进模型; GAM: 广义加法模型; CTA: 分类树模型; ANN: 人工神经网络模型; SRE: 表面分布区分室模型; FDA: 柔性判别分析; MARS: 多元适应回归样条函数; RF: 随机森林; MaxEnt: 最大熵模型。
Fig. 2 Models selection (TSS, True skill statistics; AUC, Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve). GLM, Generalized linear model; GBM, Generalized boosted regression model; GAM: Generalized additive model; CTA, Classification tree analysis; ANN, Artificial neural network; SRE, Surface range envelope; FDA, Flexible discriminant analysis; MARS, Multiple adaptive regression splines; RF: Random forest; MaxEnt, Maximum entropy.
潜在分布区面积 Potential distribution (km2) | 保护优先区面积 Conservation priority areas (km2) | 潜在分布区平均人类压力 Mean anthropogenic pressures of potential distribution (0-1) | 保护优先区平均人类压力 Mean anthropogenic pressures of conservation priority areas (0-1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
内蒙古 Inner Mongolia | 50,503.58 | 30,613.58 | 0.063 | 0.045 |
黑龙江 Heilongjiang | 48,533.40 | 10,269.55 | 0.078 | 0.065 |
吉林 Jilin | 5,250.36 | 4,338.16 | 0.148 | 0.135 |
辽宁 Liaoning | 227.7 | 227.7 | 0.223 | 0.223 |
表2 东北各省/自治区水獭潜在分布区和保护优先区面积及平均人类压力
Table 2 Potential distribution and conservation priority areas of the otter and mean anthropogenic pressures in each provinces/ autonomous region
潜在分布区面积 Potential distribution (km2) | 保护优先区面积 Conservation priority areas (km2) | 潜在分布区平均人类压力 Mean anthropogenic pressures of potential distribution (0-1) | 保护优先区平均人类压力 Mean anthropogenic pressures of conservation priority areas (0-1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
内蒙古 Inner Mongolia | 50,503.58 | 30,613.58 | 0.063 | 0.045 |
黑龙江 Heilongjiang | 48,533.40 | 10,269.55 | 0.078 | 0.065 |
吉林 Jilin | 5,250.36 | 4,338.16 | 0.148 | 0.135 |
辽宁 Liaoning | 227.7 | 227.7 | 0.223 | 0.223 |
图5 水獭潜在分布区(a)和保护优先区(b)面临的人类压力。NMG: 内蒙古; HLJ: 黑龙江; JL: 吉林; LN: 辽宁。
Fig. 5 Anthropogenic pressures in potential distribution (a) and conservation priority areas (b) of the otter. NMG: Inner Mongolia; HLJ: Heilongjiang; JL: Jilin; LN: Liaoning.
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[13] | 朱瑞良, 马晓英, 曹畅, 曹子寅. 中国苔藓植物多样性研究进展[J]. 生物多样性, 2022, 30(7): 22378-. |
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