基于红外相机揭示浙江省金塘岛欧亚水獭对同域物种及人类干扰的时空响应

doi:10.17520/biods.2025148

生物多样性 ›› 2025, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (9): 25148. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025148 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2025148

• 研究报告: 动物多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

基于红外相机揭示浙江省金塘岛欧亚水獭对同域物种及人类干扰的时空响应

樊广泰¹^,²^,^#(), 陈奕宁³^,^#, 何既白³, 窦海龙⁴, 陈纪元³, 杨海涛¹(), 沈秋³^,^*(), 关宏灿¹^,^*()()

1.海南大学生态学院, 海口 570228
2.海南大学热带农林学院, 海南儋州 571737
3.杭州原乡野地生态保护与研究中心, 杭州 310012
4.曲阜师范大学生命科学学院, 山东曲阜 273165

收稿日期:2025-04-25 接受日期:2025-09-19 出版日期:2025-09-20 发布日期:2025-10-31
通讯作者: *E-mail: cho.shen@qq.com; guanhongcan@gmail.com
作者简介:^#共同第一作者
基金资助:
联合国开发计划署及全球环境基金小额赠款计划资助(CPR/SGP/OP7/Y4/STAR/BD/2023/01)

Investigating the adaptation of Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) to human disturbance and the coexistence with sympatric species using camera trapping: A case study from Jintang Island, Zhejiang Province, China

Guangtai Fan¹^,²^,^#(), Yining Chen³^,^#, Jibai He³, Hailong Dou⁴, Jiyuan Chen³, Haitao Yang¹(), Qiu Shen³^,^*(), Hongcan Guan¹^,^*()()

1 School of Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
2 School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, China
3 Hangzhou Yuanxiang Wildness Conservation Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
4 School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, China

Received:2025-04-25 Accepted:2025-09-19 Online:2025-09-20 Published:2025-10-31
Contact: *E-mail: cho.shen@qq.com; guanhongcan@gmail.com
About author:^#Co-first authors
Supported by:
United Nations Development Programme and the Global Environment Facility Small Grants Programme(CPR/SGP/OP7/Y4/STAR/BD/2023/01)

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 欧亚水獭(Lutra lutra)曾遍布中国全境, 但因栖息地破坏和过度捕猎甚至在中国一度濒临消失。近年来浙江沿海多个岛屿重现欧亚水獭踪迹, 其中金塘岛虽以工业、港口物流业为主, 却是浙江省目前已知欧亚水獭活动最频繁的岛屿。为了探究欧亚水獭在金塘岛对人类干扰的适应以及与同域分布物种之间的生态位关系, 本研究在浙江省金塘岛陆续布设了100台红外相机。自2023年8月27日起至2024年2月29日经历13,969个有效工作日, 获得动物与人类独立事件数9,214个, 并采用核密度和空间重叠分析方法量化了欧亚水獭与人类干扰(人类活动)及同域分布物种(鼠类、鼩鼱、黄鼬Mustela sibirica、獐Hydropotes inermis、猫、狗和其他畜禽)的时空重叠情况。结果表明, 欧亚水獭表现出显著的夜行性活动特征, 活动峰值时段为0:00-4:00, 与多数同域分布物种具有高度时间生态位重叠(时间重叠指数Δ > 0.60)。此外, 欧亚水獭在活动空间上与人类活动呈现较高的重叠(Pianka’s指数 = 0.430), 但在活动时间上存在显著的回避(时间重叠指数Δ = 0.17)。这一发现揭示了欧亚水獭通过时间上的回避, 实现了空间上的人獭共存, 这可能是欧亚水獭适应城市环境的生态适应策略。本研究结果加深了对沿海岛屿城市中欧亚水獭与人类及其同域物种之间共存机制的理解, 为持续城市化背景下沿海岛屿地区欧亚水獭的保护提供了参考与建议。

关键词: 欧亚水獭, 人类干扰, 相机陷阱技术, 活动模式, 时空重叠

Abstract

Aims: The Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) was once widely distributed across China but has become nearly extinct due to severe habitat destruction and overhunting in recent history. Fortunately, recent studies have shown that Eurasian otters have reappeared on several islands in Zhejiang Province. Among these, Jintang Island stands out for its relatively high frequency of otter sightings, despite the presence of both natural and human-dominated environments. This study aims to investigate how Eurasian otters adapt to human disturbances in urban environments and their ecological interactions with sympatric species on Jintang Island.

Methods: This study deployed 100 camera traps across Jintang Island from August 2023 to February 2024. To investigate the adaptation of Eurasian otters to human disturbance on the island and their coexistence with sympatric species, we used the kernel density method to estimate the diel activity patterns and temporal overlap of all species based on independent detections from camera traps. Pianka’s niche overlap index was then used to quantify spatial interactions between otters and sympatric species (i.e., rodents, shrews, Mustela sibirica, Hydropotes inermis, cats, dogs, and other livestock and poultry). Additionally, we conducted Spearman correlation analyses to explore the relationships between Eurasian otters, sympatric species, and human presence across all camera trap sites. The significance of these correlations was assessed using P-values.

Results: The camera traps recorded a total of 13,969 effective camera days, yielding 9,214 independent detections. The results showed that Eurasian otters on Jintang Island exhibit strong nocturnal activity patterns and experience significant temporal overlap (Δ > 0.60) with most local sympatric species. Among sympatric species pairs, otters showed low spatial overlap with Mustela sibirica, rodents, shrews, dogs, and other livestock and poultry (Pianka’s index < 0.3). The lowest spatial overlap was recorded between otters and Hydropotes inermis (Pianka’s index = 0.02), with a significantly negative Spearman rank correlation. In contrast, the temporal overlap between Eurasian otters and human activities was extremely low (Δ = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.14-0.19), whereas their spatial overlap was the highest among all species (Pianka’s index = 0.43), accompanied by a highly significant Spearman rank correlation (P < 0.001). Notably, electrofishing events predominantly occurred during otter active hours, showing a high overlap (Δ = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.67-0.91), posing a significant threat to otter conservation.

Conclusion: These findings reveal the activity patterns and adaptive strategies of Eurasian otters in response to human disturbances on Jintang Island. The study enhances our understanding of the mechanisms behind the coexistence of otters with both humans and sympatric species in human-dominated landscapes. It also provides valuable insights and recommendations for the conservation of Eurasian otters on coastal islands amidst ongoing urbanization.

Key words: Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra), human disturbance, camera trapping method, activity pattern, spatial and temporal overlap

樊广泰, 陈奕宁, 何既白, 窦海龙, 陈纪元, 杨海涛, 沈秋, 关宏灿 (2025) 基于红外相机揭示浙江省金塘岛欧亚水獭对同域物种及人类干扰的时空响应. 生物多样性, 33, 25148. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025148.

Guangtai Fan, Yining Chen, Jibai He, Hailong Dou, Jiyuan Chen, Haitao Yang, Qiu Shen, Hongcan Guan (2025) Investigating the adaptation of Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) to human disturbance and the coexistence with sympatric species using camera trapping: A case study from Jintang Island, Zhejiang Province, China. Biodiversity Science, 33, 25148. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025148.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2025148

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2025/V33/I9/25148

图/表 5

图1 中国浙江省金塘岛研究区域的土地覆盖情况(a)、欧亚水獭监测影像(b)及红外相机布设位置(c)

Fig. 1 Land cover (a), Eurasian otter images (b) and camera trap sites (c) in the study area of Jintang Island, Zhejiang Province, China

表1 中国浙江省金塘岛100处红外相机监测欧亚水獭和其他物种的记录情况

Table 1 Number of observations of Eurasian otters and other species recorded by 100 camera traps mounted on Jintang Island, Zhejiang Province, China

物种 Species	独立事件数 No. of independent events	总计相对多度指数 Total of relative abundance index	出现位点数(位点占域率) No. of occurrence sites (Site occupancy)
欧亚水獭 Eurasian otter	519	3.71	36 (36%)
人类 Human	1,753	12.54	77 (77%)
鼠类 Rodents	1,184	8.47	62 (62%)
鼩鼱 Shrews	72	0.52	9 (9%)
黄鼬 Mustela sibirica	192	1.37	36 (36%)
獐 Hydropotes inermis	855	6.12	55 (55%)
猫 Cat	1,760	12.59	90 (90%)
狗 Dog	177	1.26	35 (35%)
其他畜禽 Other livestock and poultry	260	1.86	11 (11%)

图2 欧亚水獭与人类、猫、黄鼬、鼠类、狗、其他畜禽、鼩鼱和獐之间的活动节律重叠情况。实线是欧亚水獭的活动模式, 虚线表示其他物种的活动模式。灰色区域的面积大小表示两个物种日活动节律之间的重叠程度, Δ表示时间重叠系数, 括号内的数值为Δ的95%置信区间。垂直的虚线表示在相机工作期间的平均日出和日落时间, 时间轴中日出和日落时段表示物种晨昏活动(日出前后1 h之间活动、日落前后1 h之间活动), 正午时段表示物种白天的活动(日出后1 h至日落前1 h之间活动), 而午夜时段则表示物种夜间的活动(日落后1 h至日出前1 h之间活动)。

Fig. 2 Overlaps of the daily activity rhythms between Eurasian otters and humans, cats, Mustela sibirica, rodents, dogs, other livestock and poultry, shrews, and Hydropotes inermis. The solid line represents the activity pattern of Eurasian otter, while the dashed line indicates the activity patterns of other species. The area of the gray range indicates the degree of overlaps between the two species. Δ denotes the coefficient of overlap, with the values in parentheses representing the 95% confidence interval. The vertical dashed lines indicate the average sunrise (left) and sunset (right) times during the observation period. On the activity timeline, the sunrise and sunset periods indicate crepuscular activity (within 1 h before and after sunrise/sunset), the midday period indicates diurnal activity (from 1 h after sunrise to 1 h before sunset), and the midnight period indicates nocturnal activity (from 1 h after sunset to 1 h before sunrise).

图3 欧亚水獭与非法电鱼活动的时间重叠情况。实线是欧亚水獭的活动模式, 虚线表示非法电鱼活动时间分布。灰色区域的面积大小表示欧亚水獭与非法电鱼活动的重叠程度, Δ表示时间重叠系数, 括号内的数值为Δ的95%置信区间。垂直的虚线表示在相机工作期间的平均日出和日落时间, 时间轴中日出和日落时段表示物种晨昏活动(日出前后1 h之间活动、日落前后1 h之间活动), 正午时段表示物种白天的活动(日出后1 h至日落前1 h之间活动), 而午夜时段则表示物种夜间的活动(日落后1 h至日出前1 h之间活动)。

Fig. 3 Temporal overlap between Eurasian otters and illegal electrofishing. The solid line represents the activity pattern of Eurasian otters, while the dashed line indicates the temporal distribution of illegal electrofishing. The shaded area quantifies the degree of overlap between the two temporal activity patterns. Δ denotes the coefficient of overlap, with the values in parentheses representing the 95% confidence interval. Vertical dashed lines denote the average sunrise and sunset times. On the activity timeline, the sunrise and sunset periods indicate crepuscular activity (within 1 h before and after sunrise/sunset), the midday period indicates diurnal activity (from 1 h after sunrise to 1 h before sunset), and the midnight period indicates nocturnal activity (from 1 h after sunset to 1 h before sunrise).

表2 中国浙江省金塘岛欧亚水獭和其他物种以及各种人类干扰(家养动物、人类活动)之间的Pianka’s指数和Spearman等级相关系数

Table 2 Pianka’s index and Spearman rank correlation coefficient between Eurasian otters, other species and various human disturbances (domestic animals, human activities) on Jintang Island, Zhejiang Province, China

配对的物种 Species pairs	Pianka’s指数(95%置信区间) Pianka’s index (95% confidence interval)	Spearman等级相关系数 Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (SRCC)	P
人类 Human	0.43 (0.25-0.60)	0.54	< 0.001
鼠类 Rodents	0.25 (0.13-0.40)	0.21	< 0.05
鼩鼱 Shrews	0.21 (0.01-0.46)	0.28	< 0.01
黄鼬 Mustela sibirica	0.20 (0.05-0.46)	0.40	< 0.001
獐 Hydropotes inermis	0.02 (0.00-0.06)	-0.66	< 0.001
猫 Cat	0.30 (0.19-0.43)	0.30	< 0.01
狗 Dog	0.29 (0.10-0.53)	0.42	< 0.001
其他畜禽 Other livestock and poultry	0.18 (0.05-0.40)	0.37	< 0.001

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基于红外相机揭示浙江省金塘岛欧亚水獭对同域物种及人类干扰的时空响应

Investigating the adaptation of Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) to human disturbance and the coexistence with sympatric species using camera trapping: A case study from Jintang Island, Zhejiang Province, China

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