生物多样性 ›› 2014, Vol. 22 ›› Issue (6): 764-772. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.14176 cstr: 32101.14.SP.J.1003.2014.14176
所属专题: 野生动物的红外相机监测
徐爱春1,2, 斯幸峰1, 王彦平1, 丁平1,,A;*()
收稿日期:
2014-08-25
接受日期:
2014-11-24
出版日期:
2014-11-20
发布日期:
2014-12-11
通讯作者:
丁平
基金资助:
Aichun Xu1,2, Xingfeng Si1, Yanping Wang1, Ping Ding1,*()
Received:
2014-08-25
Accepted:
2014-11-24
Online:
2014-11-20
Published:
2014-12-11
Contact:
Ding Ping
摘要:
作为典型的陆桥岛屿, 千岛湖成为检验栖息地片段化理论的自然研究平台。2011年5月1日至2014年3月31日, 我们在千岛湖32个岛屿和1个大陆对照样点布设了60台红外相机, 对千岛湖体型较大的地栖兽类及其最小监测时长进行了监测和研究。在27,798个相机日的监测中, 共获得动物影像照片23,639张, 照片清晰、可进行物种鉴定的有2,414张, 占照片总数的10.2%; 其中体型较大的地栖兽类独立照片988张, 识别为9个物种: 穿山甲(Manis pentadactyla)、黄麂(Muntiacus reevesi)、野猪(Sus scrofa)、华南兔(Lepus sinensis)、马来豪猪(Hystrix brachyuran)、猪獾(Arctonyx collaris)、鼬獾(Melogale moschata)、花面狸(Paguma larvata)和豹猫(Prionailurus bengalensis), 平均独立照片拍摄率为40.9%。种-面积曲线研究表明, 岛屿上的地栖兽类物种丰富度随着岛屿面积的增大而增大, 曲线的z值为0.27。大岛(>10 ha)中, 最小监测时长随面积增加而增加, 而小岛没有明显趋势; 最小监测时长随隔离度增加而减小, 但关系不显著(d.f. = 20, F = 3.067, P = 0.095), 表明建湖后栖息地的片段化与岛屿化导致了一些对面积或栖息地较为敏感的大型兽类在小岛屿上的局部灭绝。因此, 我们建议对于面积较大的片段化栖息地, 红外相机应保证较长的最小监测时长, 而面积较小的片段化栖息地在监测中应根据隔离度、基质性质、物种种类适时调整调查强度, 以完整反映当地物种实际情况。
徐爱春, 斯幸峰, 王彦平, 丁平 (2014) 千岛湖片段化栖息地地栖哺乳动物的红外相机监测及最小监测时长. 生物多样性, 22, 764-772. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.14176.
Aichun Xu, Xingfeng Si, Yanping Wang, Ping Ding (2014) Camera traps and the minimum trapping effort for ground-dwelling mammals in fragmented habitats in the Thousand Island Lake, Zhejiang Province. Biodiversity Science, 22, 764-772. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.14176.
图1 千岛湖湖区以及调查样点(样点按照面积大小排序, 8号样点在近邻大陆)
Fig. 1 Thousand Island Lake in Zhejiang Province, China with 33 study sites numbered in order of decreasing area. Site 8 is on the mainland.
样点 Site | 相机数* No. of cameras (n) | 调查强度 Trapping efforts (Camera day/month) | 大型兽类物种数 No. of mammals | 面积 Area (ha) | 隔离度 Isolation (m) | 最小监测时长 Minimum trapping effort (Camera day) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Observed (n) | Estimated±se(n) | |||||||
1 | 20 | 4,880/160 | 9 | 9.5±1.32 | 1,153.88 | 861.00 | 81 | |
2 | 10 | 2,450/80 | 8 | 8±0 | 128.32 | 1,417.81 | 28 | |
3 | 10 | 1,220/40 | 6 | 6±0 | 47.98 | 1,066.10 | 21 | |
4 | 10 | 1,210/40 | 3 | 3±0 | 27.49 | 1,158.87 | 13 | |
5 | 5 | 765/25 | 2 | 2±0 | 3.70 | 2,225.45 | 27 | |
9 | 5 | 608/20 | 1 | 1±0 | 1.44 | 1,106.53 | 77 | |
10 | 3 | 636/21 | 3 | 3±0 | 1.33 | 730.95 | 15 | |
12 | 3 | 636/21 | 2 | 2±0 | 1.31 | 868.22 | 108 | |
13 | 3 | 610/20 | 1 | 1±0 | 0.86 | 3,609.61 | 3 | |
15 | 3 | 728/24 | 2 | 2±0 | 0.84 | 690.03 | 15 | |
16 | 3 | 608/20 | 1 | 1±0 | 0.84 | 1,026.58 | 21 | |
17 | 5 | 615/20 | 2 | 2±0 | 0.79 | 2,657.77 | 29 | |
18 | 5 | 605/20 | 2 | 2±0 | 0.69 | 200.31 | 44 | |
19 | 3 | 608/20 | 3 | 3±0 | 0.62 | 1378.00 | 175 | |
20 | 5 | 605/20 | 2 | 2±0 | 0.62 | 2,333.60 | 61 | |
21 | 5 | 615/20 | 2 | 2±0 | 0.53 | 1,939.94 | 17 | |
22 | 5 | 605/20 | 2 | 2±0 | 0.46 | 1,982.69 | 5 | |
23 | 3 | 642/21 | 3 | 3±0 | 0.42 | 1,056.16 | 56 | |
25 | 5 | 615/20 | 1 | 1±0 | 0.36 | 2,227.08 | 62 | |
28 | 3 | 608/20 | 1 | 1±0 | 0.25 | 3,650.55 | 5 | |
31 | 3 | 547/18 | 1 | 1±0 | 0.14 | 387.10 | 275 | |
33 | 3 | 636/21 | 1 | 1±0 | 0.08 | 947.67 | 11 | |
8 | 5 | 615/20 | 6 | 7±0 | 1.50 | 0 | 27 | |
6 | 5 | 615/20 | 0 | 2.56 | 2,199.38 | - | ||
11 | 5 | 615/20 | 0 | 1.32 | 2,121.37 | - | ||
14 | 5 | 615/20 | 0 | 0.85 | 2,184.55 | - | ||
26 | 5 | 615/20 | 0 | 0.29 | 3,073.21 | - | ||
27 | 5 | 615/20 | 0 | 0.25 | 2,658.07 | - | ||
30 | 5 | 615/20 | 0 | 0.19 | 2,137.68 | - | ||
32 | 5 | 615/20 | 0 | 0.12 | 2,073.07 | - | ||
7 | 3 | 608/20 | - | 2.17 | 998.41 | - | ||
24 | 3 | 610/20 | - | 0.39 | 4,075.04 | - | ||
29 | 3 | 608/20 | - | 0.19 | 398.18 | - |
表1 千岛湖湖区33个调查样点的基本参数以及各自的红外相机置放数目。其中8号样点在邻近的大陆, 其余均在岛屿上。样点按照面积从大到小排列, 编号对应于图1。
Table 1 Characteristics of the 33 study sites in Thousand Island Lake region, Zhejiang Province, China. Site 8 is located on the nearby mainland. Other sites are all on islands. Each site is numbered in order of decreasing area as in Fig. 1
样点 Site | 相机数* No. of cameras (n) | 调查强度 Trapping efforts (Camera day/month) | 大型兽类物种数 No. of mammals | 面积 Area (ha) | 隔离度 Isolation (m) | 最小监测时长 Minimum trapping effort (Camera day) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Observed (n) | Estimated±se(n) | |||||||
1 | 20 | 4,880/160 | 9 | 9.5±1.32 | 1,153.88 | 861.00 | 81 | |
2 | 10 | 2,450/80 | 8 | 8±0 | 128.32 | 1,417.81 | 28 | |
3 | 10 | 1,220/40 | 6 | 6±0 | 47.98 | 1,066.10 | 21 | |
4 | 10 | 1,210/40 | 3 | 3±0 | 27.49 | 1,158.87 | 13 | |
5 | 5 | 765/25 | 2 | 2±0 | 3.70 | 2,225.45 | 27 | |
9 | 5 | 608/20 | 1 | 1±0 | 1.44 | 1,106.53 | 77 | |
10 | 3 | 636/21 | 3 | 3±0 | 1.33 | 730.95 | 15 | |
12 | 3 | 636/21 | 2 | 2±0 | 1.31 | 868.22 | 108 | |
13 | 3 | 610/20 | 1 | 1±0 | 0.86 | 3,609.61 | 3 | |
15 | 3 | 728/24 | 2 | 2±0 | 0.84 | 690.03 | 15 | |
16 | 3 | 608/20 | 1 | 1±0 | 0.84 | 1,026.58 | 21 | |
17 | 5 | 615/20 | 2 | 2±0 | 0.79 | 2,657.77 | 29 | |
18 | 5 | 605/20 | 2 | 2±0 | 0.69 | 200.31 | 44 | |
19 | 3 | 608/20 | 3 | 3±0 | 0.62 | 1378.00 | 175 | |
20 | 5 | 605/20 | 2 | 2±0 | 0.62 | 2,333.60 | 61 | |
21 | 5 | 615/20 | 2 | 2±0 | 0.53 | 1,939.94 | 17 | |
22 | 5 | 605/20 | 2 | 2±0 | 0.46 | 1,982.69 | 5 | |
23 | 3 | 642/21 | 3 | 3±0 | 0.42 | 1,056.16 | 56 | |
25 | 5 | 615/20 | 1 | 1±0 | 0.36 | 2,227.08 | 62 | |
28 | 3 | 608/20 | 1 | 1±0 | 0.25 | 3,650.55 | 5 | |
31 | 3 | 547/18 | 1 | 1±0 | 0.14 | 387.10 | 275 | |
33 | 3 | 636/21 | 1 | 1±0 | 0.08 | 947.67 | 11 | |
8 | 5 | 615/20 | 6 | 7±0 | 1.50 | 0 | 27 | |
6 | 5 | 615/20 | 0 | 2.56 | 2,199.38 | - | ||
11 | 5 | 615/20 | 0 | 1.32 | 2,121.37 | - | ||
14 | 5 | 615/20 | 0 | 0.85 | 2,184.55 | - | ||
26 | 5 | 615/20 | 0 | 0.29 | 3,073.21 | - | ||
27 | 5 | 615/20 | 0 | 0.25 | 2,658.07 | - | ||
30 | 5 | 615/20 | 0 | 0.19 | 2,137.68 | - | ||
32 | 5 | 615/20 | 0 | 0.12 | 2,073.07 | - | ||
7 | 3 | 608/20 | - | 2.17 | 998.41 | - | ||
24 | 3 | 610/20 | - | 0.39 | 4,075.04 | - | ||
29 | 3 | 608/20 | - | 0.19 | 398.18 | - |
图2 千岛湖湖区调查岛屿上的大型兽类种-面积曲线。黑色实心点表示大陆样点(仅供对照)。缩写: S: 物种丰富度; A: 岛屿面积。
Fig. 2 The species-area relationship of large mammal communities on 32 study islands in Thousand Island Lake. Black circle indicates the site on the mainland (for comparison). Abbreviations: S, Species number; A, Island area.
图3 千岛湖湖区部分样点(1, 2, 3和8号)的物种稀疏曲线。监测日表示1个样点中所有相机工作1天。
Fig. 3 Rarefaction curves of large mammal communities on sites 1, 2, 3 and 8 in Thousand Island Lake region. Monitoring day represents all cameras on a site monitoring one day.
图4 千岛湖湖区大型兽类群落在不同样点间最小监测时长与岛屿面积和隔离度的关系。圆圈的大小表明该样点的大型兽类物种丰富度。样点编号对应于图1。
Fig. 4 Relationships between minimum trapping efforts and island areas and isolations, respectively, on islands and mainland of larger mammal communities in Thousand Island Lake region. The size of each circle indicates the number of species on each site. Site numbers follow Fig. 1.
目/科 Order/Family | 种名 Species | 总照片数 No. of photos | 独立照片数 Independent photograph | 所占比例* % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
鳞甲目 Pholidota | ||||||
鲮鲤科 Manidae | 1 | 穿山甲 Manis pentadactyla | 5 | 3 | 60.0 | |
兔形目 Lagomorpha | ||||||
兔科 Leporidae | 2 | 华南兔 Lepus sinensis | 366 | 157 | 42.9 | |
啮齿目 Rodentia | ||||||
豪猪科 Hystricidae | 3 | 马来豪猪 Hystrix brachyuran | 1 | 1 | 100 | |
食肉目 Carnivora | ||||||
鼬科 Mustelidae | 4 | 猪獾 Arctonyx collaris | 268 | 132 | 49.3 | |
5 | 鼬獾 Melogale moschata | 922 | 365 | 39.6 | ||
灵猫科 Viverridae | 6 | 花面狸 Paguma larvata | 55 | 34 | 61.8 | |
猫科 Felidae | 7 | 豹猫 Prionailurus bengalensis | 20 | 10 | 50 | |
偶蹄目 Artiodactyla | ||||||
猪科 Suidae | 8 | 野猪 Sus scrofa | 331 | 112 | 33.8 | |
鹿科 Cervidae | 9 | 黄麂 Muntiacus reevesi | 446 | 174 | 39.0 | |
合计 | 2,414 | 988 | 40.9 |
表2 千岛湖湖区红外相机监测地栖兽类的基本结果
Table 2 Summary of ground-dwelling mammal species detected by camera traps in Thousand Island Lake region, China
目/科 Order/Family | 种名 Species | 总照片数 No. of photos | 独立照片数 Independent photograph | 所占比例* % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
鳞甲目 Pholidota | ||||||
鲮鲤科 Manidae | 1 | 穿山甲 Manis pentadactyla | 5 | 3 | 60.0 | |
兔形目 Lagomorpha | ||||||
兔科 Leporidae | 2 | 华南兔 Lepus sinensis | 366 | 157 | 42.9 | |
啮齿目 Rodentia | ||||||
豪猪科 Hystricidae | 3 | 马来豪猪 Hystrix brachyuran | 1 | 1 | 100 | |
食肉目 Carnivora | ||||||
鼬科 Mustelidae | 4 | 猪獾 Arctonyx collaris | 268 | 132 | 49.3 | |
5 | 鼬獾 Melogale moschata | 922 | 365 | 39.6 | ||
灵猫科 Viverridae | 6 | 花面狸 Paguma larvata | 55 | 34 | 61.8 | |
猫科 Felidae | 7 | 豹猫 Prionailurus bengalensis | 20 | 10 | 50 | |
偶蹄目 Artiodactyla | ||||||
猪科 Suidae | 8 | 野猪 Sus scrofa | 331 | 112 | 33.8 | |
鹿科 Cervidae | 9 | 黄麂 Muntiacus reevesi | 446 | 174 | 39.0 | |
合计 | 2,414 | 988 | 40.9 |
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