千岛湖片段化栖息地地栖哺乳动物的红外相机监测及最小监测时长

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.14176

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

作为典型的陆桥岛屿, 千岛湖成为检验栖息地片段化理论的自然研究平台。2011年5月1日至2014年3月31日, 我们在千岛湖32个岛屿和1个大陆对照样点布设了60台红外相机, 对千岛湖体型较大的地栖兽类及其最小监测时长进行了监测和研究。在27,798个相机日的监测中, 共获得动物影像照片23,639张, 照片清晰、可进行物种鉴定的有2,414张, 占照片总数的10.2%; 其中体型较大的地栖兽类独立照片988张, 识别为9个物种: 穿山甲(Manis pentadactyla)、黄麂(Muntiacus reevesi)、野猪(Sus scrofa)、华南兔(Lepus sinensis)、马来豪猪(Hystrix brachyuran)、猪獾(Arctonyx collaris)、鼬獾(Melogale moschata)、花面狸(Paguma larvata)和豹猫(Prionailurus bengalensis), 平均独立照片拍摄率为40.9%。种-面积曲线研究表明, 岛屿上的地栖兽类物种丰富度随着岛屿面积的增大而增大, 曲线的z值为0.27。大岛(>10 ha)中, 最小监测时长随面积增加而增加, 而小岛没有明显趋势; 最小监测时长随隔离度增加而减小, 但关系不显著(d.f. = 20, F = 3.067, P = 0.095), 表明建湖后栖息地的片段化与岛屿化导致了一些对面积或栖息地较为敏感的大型兽类在小岛屿上的局部灭绝。因此, 我们建议对于面积较大的片段化栖息地, 红外相机应保证较长的最小监测时长, 而面积较小的片段化栖息地在监测中应根据隔离度、基质性质、物种种类适时调整调查强度, 以完整反映当地物种实际情况。

关键词: 片段化栖息地, 岛屿生物地理学, 陆桥岛屿, 地栖兽类, 监测

Abstract:

Sixty camera traps were set on 32 islands and one terrestrial plot in the Thousand Island Lake region from May 1, 2011 to March 31, 2014. In total, we recorded 23,639 photos that included nine species of large ground-dwelling mammals with a rate of independent photographs of 2.62%. The species-area relationship showed that species richness increased with island area (ha) with a slope, z value, of 0.27. On large islands (> 10 ha), the minimum trapping effort increased with island area. On small islands (< 10 ha), however, there was no clear pattern. The minimum trapping effort was not correlated with island isolation (d.f. = 20, F = 3.067, P = 0.095). Our results suggested that large ground-dwelling mammal populations have disappeared on smaller islands since the lake was formed. Based on these findings, we suggest that large MTE’s are required in islands with large areas when using camera traps in a fragmented landscape. On small islands, researchers should vary trapping efforts according to the island’s attributes, including species resources.

Key words: fragmented habitat, island biogeography, land-bridge islands, ground-dwelling mammals, monitoring

徐爱春, 斯幸峰, 王彦平, 丁平. 千岛湖片段化栖息地地栖哺乳动物的红外相机监测及最小监测时长[J]. 生物多样性, 2014, 22(6): 764-772.

Aichun Xu,Xingfeng Si,Yanping Wang,Ping Ding. Camera traps and the minimum trapping effort for ground-dwelling mammals in fragmented habitats in the Thousand Island Lake, Zhejiang Province[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2014, 22(6): 764-772.

图/表 6

参考文献 32

[1]	Carbone C, Christie S, Conforti K, Coulson T, Franklin N, Ginsberg JR, Griffiths M, Holden J, Kawanishi K, Kinnaird M, Laidlaw R, Lynam A, Macdonald DW, Martyr D, McDougal C, Nath L, O’Brien T, Seidensticker J, Smith DJL, Sunquist M, Tilson R, Wan Shahruddin WN (2001) The use of photographic rates to estimate densities of tigers and other cryptic mammals.Animal Conservation, 4, 75-79.
[2]	Chao A (1987) Estimating the population size for capture-recapture data with unequal catchability.Biometrics, 43, 783-791.
[3]	Colwell RK, Coddington JA (1994) Estimating terrestrial biodiversity through extrapolation.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 345, 101-118.
[4]	Cutler TL, Swann DE (1999) Using remote photography in wildlife ecology: a review.Wildlife Society Bulletin, 27, 571-581.
[5]	Ding Z, Feeley KJ, Wang Y, Pakeman RJ, Ding P (2013) Patterns of bird functional diversity on land-bridge island fragments. Journal of Animal Ecology, 82, 781-790.
[6]	Ferraz G, Russell GJ, Stouffer PC, Bierregaard RO, Pimm SL, Lovejoy TE (2003) Rates of species loss from Amazonian forest fragments.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 100, 14069-14073.
[7]	Gibson L, Lynam AJ, Bradshaw CJA, He F, Bickford DP, Woodruff DS, Bumrungsri S, Laurance WF (2013) Near-complete extinction of native small mammal fauna 25 years after forest fragmentation.Science, 341, 1508-1510.
[8]	Gotelli NJ, Colwell RK (2001) Quantifying biodiversity: procedures and pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richness. Ecology Letters, 4, 379-391.
[9]	Gotelli NJ, Graves GR (1996) Null Models in Ecology. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
[10]	Hu G (胡广) (2011) Multi-Scale Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Plant Species Diversity: A Case Study in the Thousand Island Lake (生境丧失和片段化对植物物种多样性的多尺度影响: 以千岛湖陆桥岛屿为例). PhD dissertation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]	Hu G, Feeley K, Wu J, Xu G, Yu M (2011) Determinants of plant species richness and patterns of nestedness in fragmented landscapes: evidence from land-bridge islands.Landscape Ecology, 26, 1405-1417.
[12]	James FC, Rathbun S (1981) Rarefaction, relative abundance, and diversity of avian communities.Auk, 98, 785-800.
[13]	Karanth KU, Nichols JD (1998) Estimation of tiger densities in India using photographic captures and recaptures.Ecology, 79, 2852-2862.
[14]	Kauffman MJ, Sanjayan M, Lowenstein J, Nelson A, Jeo RM, Crooks KR (2007) Remote camera-trap methods and analy- ses reveal impacts of rangeland management on Namibian carnivore communities.Oryx, 41, 70-78.
[15]	MacArthur RH, Wilson EO(1967) The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
[16]	MacKenzie DI, Nicholas JD, Royle JA, Pollock KH, Bailey LL, Hines JE(2006) Occupancy Estimation and Modeling:Inferring Patterns and Dynamics of Species Occurrence.Academic Press, Amsterdam.
[17]	McGarigal K, Cushman SA (2002) Comparative evaluation of experimental approaches to the study of habitat fragmentation effects.Ecological Applications, 12, 335-345.
[18]	O’Connell AF, Nichols JD, Karanth KU (2011) Camera Traps in Animal Ecology: Methods and Analyses. Springer-Verlag, New York.
[19]	O’Brien TG, Kinnaird MF, Wibisono HT (2003) Crouching tigers, hidden prey: Sumatran tiger and prey populations in a tropical forest landscape.Animal Conservation, 6, 131-139.
[20]	R Development Core Team (2014) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. (Accessed 2014.11.26).
[21]	Rosenzweig ML (1995) Species Diversity in Space and Time. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
[22]	Rowcliffe JM, Field J, Turvey ST, Carbone C (2008) Estimating animal density using camera traps without the need for individual recognition. Journal of Applied Ecology, 45, 1228-1236.
[23]	Schoereder JH, Galbiati C, Ribas CR, Sobrinho TG, Sperber CF, DeSouza O, Lopes-Andrade C (2004) Should we use proportional sampling for species-area studies?Journal of Biogeography, 31, 1219-1226.
[24]	Si X, Kays R, Ding P (2014a) How long is enough to detect terrestrial animals? Estimating the minimum trapping effort on camera traps.PeerJ, 2, e374.
[25]	Si X, Pimm SL, Russell GJ, Ding P (2014b) Turnover of breeding bird communities on islands in an inundated lake.Journal of Biogeography, 41, 2283-2292.
[26]	Simberloff D (1978) Use of rarefaction and related methods in ecology. In: Biological Data in Water Pollution Assessment: Quantitative and Statistical Analyses (eds Dickson TL, Cairns J Jr, Livingston R), pp. 150-165. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA.
[27]	Tobler MW, Carrillo-Percastegui SE, Leite Pitman R, Mares R, Powell G (2008) An evaluation of camera traps for inventorying large- and medium-sized terrestrial rainforest mammals.Animal Conservation, 11, 169-178.
[28]	Wang Y, Zhang M, Wang S, Ding Z, Zhang J, Sun J, Li P, Ding P (2012) No evidence for the small-island effect in avian communities on islands of an inundated lake.Oikos, 121, 1945-1952.
[29]	Wu AL (武阿莉), Chen P (陈鹏), Zhang XF (张晓峰) (2014) Shooting rate of Catopuma temminckii by auto-induction infrared camera and estimation of population density in Changqing Nature Reserve.Shaanxi Forest Science and Technology(陕西林业科技), (1), 22-24. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]	Yasuda M (2004) Monitoring diversity and abundance of mammals with camera traps: a case study on Mount Tsukuba, central Japan.Mammal Study, 29, 37-46.
[31]	Zhang SS (章书声) (2013) Infrared-triggered Camera Technology in the Investigation of Mammals in Gutianshan National Nature Reserve (红外触发相机技术在古田山兽类资源监测中的应用). Master dissertation, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[32]	Zhao QY (赵庆洋), Bao YX (鲍毅新), Sun B (孙波), Zhang LL (张龙龙), Hu ZY (胡知渊) (2009) Community distribution pattern and the affecting factors of small mammals in Qiandao Lake, Zhejiang.Zoological Research(动物学研究), 30, 671-678. (in Chinese with English abstract)

样点 Site	相机数^* No. of cameras (n)	调查强度 Trapping efforts (Camera day/month)	大型兽类物种数 No. of mammals			面积 Area (ha)	隔离度 Isolation (m)	最小监测时长 Minimum trapping effort (Camera day)
样点 Site	相机数^* No. of cameras (n)	调查强度 Trapping efforts (Camera day/month)	Observed (n)		Estimated±se(n)	面积 Area (ha)	隔离度 Isolation (m)	最小监测时长 Minimum trapping effort (Camera day)
1	20	4,880/160	9		9.5±1.32	1,153.88	861.00	81
2	10	2,450/80	8		8±0	128.32	1,417.81	28
3	10	1,220/40	6		6±0	47.98	1,066.10	21
4	10	1,210/40	3		3±0	27.49	1,158.87	13
5	5	765/25	2		2±0	3.70	2,225.45	27
9	5	608/20	1		1±0	1.44	1,106.53	77
10	3	636/21	3		3±0	1.33	730.95	15
12	3	636/21	2		2±0	1.31	868.22	108
13	3	610/20	1		1±0	0.86	3,609.61	3
15	3	728/24	2		2±0	0.84	690.03	15
16	3	608/20	1		1±0	0.84	1,026.58	21
17	5	615/20	2		2±0	0.79	2,657.77	29
18	5	605/20	2		2±0	0.69	200.31	44
19	3	608/20	3		3±0	0.62	1378.00	175
20	5	605/20	2		2±0	0.62	2,333.60	61
21	5	615/20	2		2±0	0.53	1,939.94	17
22	5	605/20	2		2±0	0.46	1,982.69	5
23	3	642/21	3		3±0	0.42	1,056.16	56
25	5	615/20	1		1±0	0.36	2,227.08	62
28	3	608/20	1		1±0	0.25	3,650.55	5
31	3	547/18	1		1±0	0.14	387.10	275
33	3	636/21	1		1±0	0.08	947.67	11
8	5	615/20	6	7±0		1.50	0	27
6	5	615/20	0			2.56	2,199.38	-
11	5	615/20	0			1.32	2,121.37	-
14	5	615/20	0			0.85	2,184.55	-
26	5	615/20	0			0.29	3,073.21	-
27	5	615/20	0			0.25	2,658.07	-
30	5	615/20	0			0.19	2,137.68	-
32	5	615/20	0			0.12	2,073.07	-
7	3	608/20	-			2.17	998.41	-
24	3	610/20	-			0.39	4,075.04	-
29	3	608/20	-			0.19	398.18	-

样点 Site	相机数^* No. of cameras (n)	调查强度 Trapping efforts (Camera day/month)	大型兽类物种数 No. of mammals			面积 Area (ha)	隔离度 Isolation (m)	最小监测时长 Minimum trapping effort (Camera day)
样点 Site	相机数^* No. of cameras (n)	调查强度 Trapping efforts (Camera day/month)	Observed (n)		Estimated±se(n)	面积 Area (ha)	隔离度 Isolation (m)	最小监测时长 Minimum trapping effort (Camera day)
1	20	4,880/160	9		9.5±1.32	1,153.88	861.00	81
2	10	2,450/80	8		8±0	128.32	1,417.81	28
3	10	1,220/40	6		6±0	47.98	1,066.10	21
4	10	1,210/40	3		3±0	27.49	1,158.87	13
5	5	765/25	2		2±0	3.70	2,225.45	27
9	5	608/20	1		1±0	1.44	1,106.53	77
10	3	636/21	3		3±0	1.33	730.95	15
12	3	636/21	2		2±0	1.31	868.22	108
13	3	610/20	1		1±0	0.86	3,609.61	3
15	3	728/24	2		2±0	0.84	690.03	15
16	3	608/20	1		1±0	0.84	1,026.58	21
17	5	615/20	2		2±0	0.79	2,657.77	29
18	5	605/20	2		2±0	0.69	200.31	44
19	3	608/20	3		3±0	0.62	1378.00	175
20	5	605/20	2		2±0	0.62	2,333.60	61
21	5	615/20	2		2±0	0.53	1,939.94	17
22	5	605/20	2		2±0	0.46	1,982.69	5
23	3	642/21	3		3±0	0.42	1,056.16	56
25	5	615/20	1		1±0	0.36	2,227.08	62
28	3	608/20	1		1±0	0.25	3,650.55	5
31	3	547/18	1		1±0	0.14	387.10	275
33	3	636/21	1		1±0	0.08	947.67	11
8	5	615/20	6	7±0		1.50	0	27
6	5	615/20	0			2.56	2,199.38	-
11	5	615/20	0			1.32	2,121.37	-
14	5	615/20	0			0.85	2,184.55	-
26	5	615/20	0			0.29	3,073.21	-
27	5	615/20	0			0.25	2,658.07	-
30	5	615/20	0			0.19	2,137.68	-
32	5	615/20	0			0.12	2,073.07	-
7	3	608/20	-			2.17	998.41	-
24	3	610/20	-			0.39	4,075.04	-
29	3	608/20	-			0.19	398.18	-

目/科 Order/Family	种名 Species		总照片数 No. of photos	独立照片数 Independent photograph	所占比例^* %
鳞甲目 Pholidota
鲮鲤科 Manidae	1	穿山甲 Manis pentadactyla	5	3	60.0
兔形目 Lagomorpha
兔科 Leporidae	2	华南兔 Lepus sinensis	366	157	42.9
啮齿目 Rodentia
豪猪科 Hystricidae	3	马来豪猪 Hystrix brachyuran	1	1	100
食肉目 Carnivora
鼬科 Mustelidae	4	猪獾 Arctonyx collaris	268	132	49.3
	5	鼬獾 Melogale moschata	922	365	39.6
灵猫科 Viverridae	6	花面狸 Paguma larvata	55	34	61.8
猫科 Felidae	7	豹猫 Prionailurus bengalensis	20	10	50
偶蹄目 Artiodactyla
猪科 Suidae	8	野猪 Sus scrofa	331	112	33.8
鹿科 Cervidae	9	黄麂 Muntiacus reevesi	446	174	39.0
	合计		2,414	988	40.9

目/科 Order/Family	种名 Species		总照片数 No. of photos	独立照片数 Independent photograph	所占比例^* %
鳞甲目 Pholidota
鲮鲤科 Manidae	1	穿山甲 Manis pentadactyla	5	3	60.0
兔形目 Lagomorpha
兔科 Leporidae	2	华南兔 Lepus sinensis	366	157	42.9
啮齿目 Rodentia
豪猪科 Hystricidae	3	马来豪猪 Hystrix brachyuran	1	1	100
食肉目 Carnivora
鼬科 Mustelidae	4	猪獾 Arctonyx collaris	268	132	49.3
	5	鼬獾 Melogale moschata	922	365	39.6
灵猫科 Viverridae	6	花面狸 Paguma larvata	55	34	61.8
猫科 Felidae	7	豹猫 Prionailurus bengalensis	20	10	50
偶蹄目 Artiodactyla
猪科 Suidae	8	野猪 Sus scrofa	331	112	33.8
鹿科 Cervidae	9	黄麂 Muntiacus reevesi	446	174	39.0
	合计		2,414	988	40.9