生物多样性 ›› 2022, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (6): 21473. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021473
所属专题： 青藏高原生物多样性与生态安全
薛文凯, 孟华旦尚, 王艳红, 朱攀, 德吉, 郭小芳(
)
收稿日期:2021-11-23
接受日期:2022-04-03
出版日期:2022-06-20
发布日期:2022-05-18
通讯作者:
郭小芳
作者简介:* E-mail: gxf005@hotmail.com基金资助:
Wenkai Xue, Huadanshang Meng, Yanhong Wang, Pan Zhu, Ji De, Xiaofang Guo()
Received:2021-11-23
Accepted:2022-04-03
Online:2022-06-20
Published:2022-05-18
Contact:
Xiaofang Guo
摘要：
微生物多样性在评估水体生态环境方面发挥着重要作用。本研究以青藏高原纳木措湖为研究对象, 开展水体可培养丝状真菌多样性及影响因子研究。通过膜过滤平置培养法、经典分类法和rRNA转录间隔区(ITS)序列分析对纳木措湖20个采样点的丝状真菌进行分离、纯化及鉴定, 测定水体理化指标, 综合分析丝状真菌空间分布格局与理化因子的相关性。菌种鉴定结果显示, 从纳木措水体样品中共分离纯化出1,412株丝状真菌, 隶属22属47种, 其中链格孢属(Alternaria)、青霉属(Penicillium)和毛霉属(Mucor)为优势属, 链格孢(Alternaria chlamydosporigena)和冻土毛霉(Mucor hiemalis)为优势种; Pearson相关性分析显示, 丝状真菌总丰度与温度、铵态氮、全磷呈显著正相关; 冗余分析显示, 铵态氮、温度、全磷、全氮、盐度及电导率是影响纳木措湖丝状真菌群落组成与分布的主要理化因子。综上所述, 纳木措水体可培养丝状真菌具有较高的物种多样性和空间异质性, 而且水体环境因子影响其分布。
薛文凯, 孟华旦尚, 王艳红, 朱攀, 德吉, 郭小芳 (2022) 纳木措可培养丝状真菌多样性及其与理化因子关系. 生物多样性, 30, 21473. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021473.
Wenkai Xue, Huadanshang Meng, Yanhong Wang, Pan Zhu, Ji De, Xiaofang Guo (2022) Relationship between culturable filamentous fungal diversity and environmental factors in Nam Co Lake. Biodiversity Science, 30, 21473. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021473.
| 样点 Site | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 出现 频率 OF (%) | 相对 多度 RA (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 被孢霉属 Mortierella | 4 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 12 | 10 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 3 | - | 2 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 6 | - | 90 | 6.4 |
| 链格孢属 Alternaria | - | 14 | 22 | 3 | 12 | 12 | 16 | 15 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 15 | 8 | 1 | 6 | 17 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 6 | 95 | 12.8 |
| 青霉属 Penicillium | 4 | 24 | 25 | 17 | 13 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 19 | 20 | 8 | 15 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 19 | 12 | 18 | 41 | 10 | 100 | 20.3 |
| 曲霉属 Aspergillus | - | - | 1 | - | 4 | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | 25 | 0.6 |
| 壳霉属 Stagonosporopsis | 1 | 9 | 4 | - | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 12 | 1 | 80 | 3.4 |
| 小不整球科属 Plectosphaerella | 10 | 22 | 1 | - | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | 3 | 1 | - | 2 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 80 | 4.5 |
| 蜡蚧菌属 Lecanicillium | 2 | 13 | 7 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 100 | 5.2 |
| 镰刀菌属 Fusarium | 3 | 8 | 4 | 5 | 9 | 10 | 19 | 7 | 9 | 2 | 7 | 13 | 5 | - | 3 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 11 | 95 | 9.6 |
| 微座孢属 Microdochium | 1 | 3 | 9 | - | 6 | 5 | 11 | 9 | 3 | 2 | - | 5 | 3 | - | 2 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 3 | 85 | 6.3 |
| Parengyodontium | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | 13 | - | 1 | 10 | 5 | - | - | 1 | - | 8 | 40 | 2.8 |
| 棒束孢属 Isaria | - | - | 3 | 6 | 1 | - | 3 | - | 2 | - | - | 2 | 26 | - | - | - | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | 50 | 3.3 |
| 木霉属 Trichoderma | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 0.1 |
| 漆斑菌属 Myrothecium | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | 10 | 0.1 |
| 枝孢菌属 Cladosporium | 1 | 3 | 30 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 11 | 2 | 2 | - | 8 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 95 | 7.2 |
| 毛霉属 Mucor | 27 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 12 | 10 | 7 | 6 | 10 | 1 | 20 | 4 | 2 | 12 | 18 | 9 | 2 | 12 | 26 | 7 | 100 | 14.3 |
| 派伦霉属 Peyronellaea | - | 2 | - | 2 | - | - | 1 | 3 | - | 1 | - | 3 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3 | 40 | 1.1 |
| 葡萄孢属 Botrytis | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 0.1 |
| 刺束梗孢属 Akanthomyces | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 0.1 |
| 新丛赤壳属 Neonectria | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | 40 | 0.8 |
| 三胞霉属 Tricellula | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 0.1 |
| 帚枝霉属 Sarocladium | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | 15 | 0.6 |
| 附球菌属 Epicoccum | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | 15 | 0.2 |
| 总丰度 TA (cfu/L) | 54 | 105 | 118 | 47 | 78 | 65 | 91 | 79 | 78 | 41 | 64 | 76 | 58 | 30 | 49 | 69 | 54 | 69 | 123 | 64 | - | 99.9 |
表1 纳木措水体可培养丝状真菌属水平分布
Table 1 Distribution of culturable filamentous fungal genera in Nam Co Lake
| 样点 Site | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 出现 频率 OF (%) | 相对 多度 RA (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 被孢霉属 Mortierella | 4 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 12 | 10 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 3 | - | 2 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 6 | - | 90 | 6.4 |
| 链格孢属 Alternaria | - | 14 | 22 | 3 | 12 | 12 | 16 | 15 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 15 | 8 | 1 | 6 | 17 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 6 | 95 | 12.8 |
| 青霉属 Penicillium | 4 | 24 | 25 | 17 | 13 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 19 | 20 | 8 | 15 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 19 | 12 | 18 | 41 | 10 | 100 | 20.3 |
| 曲霉属 Aspergillus | - | - | 1 | - | 4 | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | 25 | 0.6 |
| 壳霉属 Stagonosporopsis | 1 | 9 | 4 | - | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 12 | 1 | 80 | 3.4 |
| 小不整球科属 Plectosphaerella | 10 | 22 | 1 | - | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | 3 | 1 | - | 2 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 80 | 4.5 |
| 蜡蚧菌属 Lecanicillium | 2 | 13 | 7 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 100 | 5.2 |
| 镰刀菌属 Fusarium | 3 | 8 | 4 | 5 | 9 | 10 | 19 | 7 | 9 | 2 | 7 | 13 | 5 | - | 3 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 11 | 95 | 9.6 |
| 微座孢属 Microdochium | 1 | 3 | 9 | - | 6 | 5 | 11 | 9 | 3 | 2 | - | 5 | 3 | - | 2 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 3 | 85 | 6.3 |
| Parengyodontium | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | 13 | - | 1 | 10 | 5 | - | - | 1 | - | 8 | 40 | 2.8 |
| 棒束孢属 Isaria | - | - | 3 | 6 | 1 | - | 3 | - | 2 | - | - | 2 | 26 | - | - | - | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | 50 | 3.3 |
| 木霉属 Trichoderma | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 0.1 |
| 漆斑菌属 Myrothecium | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | 10 | 0.1 |
| 枝孢菌属 Cladosporium | 1 | 3 | 30 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 11 | 2 | 2 | - | 8 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 95 | 7.2 |
| 毛霉属 Mucor | 27 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 12 | 10 | 7 | 6 | 10 | 1 | 20 | 4 | 2 | 12 | 18 | 9 | 2 | 12 | 26 | 7 | 100 | 14.3 |
| 派伦霉属 Peyronellaea | - | 2 | - | 2 | - | - | 1 | 3 | - | 1 | - | 3 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3 | 40 | 1.1 |
| 葡萄孢属 Botrytis | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 0.1 |
| 刺束梗孢属 Akanthomyces | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 0.1 |
| 新丛赤壳属 Neonectria | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | 40 | 0.8 |
| 三胞霉属 Tricellula | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 0.1 |
| 帚枝霉属 Sarocladium | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | 15 | 0.6 |
| 附球菌属 Epicoccum | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | 15 | 0.2 |
| 总丰度 TA (cfu/L) | 54 | 105 | 118 | 47 | 78 | 65 | 91 | 79 | 78 | 41 | 64 | 76 | 58 | 30 | 49 | 69 | 54 | 69 | 123 | 64 | - | 99.9 |
| 样点 Site | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 出现 频率 OF (%) | 相对 多度 RA (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 高山被孢霉 Mortierella alpina | 4 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 12 | 10 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 3 | - | 2 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 6 | - | 90 | 6.4 |
| Alternaria multiformis | - | - | 10 | - | 4 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 3 | - | - | 1 | 4 | 3 | - | 1 | 65 | 2.6 |
| 链格孢 Alternaria chlamydosporigena | - | 14 | 12 | 3 | 8 | 9 | 15 | 11 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 14 | 5 | 1 | 6 | 16 | 4 | 3 | 8 | 5 | 95 | 10.1 |
| 产黄青霉 Penicillium chrysogenum | - | 4 | 3 | - | - | - | 2 | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | 10 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 55 | 1.9 |
| 酒色青霉 Penicillium vinaceum | - | 4 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 6 | - | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | - | 3 | - | - | 75 | 3.2 |
| 波兰青霉 Penicillium polonicum | - | 1 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 60 | 1.6 |
| Penicillium dipodomyicola | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | 12 | - | 60 | 2.0 |
| 桔青霉 Penicillium citrinum | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | - | - | - | 5 | 2 | 6 | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | 4 | 6 | 1 | 60 | 2.4 |
| Penicillium halotolerans | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 0.1 |
| 普通青霉 Penicillium commune | 3 | 2 | 7 | 6 | - | - | 3 | 1 | 2 | 10 | 1 | 4 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 3 | 5 | - | 5 | 75 | 3.8 |
| 扩展青霉 Penicillium expansum | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | - | - | 10 | 0.2 |
| 卡门柏青霉 Penicillium camemberti | - | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | 20 | 0.3 |
| Penicillium goetzii | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 0.1 |
| 纳地青霉 Penicillium nalgiovense | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | 1 | 15 | 0.3 |
| 样点 Site | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 出现频率 OF (%) | 相对多度 RA (%) |
| 灰玫瑰青霉 Penicillium griseoroseum | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 10 | 0.1 |
| 青霉菌属一种 Penicillium sp. | - | 9 | 1 | 2 | 3 | - | 3 | 3 | 4 | - | 1 | 6 | - | - | 1 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 15 | - | 70 | 4.3 |
| 黑曲霉 Aspergillus niger | - | - | - | - | 4 | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 15 | 0.4 |
| 黄曲霉 Aspergillus flavus | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | 10 | 0.2 |
| 壳霉菌属一种 Stagonosporopsis sp. | 1 | 9 | 4 | - | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 12 | 1 | 80 | 3.3 |
| Stagonosporopsis astragali | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 0.1 |
| Plectosphaerella plurivora | 10 | 22 | 1 | - | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | 3 | 1 | - | 2 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 80 | 4.5 |
| 两型蜡蚧菌 Lecanicillium dimorphum | 2 | 11 | 7 | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 95 | 4.6 |
| Lecanicillium attenuatum | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | 10 | 0.2 |
| 蜡蚧轮枝菌 Lecanicillium lecanii | - | - | - | - | - | 3 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 15 | 0.4 |
| 三线镰刀菌 Fusarium tricinctum | 2 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 18 | 2 | 9 | 1 | 6 | 12 | 4 | - | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 9 | 95 | 7.2 |
| 镰刀菌属一种 Fusarium sp. | 1 | 6 | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | 4 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | 2 | 1 | - | - | 1 | 2 | 55 | 1.5 |
| 燕麦镰刀菌 Fusarium avenaceum | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | 5 | 1 | - | 50 | 1.0 |
| Microdochium bolleyi | 1 | 3 | 9 | - | 6 | 5 | 11 | 9 | 3 | 2 | - | 5 | 3 | - | 2 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 3 | 85 | 6.3 |
| Parengyodontium album | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | 13 | - | 1 | 10 | 5 | - | - | 1 | - | 8 | 40 | 2.8 |
| 玫烟色棒束孢 Isaria fumosorosea | - | - | 3 | 6 | 1 | - | 3 | - | 2 | - | - | 2 | 26 | - | - | - | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | 50 | 3.3 |
| 西蒙斯木霉 Trichoderma simmonsii | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 0.1 |
| 露湿漆斑菌 Myrothecium roridum | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | 10 | 0.1 |
| 多主枝孢 Cladosporium herbarum | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 0.1 |
| Cladosporium asperulatum | - | 1 | 21 | - | - | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 | - | 6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 75 | 3.5 |
| 芽枝状枝孢 Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides | 1 | 2 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 1 | - | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 95 | 3.1 |
| 分枝杆菌 Cladosporium ramotenellum | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | - | 2 | - | - | 25 | 0.5 |
| 总状毛霉 Mucor racemosus | 13 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | 15 | 1.0 |
| 刺囊毛霉 Mucor spinosus | - | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | 12 | - | 2 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 65 | 2.8 |
| 冻土毛霉 Mucor hiemalis | 14 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 11 | 10 | 7 | 6 | 10 | 1 | 19 | 3 | - | - | 18 | 7 | - | 6 | 24 | 3 | 85 | 10.6 |
| Peyronellaea glomerata | - | 2 | - | 2 | - | - | 1 | 3 | - | 1 | - | 3 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3 | 40 | 1.1 |
| 灰葡萄孢 Botrytis cinerea | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 0.1 |
| Akanthomyces muscarius | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 0.1 |
| Neonectria ramulariae | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 0.1 |
| Neonectria lugdunensis | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | 35 | 0.7 |
| 三胞霉属一种 Tricellula sp. | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 0.1 |
| 帚枝霉属一种 Sarocladium sp. | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | 15 | 0.6 |
| 黑附球菌 Epicoccum nigrum | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | 15 | 0.2 |
表2 纳木措水体可培养丝状真菌种水平分布
Table 2 Distribution of culturable filamentous fungal species in Nam Co Lake
| 样点 Site | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 出现 频率 OF (%) | 相对 多度 RA (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 高山被孢霉 Mortierella alpina | 4 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 12 | 10 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 3 | - | 2 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 6 | - | 90 | 6.4 |
| Alternaria multiformis | - | - | 10 | - | 4 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 3 | - | - | 1 | 4 | 3 | - | 1 | 65 | 2.6 |
| 链格孢 Alternaria chlamydosporigena | - | 14 | 12 | 3 | 8 | 9 | 15 | 11 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 14 | 5 | 1 | 6 | 16 | 4 | 3 | 8 | 5 | 95 | 10.1 |
| 产黄青霉 Penicillium chrysogenum | - | 4 | 3 | - | - | - | 2 | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | 10 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 55 | 1.9 |
| 酒色青霉 Penicillium vinaceum | - | 4 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 6 | - | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | - | 3 | - | - | 75 | 3.2 |
| 波兰青霉 Penicillium polonicum | - | 1 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 60 | 1.6 |
| Penicillium dipodomyicola | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | 12 | - | 60 | 2.0 |
| 桔青霉 Penicillium citrinum | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | - | - | - | 5 | 2 | 6 | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | 4 | 6 | 1 | 60 | 2.4 |
| Penicillium halotolerans | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 0.1 |
| 普通青霉 Penicillium commune | 3 | 2 | 7 | 6 | - | - | 3 | 1 | 2 | 10 | 1 | 4 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 3 | 5 | - | 5 | 75 | 3.8 |
| 扩展青霉 Penicillium expansum | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | - | - | 10 | 0.2 |
| 卡门柏青霉 Penicillium camemberti | - | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | 20 | 0.3 |
| Penicillium goetzii | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 0.1 |
| 纳地青霉 Penicillium nalgiovense | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | 1 | 15 | 0.3 |
| 样点 Site | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 出现频率 OF (%) | 相对多度 RA (%) |
| 灰玫瑰青霉 Penicillium griseoroseum | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 10 | 0.1 |
| 青霉菌属一种 Penicillium sp. | - | 9 | 1 | 2 | 3 | - | 3 | 3 | 4 | - | 1 | 6 | - | - | 1 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 15 | - | 70 | 4.3 |
| 黑曲霉 Aspergillus niger | - | - | - | - | 4 | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 15 | 0.4 |
| 黄曲霉 Aspergillus flavus | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | 10 | 0.2 |
| 壳霉菌属一种 Stagonosporopsis sp. | 1 | 9 | 4 | - | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 12 | 1 | 80 | 3.3 |
| Stagonosporopsis astragali | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 0.1 |
| Plectosphaerella plurivora | 10 | 22 | 1 | - | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | 3 | 1 | - | 2 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 80 | 4.5 |
| 两型蜡蚧菌 Lecanicillium dimorphum | 2 | 11 | 7 | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 95 | 4.6 |
| Lecanicillium attenuatum | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | 10 | 0.2 |
| 蜡蚧轮枝菌 Lecanicillium lecanii | - | - | - | - | - | 3 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 15 | 0.4 |
| 三线镰刀菌 Fusarium tricinctum | 2 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 18 | 2 | 9 | 1 | 6 | 12 | 4 | - | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 9 | 95 | 7.2 |
| 镰刀菌属一种 Fusarium sp. | 1 | 6 | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | 4 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | 2 | 1 | - | - | 1 | 2 | 55 | 1.5 |
| 燕麦镰刀菌 Fusarium avenaceum | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | 5 | 1 | - | 50 | 1.0 |
| Microdochium bolleyi | 1 | 3 | 9 | - | 6 | 5 | 11 | 9 | 3 | 2 | - | 5 | 3 | - | 2 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 3 | 85 | 6.3 |
| Parengyodontium album | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | 13 | - | 1 | 10 | 5 | - | - | 1 | - | 8 | 40 | 2.8 |
| 玫烟色棒束孢 Isaria fumosorosea | - | - | 3 | 6 | 1 | - | 3 | - | 2 | - | - | 2 | 26 | - | - | - | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | 50 | 3.3 |
| 西蒙斯木霉 Trichoderma simmonsii | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 0.1 |
| 露湿漆斑菌 Myrothecium roridum | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | 10 | 0.1 |
| 多主枝孢 Cladosporium herbarum | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 0.1 |
| Cladosporium asperulatum | - | 1 | 21 | - | - | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 | - | 6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 75 | 3.5 |
| 芽枝状枝孢 Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides | 1 | 2 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 1 | - | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 95 | 3.1 |
| 分枝杆菌 Cladosporium ramotenellum | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | - | 2 | - | - | 25 | 0.5 |
| 总状毛霉 Mucor racemosus | 13 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | 15 | 1.0 |
| 刺囊毛霉 Mucor spinosus | - | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | 12 | - | 2 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 65 | 2.8 |
| 冻土毛霉 Mucor hiemalis | 14 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 11 | 10 | 7 | 6 | 10 | 1 | 19 | 3 | - | - | 18 | 7 | - | 6 | 24 | 3 | 85 | 10.6 |
| Peyronellaea glomerata | - | 2 | - | 2 | - | - | 1 | 3 | - | 1 | - | 3 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3 | 40 | 1.1 |
| 灰葡萄孢 Botrytis cinerea | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 0.1 |
| Akanthomyces muscarius | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 0.1 |
| Neonectria ramulariae | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 0.1 |
| Neonectria lugdunensis | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | 35 | 0.7 |
| 三胞霉属一种 Tricellula sp. | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 0.1 |
| 帚枝霉属一种 Sarocladium sp. | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | 15 | 0.6 |
| 黑附球菌 Epicoccum nigrum | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | 15 | 0.2 |
图1 基于ITS序列构建的Neighbor-Joining系统发育树。菌株后数字为GenBank登录号, 分支点数字代表1,000次重复后自展值, 左下角标尺表示5%的序列进化差异。
Fig. 1 Phylogenetic tree constructed through Neighbor-Joining analysis based on ITS sequences. The numbers after the strain are GenBank accession numbers, numbers at the nodes are bootstrap values obtained after 1,000 replicates, the scale at the lower left corner represents 5% sequence evolution difference.
图2 纳木措各样点水体可培养丝状真菌组成的聚类分析。(A)不同样点丝状真菌物种组成的UPGMA聚类分析, 数字代表样点, 分支长度代表不同样点间的距离, 分支靠的越近表示样点间相似度越高。(B)不同样点丝状真菌物种组成的非度量多维尺度分析, 图中颜色代表不同的分组。
Fig. 2 Cluster analysis of culturable filamentous fungal composition in different sites from Nam Co Lake. (A) For UPGMA clustering analysis of filamentous fungi species composition at different points, the number represents sample points, the length of branches represents the distance between different points, and the closer the branches are, the higher the similarity between sample points. (B) Non-metric multidimensional scale analysis of filamentous fungal species composition at different points, with colors representing different groupings.
图3 纳木措各样点水体可培养丝状真菌多样性指数。(A)丝状真菌属种数; (B)丝状真菌总丰度; (C)丝状真菌种水平多样性指数; (D)丝状真菌属水平多样性指数; H': Shannon指数; J: Pielou指数; D: Simpson指数。
Fig. 3 Diversity indexes of culturable filamentous fungi in different sites from Nam Co Lake. (A) Number of filamentous fungal species and genera; (B) Total abundance of filamentous fungi; (C) Diversity indexes of filamentous fungal species; (D) Diversity indexes of filamentous fungal genera; H', Shannon index; J, Pielou index; D, Simpson index.
图4 纳木措各样点可培养丝状真菌属种水平多样性指数与水体理化因子Pearson相关性分析。EC: 电导率; TDS: 总溶解固体量; Salt: 盐度; T: 温度; COD: 化学需氧量; NH4+-N: 铵态氮; TP: 全磷; TN: 全氮; GN: 丝状真菌属数; TA: 丝状真菌总丰度; H' (G)、J (G)、D (G): 丝状真菌属水平多样性指数; H' (S)、J (S)、D (S): 丝状真菌种水平多样性指数; PEN: 青霉属; MUC: 毛霉属; ALT: 链格孢属; A. chl: 链格孢; M. hie: 冻土毛霉。
Fig. 4 Pearson correlation coefficient between culturable filamentous fungi genera and species diversity index and environmental factors of different sites in Nam Co Lake. EC, Electric conductivity; TDS, Total dissolved salt; T, Temperature; COD, Chemical oxygen demand; NH4+-N, Ammonia nitrogen; TP, Total phosphorous; TN, Total nitrogen; GN, Number of filamentous fungal genera; TA, Total abundance of filamentous fungi; H' (G), J (G) and D (G) indicates the diversity indexes of filamentous fungal genera; H' (S), J (S) and D (S) indicates the diversity indexes of filamentous fungal species; PEN, Penicillium; MUC, Mucor; ALT, Altermaria; A. chl, A. chlaamydosporigena; M. hie, M. hiemalis.
图5 纳木措水体主要丝状真菌与理化因子RDA排序图。数字1-20: 20个样点; EC: 电导率; TDS: 总溶解固体量; Salt: 盐度; T: 温度; COD: 化学需氧量; NH4+-N: 铵态氮; TP: 全磷; TN: 全氮。
Fig. 5 RDA ordination diagram of main filamentous fungi associated with environmental factors in Nam Co Lake. Numbers 1-20, 20 samples; EC, Electric conductivity; TDS, Total dissolved salt; T, Temperature; COD, Chemical oxygen demand; NH4+-N, Ammonia nitrogen; TP, Total phosphorous; TN, Total nitrogen; P. plurivora, Penicillium plurivora; L. dimorphum, Lecanicillium dimorphum; A. chlamydosporigena, Alternaria chlamydosporigena; M. bolleyi, Micro- dochium bolleyi; C. asperulatum, Cladosporium asperulatum; P. commune, Penicillium commune; F. tricinctum, Fusarium tricinctum; M. alpine, Mortierella alpine; M. hiemalis, Mucor hiemalis.
| 区域 Region | 纳木措(夏季) Nam Co Lake (Summer) | 滇池(秋季) Dianchi Lake (Autumn) | 程海湖(冬季) Chenghai Lake (Winter) | 程海湖(春季) Chenghai Lake (Spring) | 洱海(干季) Erhai (Dry season) | 洱海(雨季) Erhai (Rainy season) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 海拔 Altitude (m) | 4,718 | 1,887.5 | 1,500 | 1,500 | 1,972 | 1,972 |
| pH | 8.72-9.66 | 7.37-8.26 | 9.31-9.44 | - | 7.8-8.2 | 7.7-8.2 |
| 总丰度 Total number of strains (cfu/L) | 1,412 | 788 | 212 | 172 | - | - |
| 属数 Genera number | 22 | 67 | 28 | 20 | 26 | 11 |
| 优势属 Dominant genera | 链格孢属 Alternaria 毛霉属 Mucor 青霉属 Penicillium | 枝孢菌属 Cladosporium 青霉属 Penicillium | 曲霉属 Aspergillus 青霉属 Penicillium | 曲霉属 Aspergillus 青霉属 Penicillium | 细囊霉属 Leptolegnia 根生壶菌属 Rhizophydium 水霉属 Saprolegnia 青霉属 Penicillium | 细囊霉属 Leptolegnia 根生壶菌属 Rhizophydium 拟青霉属 Paecilomyces 青霉属 Penicillium |
| 香农指数 Shannon-Wiener index (H') | 1.41-2.94 | 1.27-2.31 | 2.6429 | 2.2298 | - | - |
| 辛普森指数 (D) Simpson index | 0.70-0.94 | 0.62-0.86 | 0.9027 | 0.8408 | - | - |
| 皮卢指数 Pielou index (J) | 0.41-0.71 | 0.34-0.61 | 0.7931 | 0.7324 | - | - |
| 全氮 TN (mg/L) | 0.15-0.97 | 1.86-4.09 | 0.10-0.70 | - | - | - |
| 全磷 TP (mg/L) | 0.01-0.05 | 0.01-0.121 | 0.016-0.367 | - | - | - |
| 温度 T (℃) | 9.70-20.57 | 11-17 | 16.5-17.5 | - | 15 | 22.2 |
| 培养基 Medium | 酸化PDA培养基, 酸化YM培养基, RBCH培养基Acidified PDA medium, Acidified YM medium, RBCH medium | PDA培养基, YM培养基, 马丁氏培养基 PDA medium, YM medium, Martin medium | 含青霉素的PDA培养基, 马丁氏培养基, 酸化YM培养基, 含青霉素的燕麦培养基诱发真菌孢子培养基 PDA medium with penicillin, Martin medium, Acidified YM medium, Oatmeal agar with penicillin, Induce fungal spore medium | - | - | |
| 参考文献 Reference | - | Ge, 2017①(①戈帆 (2017) 云南高原湖泊滇池的可培养丝状真菌多样性及其活性研究. 硕士学位论文, 云南大学, 昆明.) | Jin et al, | Yang & Ding, | Yang & Ding, | |
表3 四种高原湖泊不同季节水体可培养丝状真菌对比
Table 3 Comparison of culturable filamentous fungi in four highland lakes in different seasons
| 区域 Region | 纳木措(夏季) Nam Co Lake (Summer) | 滇池(秋季) Dianchi Lake (Autumn) | 程海湖(冬季) Chenghai Lake (Winter) | 程海湖(春季) Chenghai Lake (Spring) | 洱海(干季) Erhai (Dry season) | 洱海(雨季) Erhai (Rainy season) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 海拔 Altitude (m) | 4,718 | 1,887.5 | 1,500 | 1,500 | 1,972 | 1,972 |
| pH | 8.72-9.66 | 7.37-8.26 | 9.31-9.44 | - | 7.8-8.2 | 7.7-8.2 |
| 总丰度 Total number of strains (cfu/L) | 1,412 | 788 | 212 | 172 | - | - |
| 属数 Genera number | 22 | 67 | 28 | 20 | 26 | 11 |
| 优势属 Dominant genera | 链格孢属 Alternaria 毛霉属 Mucor 青霉属 Penicillium | 枝孢菌属 Cladosporium 青霉属 Penicillium | 曲霉属 Aspergillus 青霉属 Penicillium | 曲霉属 Aspergillus 青霉属 Penicillium | 细囊霉属 Leptolegnia 根生壶菌属 Rhizophydium 水霉属 Saprolegnia 青霉属 Penicillium | 细囊霉属 Leptolegnia 根生壶菌属 Rhizophydium 拟青霉属 Paecilomyces 青霉属 Penicillium |
| 香农指数 Shannon-Wiener index (H') | 1.41-2.94 | 1.27-2.31 | 2.6429 | 2.2298 | - | - |
| 辛普森指数 (D) Simpson index | 0.70-0.94 | 0.62-0.86 | 0.9027 | 0.8408 | - | - |
| 皮卢指数 Pielou index (J) | 0.41-0.71 | 0.34-0.61 | 0.7931 | 0.7324 | - | - |
| 全氮 TN (mg/L) | 0.15-0.97 | 1.86-4.09 | 0.10-0.70 | - | - | - |
| 全磷 TP (mg/L) | 0.01-0.05 | 0.01-0.121 | 0.016-0.367 | - | - | - |
| 温度 T (℃) | 9.70-20.57 | 11-17 | 16.5-17.5 | - | 15 | 22.2 |
| 培养基 Medium | 酸化PDA培养基, 酸化YM培养基, RBCH培养基Acidified PDA medium, Acidified YM medium, RBCH medium | PDA培养基, YM培养基, 马丁氏培养基 PDA medium, YM medium, Martin medium | 含青霉素的PDA培养基, 马丁氏培养基, 酸化YM培养基, 含青霉素的燕麦培养基诱发真菌孢子培养基 PDA medium with penicillin, Martin medium, Acidified YM medium, Oatmeal agar with penicillin, Induce fungal spore medium | - | - | |
| 参考文献 Reference | - | Ge, 2017①(①戈帆 (2017) 云南高原湖泊滇池的可培养丝状真菌多样性及其活性研究. 硕士学位论文, 云南大学, 昆明.) | Jin et al, | Yang & Ding, | Yang & Ding, | |
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