王朗国家级自然保护区红腹角雉时空分布模式

doi:10.17520/biods.2024537

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 野生动物的时空分布特征研究能够为生态系统的结构与功能解析提供关键依据, 有助于精准构建保护策略与管理规划。作为国家二级重点保护野生动物, 红腹角雉(Tragopan temminckii)在维持森林生态系统的平衡中起着重要作用。为探索红腹角雉的时空分布特征, 本文于2011年1月至2019年5月在王朗国家级自然保护区不同时期共布设83台红外相机, 采用优化后的MaxEnt模型、核密度估计法和单样本t检验从空间和时间角度分析了红腹角雉的适宜栖息地分布及活动节律。结果显示: (1)红腹角雉的潜在适宜栖息地面积为6,858 ha, 占保护区总面积的22.2%。(2)植被是影响红腹角雉栖息地分布的主要因素, 年降水量、最干季平均温和坡向是次要因素。(3)红腹角雉在日活动节律上表现为典型昼行性(昼行性指数β > 13/24), 日活动节律为单峰型(Φ = 17.777), 高峰期在11:00左右。(4)每月日活动差异指数α = 0.069 (t = -1.6847, df = 11, P > 0.05)和昼行性指数β = 0.68 (t = -0.0764, df = 11, P > 0.05)均无显著差异。(5)冷暖季的日活动节律重叠程度达到中度(∆₄ = 0.78), 两季活动节律存在显著差异(P < 0.01)。冷季活动高峰期在8:00和18:00左右。暖季活动高峰期在11:00左右, 相对冷季延迟3-4 h。本次研究填补了王朗国家级自然保护区内红腹角雉时间和空间生态位上的信息空缺, 为后续红腹角雉在保护区内的保护和管理提供了科学依据。

关键词: 最大熵模型, 适宜栖息地, 活动节律, 核密度估计, 红外相机

Abstract

Aims: Understanding the spatio-temporal distribution of wildlife is crucial for the effective conservation of forest ecosystems. Studies on the spatio-temporal distribution patterns of wildlife provides key insights into ecosystem structure and function analysis, contributing to the precise formulation of conservation strategies and management plans. As a national second-class protected species, Tragopan temminckii plays an important role in maintaining forest ecosystem balance.

Methods: To explore the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of Tragopan temminckii, a total of 83 infrared cameras were deployed at different periods from January 2011 to May 2019 in Wanglang National Nature Reserve (WLNNR). The optimized MaxEnt model, kernel density estimation, and one-sample t-test were applied to analyze the species’ suitability and activity rhythm from both spatial and temporal perspectives.

Results: (1) The potential suitable habitat area of Tragopan temminckii was 6,858 ha, accounting for 22.2% of the total area in WLNNR. (2) Vegetation was the main factor affecting the habitat distribution, while annual precipitation, mean temperature of driest quarter, and aspect were secondary factors. (3) Tragopan temminckii showed a typical diurnal activity pattern (diurnal-nocturnal index β > 13/24), and a unimodal pattern in daily activity rhythm (Φ = 17.777), peaking at around 11:00 AM. (4) There was no significant difference in the monthly daily-discrepancy index (α = 0.069 (t= -1.6847, df= 11, P > 0.05)) or in the diurnal-nocturnal index (β= 0.68 (t= -0.0764, df= 11, P > 0.05)). (5) Cold and warm season activity rhythms exhibited a moderate overlap (∆₄ = 0.78) but differed significantly (P < 0.01). During the cold season, peak activity occurred around 8:00 AM and 18:00 PM, whereas in the warm season, peak activity was delayed by 3 to 4 hours, occurring at around 11:00 AM.

Conclusion: The study identified vegetation as the primary factor influencing the spatio-temporal distribution of Tragopan temminckii, with climatic and topographical variables also playing significant roles. The species exhibited a diurnal activity pattern, with peak activity at noon, and its daily activity rhythm varied significantly with season, reflecting ecological adaptation strategies. By filling the knowledge gap of spatio-temporal ecological niche for Tragopan temminckii in WLNNR, this study provides a scientific foundation for future conservation and management within the reserve.

Key words: MaxEnt model, suitable habitat, activity rhythm, kernel density estimation, infrared camera

周铝, 郭画, 姚世贸, 田成 (2025) 王朗国家级自然保护区红腹角雉时空分布模式. 生物多样性, 33, 24537. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024537.

Lü Zhou, Hua Guo, Shimao Yao, Cheng Tian (2025) The spatio-temporal distribution patterns of Tragopan temminckii in Wanglang National Nature Reserve. Biodiversity Science, 33, 24537. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024537.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2024537

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2025/V33/I7/24537

图/表 8

图1 王朗国家级自然保护区红外相机布设位点

Fig. 1 Infrared camera sites in Wanglang National Nature Reserve

表1 10种用于建模的环境要素

Table 1 10 environmental elements used for modelling

编号 Number	代码 Code	变量 Variable
1	bio 1	年均温 Annual mean temperature
2	bio 6	最冷月最低温 Min. temperature of coldest month
3	bio 8	最湿季平均温 Mean temperature of wettest quarter
4	bio 9	最干季平均温 Mean temperature of driest quarter
5	bio 12	年降水量 Annual precipitation
6	bio 13	最湿月降水量 Precipitation of wettest month
7	Altitude	海拔 Altitude
8	Aspect	坡向 Aspect
9	Slope	坡度 Slope
10	NDVI	归一化植被指数 Normalized difference vegetation index

图2 基于R软件ENMeval包的MaxEnt模型优化结果。L:线型特征; Q: 二次型特征; H: 片段型特征; P: 乘积型特征; T: 阈值型特征。

Fig. 2 Optimization results of the MaxEnt model based on ENMeval. L, Linear feature; Q, Quadratic feature; H, Hinge feature; P, Product feature; T, Threshold feature.

表2 最大熵模型结果中各环境要素的贡献率

Table 2 Contributions of each environmental factor in the results of MaxEnt model

环境要素 Environmental factor	贡献率 Contribution rate (%)
归一化植被指数 Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)	63.0
年降水量 Annual precipitation (bio 12)	16.0
最干季平均温 Mean temperature of driest quarter (bio 9)	5.7
坡向 Aspect (Aspect)	4.8
坡度 Slope (Slope)	3.3
海拔 Altitude (Altitude)	3.1
最湿季平均温 Mean temperature of wettest quarter (bio 8)	1.6
最湿月降水量 Precipitation of wettest month (bio 13)	0.9
最冷月最低温 Min. temperature of coldest month (bio 6)	0.8
年均温 Annual mean temperature (bio 1)	0.7

图3 主要变量的响应曲线

Fig. 3 Response curves of the main variables

图4 红腹角雉适宜栖息地分布图

Fig. 4 Distribution of suitable habitats of Tragopan temminckii

图5 红腹角雉日活动节律

Fig. 5 Daily activity rhythm of Tragopan temminckii

图6 红腹角雉不同季节日活动节律对比

Fig. 6 Comparison of the daily activity rhythms of Tragopan temminckii in different seasons

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