生物多样性 ›› 2026, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (6): 26086. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2026086 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2026086
田瑜1(
), 耿宜佳2(), 李俊生1,*(
), 李明1
收稿日期:2026-03-15
接受日期:2026-06-10
出版日期:2026-06-20
发布日期:2026-07-30
通讯作者:
*E-mail: lijunsheng001@mail.cgs.gov.cn
基金资助:
Yu Tian1(), Yijia Geng2(), Junsheng Li1,*(), Ming Li1
Received:2026-03-15
Accepted:2026-06-10
Online:2026-06-20
Published:2026-07-30
Contact:
*E-mail: lijunsheng001@mail.cgs.gov.cn
Supported by:摘要： 生物多样性丧失已成为当前全球面临的三大环境挑战之一。本文聚焦《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》(简称《昆蒙框架》)全球目标与国家/地方执行的系统性尺度差异, 从政策与时间、监测与指标、空间与地理、资源与功能4个维度展开分析。结果发现, 全球愿景在向本土转化过程中面临多重挑战: 政策层面存在“承诺快、行动慢”的时间滞后; 监测指标存在“分辨率不足”问题; 空间治理存在行政边界与生态完整性冲突; 资源层面存在约7,000亿美元资金缺口及“保护1美元、破坏30美元”的投入失衡。进一步指出, 差异成因包括政策更新行政成本高、数据能力不均衡、空间治理碎片化及经济激励机制错位。为弥合尺度鸿沟, 本文提出多尺度协同治理路径: 政策上嵌入国家法律与预算体系; 技术上构建“卫星–社区”多层监测体系; 空间上推广其他有效的区域保护措施(other effective area-based conservation measures, OECMs)与跨国保护区网络; 资源上推动有害补贴改革与创新金融工具。本文认为, 解决尺度差异的核心在于构建弹性治理范式, 需全球治理关注地方生态质量、国家执行强化生物多样性宏观约束、资源动员重构负向金融流向, 以实现2030年生物多样性保护愿景。
田瑜, 耿宜佳, 李俊生, 李明 (2026) 《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》全球目标与执行尺度差异及解决路径. 生物多样性, 34, 26086. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2026086.
Yu Tian, Yijia Geng, Junsheng Li, Ming Li (2026) Scale discrepancies between global goals and implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and pathways to resolution. Biodiversity Science, 34, 26086. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2026086.
| 《昆蒙框架》目标 KMGBF target | 关键指标 Key indicator | 基于基本生物多样性变量的卫星遥感观测变量 SRS variables based on EVBs | 技术路径 Technical pathway | 尺度提升效果 Upscaling effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 目标2 (生态修复) Target 2 (Ecological restoration) | 生态系统恢复程度 Degree in ecosystem restoration | 植被覆盖 Vegetation cover | 多时相光学遥感 Multi-temporal optical remote sensing | 样地至景观连续监测 Continuous monitoring from sample plot to landscape |
| 目标2 (生态修复) Target 2 (Ecological restoration) | 生态系统恢复程度 Degree in ecosystem restoration | 地上生物量 Aboveground biomass | 激光雷达/合成孔径雷达反演 Light detection and ranging (LiDAR)/synthetic aperture radar (SAR) inversion | 区域至全球一致量化 Consistent quantification from regional to global scales |
| 目标2 (生态修复) Target 2 (Ecological restoration) | 生态系统功能恢复 Ecosystem function recovery | 初级生产力 Primary productivity | 时间序列/模型反演 Time series/model inversion | 年度至连续动态监测 Annual to continuous dynamic monitoring |
| 目标3 (保护地) Target 3 (Protected areas) | 保护地覆盖率/连通性 Protected area coverage/connectivity | 土地覆盖 Land cover | 分类与变化检测 Classification and change detection | 行政统计至空间连续表达 Administrative statistics to spatial continuous representation |
| 目标3 (保护地) Target 3 (Protected areas) | 生态连通性 Ecological connectivity | 生态系统破碎化 Ecosystem fragmentation | 景观指数分析 Landscape index analysis | 斑块至景观网络结构 Patch to landscape network structure |
| 目标3 (保护地) Target 3 (Protected areas) | 生态系统代表性 Ecosystem representativeness | 结构异质性 Structural heterogeneity | 空间统计分析 Spatial statistical analysis | 样方至区域结构 Quadrat to regional structure |
| 目标4 (物种保护) Target 4 (Species conservation) | 栖息地变化/分布趋势 Habitat change/ distribution trends | 生境结构变量 Habitat structure variables | 遥感驱动物种分布模型 Remote sensing-driven species distribution models | 样点至潜在分布连续预测 Continuous prediction from sample point to potential distribution |
| 目标6 (入侵物种) Target 6 (Invasive species) | 入侵风险/扩散动态 Invasion risk/diffusion dynamics | 植被物候 Vegetation phenology | 时间序列变化检测 Time-series change detection | 静态调查至动态过程监测 Static survey to dynamic process monitoring |
| 目标8 (气候变化) Target 8 (Climate change) | 碳储量/生态系统功能 Carbon storage/ ecosystem functions | 地上生物量/叶面积指数等 Aboveground biomass (AGB)/ leaf area index (LAI), etc. | - | 多源融合 Multi-source fusion |
| 目标10 (生态系统服务) Target 10 (Ecosystem services) | 生态系统功能 Ecosystem function | 叶面积指数/蒸散发/总初级生产力 LAI/evapotranspiration (ET)/gross primary productivity (GPP) | 遥感生态模型 Remote sensing ecological models | 点位至连续区域功能区 Point to continuous regional functional areas |
| 目标10 (生态系统服务) Target 10 (Ecosystem services) | 功能多样性 Functional diversity | 植物功能性状 Plant functional traits | 高光谱/机器学习等 Hyperspectral/machine learning, etc. | - |
| 目标10 (生态系统服务) Target 10 (Ecosystem services) | 生物多样性替代指标 Biodiversity alternative indicators | 光谱多样性 Spectral variability | 高光谱/多光谱分析 Hyperspectral/multispectral analysis | 样方至连续景观 Quadrat to continuous landscape |
表1 卫星遥感技术(SRS)在弥合全球生物多样性目标与地方监测能力尺度差异方面的应用
Table 1 Applications of the satellite remote sensing (SRS) in bridging the scale discrepancies between global biodiversity targets and local monitoring capabilities
| 《昆蒙框架》目标 KMGBF target | 关键指标 Key indicator | 基于基本生物多样性变量的卫星遥感观测变量 SRS variables based on EVBs | 技术路径 Technical pathway | 尺度提升效果 Upscaling effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 目标2 (生态修复) Target 2 (Ecological restoration) | 生态系统恢复程度 Degree in ecosystem restoration | 植被覆盖 Vegetation cover | 多时相光学遥感 Multi-temporal optical remote sensing | 样地至景观连续监测 Continuous monitoring from sample plot to landscape |
| 目标2 (生态修复) Target 2 (Ecological restoration) | 生态系统恢复程度 Degree in ecosystem restoration | 地上生物量 Aboveground biomass | 激光雷达/合成孔径雷达反演 Light detection and ranging (LiDAR)/synthetic aperture radar (SAR) inversion | 区域至全球一致量化 Consistent quantification from regional to global scales |
| 目标2 (生态修复) Target 2 (Ecological restoration) | 生态系统功能恢复 Ecosystem function recovery | 初级生产力 Primary productivity | 时间序列/模型反演 Time series/model inversion | 年度至连续动态监测 Annual to continuous dynamic monitoring |
| 目标3 (保护地) Target 3 (Protected areas) | 保护地覆盖率/连通性 Protected area coverage/connectivity | 土地覆盖 Land cover | 分类与变化检测 Classification and change detection | 行政统计至空间连续表达 Administrative statistics to spatial continuous representation |
| 目标3 (保护地) Target 3 (Protected areas) | 生态连通性 Ecological connectivity | 生态系统破碎化 Ecosystem fragmentation | 景观指数分析 Landscape index analysis | 斑块至景观网络结构 Patch to landscape network structure |
| 目标3 (保护地) Target 3 (Protected areas) | 生态系统代表性 Ecosystem representativeness | 结构异质性 Structural heterogeneity | 空间统计分析 Spatial statistical analysis | 样方至区域结构 Quadrat to regional structure |
| 目标4 (物种保护) Target 4 (Species conservation) | 栖息地变化/分布趋势 Habitat change/ distribution trends | 生境结构变量 Habitat structure variables | 遥感驱动物种分布模型 Remote sensing-driven species distribution models | 样点至潜在分布连续预测 Continuous prediction from sample point to potential distribution |
| 目标6 (入侵物种) Target 6 (Invasive species) | 入侵风险/扩散动态 Invasion risk/diffusion dynamics | 植被物候 Vegetation phenology | 时间序列变化检测 Time-series change detection | 静态调查至动态过程监测 Static survey to dynamic process monitoring |
| 目标8 (气候变化) Target 8 (Climate change) | 碳储量/生态系统功能 Carbon storage/ ecosystem functions | 地上生物量/叶面积指数等 Aboveground biomass (AGB)/ leaf area index (LAI), etc. | - | 多源融合 Multi-source fusion |
| 目标10 (生态系统服务) Target 10 (Ecosystem services) | 生态系统功能 Ecosystem function | 叶面积指数/蒸散发/总初级生产力 LAI/evapotranspiration (ET)/gross primary productivity (GPP) | 遥感生态模型 Remote sensing ecological models | 点位至连续区域功能区 Point to continuous regional functional areas |
| 目标10 (生态系统服务) Target 10 (Ecosystem services) | 功能多样性 Functional diversity | 植物功能性状 Plant functional traits | 高光谱/机器学习等 Hyperspectral/machine learning, etc. | - |
| 目标10 (生态系统服务) Target 10 (Ecosystem services) | 生物多样性替代指标 Biodiversity alternative indicators | 光谱多样性 Spectral variability | 高光谱/多光谱分析 Hyperspectral/multispectral analysis | 样方至连续景观 Quadrat to continuous landscape |
| 维度 Dimension | 欧盟 EU | 中国 China |
|---|---|---|
| 政策转化路径 Policy translation pathway | 以《欧盟2030生物多样性战略》为基础, 将《昆蒙框架》目标嵌入欧洲绿色协议、自然恢复、农业、森林、污染治理和供应链监管等政策体系, 突出“区域战略-成员国落实-欧盟监督”的制度化路径 Based on the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030, the Kunming- Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) targets are embedded into the European Green Deal, nature restoration, agriculture, forestry, pollution control, and supply chain regulation, following an institutionalised pathway of “regional strategy-member state implementation-EU oversight” | 以《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划(2023-2030年)》为核心, 将《昆蒙框架》目标嵌入生态文明建设、美丽中国建设、国土空间治理、生态保护红线、国家公园和自然保护地体系, 突出“中央统筹-部门协同-地方执行”的治理路径 Centered on the China National Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2023-2030), the KMGBF targets are embedded into the ecological civilization initiative, the beautiful China initiative, territorial spatial governance, ecological conservation redlines, the national park system, and the protected area system, following a governance pathway of “central coordination-sectoral collaboration-local execution” |
| 目标对齐方式 Target alignment | 2024年向《生物多样性公约》(CBD)提交落实《昆蒙框架》的区域目标, 覆盖GBF全部目标, 并将各目标与欧盟层面的法律和非法律政策工具相衔接, 体现出较强的目标清单化和工具匹配特征 In 2024, submitted regional targets to the CBD that cover all GBF targets and align each with EU-level legal and non-legal policy instruments, reflecting a strong feature of target listing and tool-matching | 行动计划直接吸收《昆蒙框架》核心目标, 明确到2030年实现“3030目标”, 即至少30%的陆地、内陆水域、沿海和海洋区域得到有效保护和管理, 同时至少30%的退化生态系统得到有效恢复 The action plan directly incorporates the core GBF targets, explicitly committing to achieve the “3030 target” by 2030, i.e., at least 30% of terrestrial, inland water, coastal and marine areas effectively conserved and managed, and at least 30% of degraded ecosystems effectively restored |
| 法律约束强度 Legal binding force | 《自然恢复条例》于2024年生效, 是欧盟首个大陆尺度的综合性自然恢复法律, 规定到2030年恢复措施覆盖至少20%的欧盟陆地和海域, 并最终到2050年覆盖所有需要恢复的生态系统 The Nature Restoration Regulation entered into force in 2024 as the EU’s first continent-scale comprehensive law on nature restoration, requiring restoration measures to cover at least 20% of the EU's land and sea areas by 2030 and eventually all ecosystems in need of restoration by 2050 | 法律约束呈“政策规划 + 部门法律 + 专项制度”组合特征。生物多样性保护主要依托环境保护、野生动物、湿地、森林、草原、海洋、生物安全、自然保护地等领域法律法规及政策文件推进, 整体上更依赖行政规划和专项行动传导 Legal binding follows a combined approach of “policy planning + sectoral laws + special programmes”. Biodiversity conservation primarily relies on laws, regulations and policy documents in the fields of environmental protection, wildlife, wetlands, forests, grasslands, oceans, biosafety, and protected areas, with implementation largely driven through administrative plans and special campaigns |
| 政策工具类型 Types of policy instruments | 以法规、指令、成员国计划、财政预算、市场准入和供应链尽责监管等工具为主, 强调通过统一规则约束成员国、企业和市场主体。例如自然恢复条例要求成员国提交国家恢复计划并开展监测报告 Relies primarily on regulations, directives, member state plans, budget allocations, market access requirements, and supply chain due diligence, emphasising binding rules for member states, enterprises and market players (e.g., the Nature Restoration Regulation requires member states to submit national restoration plans and conduct monitoring reports) | 以国家战略、空间管控、重大生态工程、行政监督、生态补偿、执法专项行动和技术监测为主, 强调通过政府主导和层级责任推进目标落地。生态保护红线、国家公园、自然保护地体系和山水林田湖草沙一体化保护修复是主要抓手 Relies primarily on national strategies, spatial zoning controls, major ecological projects, administrative supervision, ecological compensation, special enforcement actions, and technical monitoring, emphasising government-led and hierarchical responsibility to achieve targets. Key instruments include ecological conservation redlines, national parks, the protected area system, and integrated protection and restoration of mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands-deserts |
表2 欧盟与中国的生物多样性相关政策路径比较
Table 2 Comparison of biodiversity-related policy pathways between the EU (European Union) and China
| 维度 Dimension | 欧盟 EU | 中国 China |
|---|---|---|
| 政策转化路径 Policy translation pathway | 以《欧盟2030生物多样性战略》为基础, 将《昆蒙框架》目标嵌入欧洲绿色协议、自然恢复、农业、森林、污染治理和供应链监管等政策体系, 突出“区域战略-成员国落实-欧盟监督”的制度化路径 Based on the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030, the Kunming- Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) targets are embedded into the European Green Deal, nature restoration, agriculture, forestry, pollution control, and supply chain regulation, following an institutionalised pathway of “regional strategy-member state implementation-EU oversight” | 以《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划(2023-2030年)》为核心, 将《昆蒙框架》目标嵌入生态文明建设、美丽中国建设、国土空间治理、生态保护红线、国家公园和自然保护地体系, 突出“中央统筹-部门协同-地方执行”的治理路径 Centered on the China National Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2023-2030), the KMGBF targets are embedded into the ecological civilization initiative, the beautiful China initiative, territorial spatial governance, ecological conservation redlines, the national park system, and the protected area system, following a governance pathway of “central coordination-sectoral collaboration-local execution” |
| 目标对齐方式 Target alignment | 2024年向《生物多样性公约》(CBD)提交落实《昆蒙框架》的区域目标, 覆盖GBF全部目标, 并将各目标与欧盟层面的法律和非法律政策工具相衔接, 体现出较强的目标清单化和工具匹配特征 In 2024, submitted regional targets to the CBD that cover all GBF targets and align each with EU-level legal and non-legal policy instruments, reflecting a strong feature of target listing and tool-matching | 行动计划直接吸收《昆蒙框架》核心目标, 明确到2030年实现“3030目标”, 即至少30%的陆地、内陆水域、沿海和海洋区域得到有效保护和管理, 同时至少30%的退化生态系统得到有效恢复 The action plan directly incorporates the core GBF targets, explicitly committing to achieve the “3030 target” by 2030, i.e., at least 30% of terrestrial, inland water, coastal and marine areas effectively conserved and managed, and at least 30% of degraded ecosystems effectively restored |
| 法律约束强度 Legal binding force | 《自然恢复条例》于2024年生效, 是欧盟首个大陆尺度的综合性自然恢复法律, 规定到2030年恢复措施覆盖至少20%的欧盟陆地和海域, 并最终到2050年覆盖所有需要恢复的生态系统 The Nature Restoration Regulation entered into force in 2024 as the EU’s first continent-scale comprehensive law on nature restoration, requiring restoration measures to cover at least 20% of the EU's land and sea areas by 2030 and eventually all ecosystems in need of restoration by 2050 | 法律约束呈“政策规划 + 部门法律 + 专项制度”组合特征。生物多样性保护主要依托环境保护、野生动物、湿地、森林、草原、海洋、生物安全、自然保护地等领域法律法规及政策文件推进, 整体上更依赖行政规划和专项行动传导 Legal binding follows a combined approach of “policy planning + sectoral laws + special programmes”. Biodiversity conservation primarily relies on laws, regulations and policy documents in the fields of environmental protection, wildlife, wetlands, forests, grasslands, oceans, biosafety, and protected areas, with implementation largely driven through administrative plans and special campaigns |
| 政策工具类型 Types of policy instruments | 以法规、指令、成员国计划、财政预算、市场准入和供应链尽责监管等工具为主, 强调通过统一规则约束成员国、企业和市场主体。例如自然恢复条例要求成员国提交国家恢复计划并开展监测报告 Relies primarily on regulations, directives, member state plans, budget allocations, market access requirements, and supply chain due diligence, emphasising binding rules for member states, enterprises and market players (e.g., the Nature Restoration Regulation requires member states to submit national restoration plans and conduct monitoring reports) | 以国家战略、空间管控、重大生态工程、行政监督、生态补偿、执法专项行动和技术监测为主, 强调通过政府主导和层级责任推进目标落地。生态保护红线、国家公园、自然保护地体系和山水林田湖草沙一体化保护修复是主要抓手 Relies primarily on national strategies, spatial zoning controls, major ecological projects, administrative supervision, ecological compensation, special enforcement actions, and technical monitoring, emphasising government-led and hierarchical responsibility to achieve targets. Key instruments include ecological conservation redlines, national parks, the protected area system, and integrated protection and restoration of mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands-deserts |
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