秦岭火地塘针叶林土壤细菌群落的海拔分布格局

doi:10.17520/biods.2024180

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

土壤细菌在维持森林生态系统功能和土壤养分循环中发挥着重要作用。火地塘林区是秦岭南坡中具有代表性的林区, 但其针叶林土壤细菌群落的海拔分布格局仍不明晰。本研究采集了不同海拔高度的两种典型针叶林(铁杉(Tsuga chinensis)林、华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)林)的土样, 对其理化性质进行测定, 采用16S rRNA扩增子测序对不同海拔下针叶林土壤细菌群落特征进行研究, 并采用典范对应分析和相关性分析探明影响土壤细菌群落组成的驱动因素。结果表明, 不同海拔针叶林土壤细菌群落的α多样性无显著差异, 但β多样性发生了显著变化。优势细菌门为变形菌门、酸杆菌门和放线菌门, 占比66.02%-73.78%; 属水平上, 不同海拔的细菌群落组成差异较大。线性判别分析表明, 高海拔针叶林土壤富集的特征微生物大多归属于变形菌门, 氮循环相关功能相对富集; 低海拔和中海拔富集的特征微生物大多归属于酸杆菌门, 碳循环相关功能相对富集。海拔、土壤pH值、全钾(TK)和碳氮比(C/N)与细菌群落结构相关。其中, 变形菌门与海拔和C/N呈正相关; 酸杆菌门与海拔和C/N呈负相关; 放线菌门与土壤pH值呈负相关, 与TK呈正相关。综上所述, 秦岭火地塘针叶林土壤细菌群落组成和结构随着海拔梯度发生了明显变化, 土壤理化性质和海拔高度共同影响了土壤细菌群落组成及其功能。本研究有助于深入理解秦岭火地塘针叶林土壤细菌群落组成的变化和驱动机制, 为秦岭针叶林保护和生态修复提供理论依据。

关键词: 针叶林, 土壤细菌群落结构, 海拔, 环境因子, 秦岭

Abstract

Aims: Soil bacteria play an important role in maintaining forest ecosystem function and soil nutrient cycling. The Huoditang forest area is a representative region in the southern slope of the Qinling Mountains, but the altitude distribution pattern of soil bacterial communities in its coniferous forests is still unclear. Our study aims to explore the distribution of soil bacterial communities in the Huoditang coniferous forests, as well as provide basic data and decision-making references for further research to protect the Qinling ecosystem.
Methods: Soil samples were collected from two typical coniferous forests (Tsuga chinensis forest and Larix principis-rupprechtii forest) from a range of altitudes. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was used to characterize the soil microbial communities. Canonical correspondence and correlation analyses were used to identify the driving factors that affect the soil microbial communities in these areas.
Results: (1) There was no significant difference in the α-diversity of soil microbial communities in coniferous forests at different altitudes, but the β-diversity changed significantly. (2) The dominant bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria, which accounted for 66.02%-73.78% of the total bacteria. At the genus level, the bacterial community composition varied greatly with altitude. (3) Our LEfSe (linear discriminant analysis effect size) and FAPROTAX (functional annotation of prokaryotic taxa) functional prediction also indicated that high-altitude coniferous forest soils were mainly enriched in Proteobacteria with nitrogen (N) cycle-related functions, while low- and mid-altitude coniferous forest soils were largely enriched in Acidobacteria and carbon (C) cycle-related functions. (4) Altitude, pH, TK and C/N were also correlated with bacterial community structure. Proteobacteria were positively correlated with altitude and C/N, while Acidobacteria were negatively correlated. However, Actinobacteria were negatively correlated with pH and positively correlated with TK.
Conclusion: In summary, the composition and structure of soil bacterial communities in the Huoditang coniferous forests changed significantly with the altitudinal gradient, which greatly influenced their function. Together, this study creates an in-depth understanding of the changes and driving mechanisms of soil bacterial community composition in the Huoditang coniferous forests and provides a theoretical basis for their conservation and ecological restoration in the Qinling Mountains.

Key words: coniferous forest, bacterial community structure, altitude, environmental factors, Qinling Mountains

魏诗雨, 宋天骄, 罗佳宜, 张燕, 赵子萱, 茹靖雯, 易华, 林雁冰 (2024) 秦岭火地塘针叶林土壤细菌群落的海拔分布格局. 生物多样性, 32, 24180. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024180.

Shiyu Wei, Tianjiao Song, Jiayi Luo, Yan Zhang, Zixuan Zhao, Jingwen Ru, Hua Yi, Yanbing Lin (2024) Altitudinal distribution patterns of soil bacterial communities in the Huoditang coniferous forests of the Qinling Mountains. Biodiversity Science, 32, 24180. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024180.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2024180

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2024/V32/I9/24180

图/表 7

表1 两种针叶林土壤理化性质随海拔的梯度的变化(平均值 ± 标准差)

Table 1 Changes of soil physical and chemical properties in two types of coniferous forests along the altitude gradients (mean ± SD)

	海拔 Altitude (m)	pH	土壤有机质 SOM (g/kg)	全氮 TN (g/kg)	全磷 TP (g/kg)	全钾 TK (g/kg)	碱解氮 AN (mg/kg)	速效磷 AP (mg/kg)	速效钾 AK (mg/kg)	C/N
T	1582	5.95 ± 0.04^b	341.29 ± 13.57^a	14.1 ± 0.58^a	1.07 ± 0.03^a	12.61 ± 0.51^b	713.08 ± 24.31^a	35.76 ± 5.59^a	175 ± 7.81^a	24.21 ± 0.48^b
	1874	7.26 ± 0.1^a	62.96 ± 29.31^b	2.36 ± 1.01^b	0.65 ± 0.26^b	13.91 ± 0.77^b	159.67 ± 50.58^b	34.87 ± 25.31^a	203.33 ± 104.84^a	26.25 ± 2.49^b
	2400	5.8 ± 0.27^b	91.64 ± 9.18^b	3 ± 0.28^b	0.78 ± 0.02^ab	22.51 ± 2.33^a	239.01 ± 47.34^b	43.8 ± 8.68^a	210.33 ± 15.82^a	30.49 ± 0.48^a
L	1578	5.55 ± 0.26^b	70.36 ± 35.09^a	3.37 ± 1.84^a	0.67 ± 0.23^a	20.41 ± 1.03^a	228.16 ± 102.01^a	13.82 ± 5.89^a	239.33 ± 96.77^a	21.26 ± 1.21^c
	1809	6.94 ± 0.36^a	58.22 ± 1.99^a	2.7 ± 0.05^a	0.81 ± 0.08^a	17.5 ± 1.29^b	178.89 ± 5.17^a	36.32 ± 13.6^a	222.33 ± 23.71^a	21.56 ± 0.64^c
	1979	5.67 ± 0.32^b	61.09 ± 43.85^a	2.02 ± 1.48^a	0.76 ± 0.05^a	19.67 ± 0.93^ab	146.36 ± 71.48^a	41.78 ± 18.87^a	186 ± 48.45^a	30.47 ± 0.6^a

图1 两种针叶林土壤微生物群落结构及多样性。(a-c): 基于Bray-Curtis的主坐标分析(PCoA); (d-f): α多样性指数。T: 铁杉林; L：华北落叶松林; TL: 低海拔铁杉林; TM: 中海拔铁杉林; H: 高海拔铁杉林; LL: 低海拔华北落叶松林; LM: 中海拔华北落叶松林; LH: 高海拔华北落叶松林。

Fig. 1 Structure and diversity of soil microbial communities in two types of coniferous forests. (a-c), PcoA (principal co-ordinates analysis) based on Bray-Curtis; (d-f), α-diversity values. T, Tsuga chinensis forest; L, Larix principis-rupprechtii forest; TL, Low-altitude T. chinensis forest; TM, Mid-altitude T. chinensis forest; TH, High-altitude T. chinensis forest; LL, Low-altitude L. principis-rupprechtii forest; LM, Mid-altitude L. principis-rupprechtii forest; LH, High-altitude L. principis-rupprechtii forest.

图2 两种针叶林门水平(a)和属水平(b)土壤微生物群落相对丰度。T: 铁杉林; L: 华北落叶松林; TL: 低海拔铁杉林; TM: 中海拔铁杉林; TH: 高海拔铁杉林; LL: 低海拔华北落叶松林; LM: 中海拔华北落叶松林; LH: 高海拔华北落叶松林。图(b)右侧刻度条中颜色深浅表示菌属丰度与均值的差异程度。以同一样本菌属丰度平均值为基准, 高于平均值则为正值, 标记为红色; 反之, 低于平均值则为负值, 标记为蓝色。

Fig. 2 Relative abundance of soil microbial communities at the phylum level (a) and genus level (b) in two types of coniferous forests. T, Tsuga chinensis forest; L, Larix principis-rupprechtii forest; TL, Low-altitude T. chinensis forest; TM, Mid-altitude T. chinensis forest; TH, High-altitude T. chinensis forest; LL, Low-altitude L. principis-rupprechtii forest; LM, Mid-altitude L. principis-rupprechtii forest; LH, High-altitude L. principis-rupprechtii forest. The colour shades in the scale bar on the right side of figure (b) indicate the degree of difference between the genus abundance and the mean value. Based on the mean value of genus abundance in the same sample, values above the mean are positive and marked in red; on the contrary, values below the mean are negative and marked in blue.

图3 铁杉林(a)和华北落叶松林(b)不同海拔土壤微生物群落差异的线性判别分析(LEfSe)。每个圆环为1个分类学层次内的所有分类群, 从内到外的圆环分别代表超群、门、纲、目和科; 圆环上的节点表示分类学层次上的1个分类单元, 每个节点的直径与丰度成正比; 不同海拔中相对丰度显著较高的分类单元(特征微生物)在进化分支图中进行了颜色编码。TM: 中海拔铁杉林; TH: 高海拔铁杉林; LL: 低海拔华北落叶松林; LM: 中海拔华北落叶松林; LH: 高海拔华北落叶松林。

Fig. 3 LEfSe (linear discriminant analysis effect size ) showing soil community differences at different altitudes in Tsuga chinensis forest (a) and Larix principis-rupprechtii forest (b). Each circular ring deposits all taxa within a taxonomic level, and the circular ring from inside to outside represents supergroup, phylum, class, order, and family, respectively. The node on the circular ring represents taxon, affiliating within the taxonomic level. The diameter of each node is proportional to the abundance of the group. Taxa that have significantly higher relative abundance in a certain treatment within each altitude gradient are color-coded within the cladogram. TM, Mid-altitude T. chinensis forest; TH, High-altitude T. chinensis forest; LL, Low-altitude L. principis-rupprechtii forest; LM, Mid-altitude L. principis-rupprechtii forest; LH, High-altitude L. principis-rupprechtii forest.

图4 铁杉林(a)和华北落叶松林(b)不同海拔梯度土壤细菌群落的FAPROTAX功能预测。右侧刻度条中颜色深浅表示代谢功能表达量与均值的差异程度。以同一样本基因表达量平均值为基准, 高于平均值表达量则为正值, 标记为红色; 反之, 低于平均值表达量则为负值, 标记为蓝色。TL: 低海拔铁杉林; TM: 中海拔铁杉林; TH: 高海拔铁杉林; LL: 低海拔华北落叶松林; LM: 中海拔华北落叶松林; LH: 高海拔华北落叶松林。

Fig. 4 FAPROTAX functional prediction of soil bacterial communities across different altitudinal gradients of Tsuga chinensis forest (a) and Larix principis-rupprechtii forest (b). The color shades indicate the degree of difference between the expression of metabolic function and the mean. The average value of gene expression in the same sample is used as the benchmark, and the expression above the average is positive, and the mark is red; conversely, the expression below the average is a negative value and marked as blue. TL, Low-altitude T. chinensis forest; TM, Mid-altitude T. chinensis forest; TH, High-altitude T. chinensis forest; LL, Low-altitude L. principis-rupprechti forest; LM, Mid-altitude L. principis-rupprechtii forest; LH, High-altitude L. principis-rupprechtii forest.

图5 环境因子间相关性分析。Altitude: 海拔; pH: 土壤pH值; SOM: 土壤有机质; TN: 全氮; TP: 全磷; TK: 全钾; AN: 速效氮; AP: 速效磷; AK: 速效钾; C/N: 碳氮比。右侧刻度条中的数值表示Pearson相关系数。红色表示正相关, 蓝色表示负相关, 颜色越深表示相关性越强。* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001。

Fig. 5 Correlation analysis of environmental factors. Altitude, Altitude; pH, Soil pH; SOM, Soil organic matter; TN, Total nitrogen; TP, Total phosphorus; TK, Total potassium; AN, Available nitrogen; AP, Available phosphorus; AK, Available potassium; C/N, Carbon to nitrogen ratio. The values in the right scale bar indicate the Pearson correlation coefficients. The color of the square indicates the direction of the correlation, where red indicates positive correlation and blue indicates negative correlation, and the darker color indicates the stronger correlation. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001.

图6 环境因子和土壤微生物群落的相关性分析。(a)典范对应分析; (b) Spearman相关性分析。Altitude: 海拔; SOM: 土壤有机质; TN: 全氮; TP: 全磷; TK: 全钾; AN: 速效氮; AP: 速效磷; AK: 速效钾; C/N: 碳氮比。右侧图例中的数值表示Spearman相关系数; 红色表示正相关, 蓝色表示负相关, 颜色越深表示相关性越强。TL: 低海拔铁杉; TM: 中海拔铁杉林; TH: 高海拔铁杉林; LL: 低海拔华北落叶松林; LM: 中海拔华北落叶松林; LH: 高海拔华北落叶松林。* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001。

Fig. 6 Correlation analysis between environmental factors and soil microbial communities. (a) Canonical correspondence analysis; (b) Spearman correlation analysis. Altitude, Altitude; SOM, Soil organic matter; TN, Total nitrogen; TP, Total phosphorus; TK, Total potassium; AN, Available nitrogen; AP, Available phosphorus; AK, Available potassium; C/N, Carbon to nitrogen ratio. The color of the bar indicates the Spearman’s correlation coefficients, where red indicates positive correlation and blue indicates negative correlation, and the darker color indicates the stronger correlation. TL, Low-altitude Tsuga chinensis forest; TM, Mid-altitude T. chinensis forest; TH, High-altitude T. chinensis forest; LL, Low-altitude Larix principis-rupprechtii forest; LM, Mid-altitude L. principis-rupprechtii forest; LH, High-altitude L. principis-rupprechtii forest. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001.

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