浅析环境特征对遗传多样性与物种多样性的平行效应

doi:10.17520/biods.2017006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

遗传多样性与物种多样性是生物多样性的两个基本层次。近年来的研究表明, 环境特征可能对种群遗传多样性与群落物种多样性产生平行效应。本文对遗传多样性与物种多样性关联模型中环境特征对遗传多样性与物种多样性的平行效应部分进行了具体化介绍。基于群落形成的四个基本过程, 即突变与物种形成、选择、漂变和扩散, 探讨了环境特征对遗传多样性与物种多样性产生平行效应的理论基础。在全球变化的大背景下, 研究环境特征对遗传多样性与物种多样性的平行效应及这两个维度多样性对全球变化响应的异同具有重要的生态学与保护生物学意义。然而, 目前大多数生物多样性研究仍然只基于物种多样性一个维度, 在同一系统中同时对遗传多样性与物种多样性进行整合研究的工作仍然较少。希望通过本文的总结与讨论,能对国内遗传多样性与物种多样性整合研究起到参考与促进作用。

关键词: 环境特征, 遗传多样性, 物种多样性, 平行效应, 全球变化, 生物多样性保护

Abstract

Genetic diversity and species diversity are the two basic levels of biodiversity; recent studies have indicated the parallel effects of environment properties on these two levels of biodiversity. Here we introduce the species-genetic diversity correlation model regarding the parallel effects of environment properties on genetic diversity and species diversity. Based on the four basic processes in community ecology and population genetics (i.e. mutation and speciation, selection, drift, dispersal), we further discuss the theoretical foundations of the parallel effects of environment properties on these two levels of biodiversity. The studies conducted on these effects have shown significant importance in ecology and conservation biology, especially in the age of global change; however, few studies consider these two levels of biodiversity together but most consider only one in the biodiversity research so far. Therefore, we review the recent progress and outline the future directions in the study of the parallel effects of environmental properties on genetic diversity and species diversity. We hope this will benefit and promote the related studies in China.

Key words: environmental properties, genetic diversity, species diversity, parallel effects, global change, biodiversity conservation

徐武美, 慈秀芹, 李捷 (2017) 浅析环境特征对遗传多样性与物种多样性的平行效应. 生物多样性, 25, 481-489. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2017006.

Wumei Xu, Xiuqin Ci, Jie Li (2017) Parallel effects of environmental properties on genetic diversity and species diversity. Biodiversity Science, 25, 481-489. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2017006.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2017006

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2017/V25/I5/481

图/表 5

图1 环境特征对遗传多样性与物种多样性的平行效应理论模型(参考Vellend和Geber, 2005)

Fig. 1 A theoretical model which depict the parallel effects of environmental properties on genetic diversity and species diversity (refer to Vellend & Geber, 2005)

表1 不同生态过程对遗传多样性与物种多样性的平行效应(参考Vellend和Geber, 2005)

Table 1 The parallel effects of different ecological processes on genetic diversity and species diversity (refer to Vellend & Geber, 2005)

生态过程 Ecological processes	遗传多样性 Genetic diversity	物种多样性 Species diversity
突变与物种形成 Mutation and speciation	新等位基因的产生 The creation of new alleles	新物种的形成 The creation of new species
漂变 Drift	种群内等位基因频率的随机变化 Random changes in the relative frequencies of alleles within a population	群落内物种相对多度的随机变化 Random changes in the relative abundance of species within a community
扩散 Dispersal	种群间等位基因的移动 Movement of alleles among populations	群落间物种的移动 Movement of species among communities
选择 Selection	仅对种群内某些等位基因有利的生态过程 Processes that favour particular alleles over others within a population	仅对群落内某些物种有利的生态过程 Processes that favour particular species over others within a community

图2 根据平衡理论所预测的遗传多样性与物种多样性的正相关性(参考Vellend, 2003)。假设岛屿A、B、C、D与大陆的距离相同, 而岛屿面积为D > A > B > C; 岛屿B、E、F、G具有相同的面积且距离大陆的距离(隔离程度)为G > F > E > B。假定岛屿之间不存在物种与基因流, 根据平衡理论预测, 生境面积(图2a)与隔离程度(图2b)是种群遗传多样性与群落物种多样性呈正相关的驱动因素

Fig. 2 The predicted positive correlation between genetic diversity and species diversity according to the equilibrium theory (refer to Vellend, 2003). We assume that the island A, B, C, D have the same distance to the mainland while the area is D > A > B > C; the island B, E, F, G have the same area while the distances to the mainland are G > F > E > B. We also assume that there is no gene and species flow among the islands. Based on the predictions of the equilibrium theory, habitat area (Fig. 2a) and degree of isolation (Fig. 2b) are the drivers of the positive correlation between genetic diversity and species diversity.

图3 基于Tilman资源竞争模型的资源可利用性与异质性对种群遗传多样性与群落物种多样性的影响(参考Vellend和Geber, 2005)。ZNGI为零增长线, 如果两个物种或同一物种不同基因型的ZNGI线相交, 表明它们可能稳定共存, 但取决于资源可利用性在二维空间的分布状况。方框内表示在不同资源可利用性水平下可共存的物种或基因型。群落1(C1)具有较低的环境异质性, 在这种环境下, 只有物种S1的一个基因型G2 (S1, G2)存在竞争优势并长期存在; 群落2 (C2)具有较高的环境异质性, 在这种环境下, 所有物种的所有基因型都能够长期稳定共存。黑色箭头表示资源可利用性的增加方向, 随着群落内资源可利用性的不断增加, 二维资源可利用区域不断向上或向右移动, 最终由于资源可利用性增加而导致种群遗传多样性与群落物种多样性一同降低。

Fig. 3 The predicted effects of resource availability and heterogeneity on genetic diversity within a population and species diversity within a community based on the Tilman (1982) model (refer to Vellend & Geber, 2005). ZNGI indicates the zero-net-growth-isoclines, all points on the isocline, the reproductive rate of a species equals its mortality. The intersection point between the ZNGIs indicates the potential stable coexistence among the species with different genotypes which depend on the status of resource distribution within the community. The species/genotypes listed in boxes indicate those that will coexist at equilibrium given different possible resource supply points. In this model, community 1 (C1) with a low resource heterogeneity and only genotype 2 in species 1 (S1, G2) can survive and exclude the others; while in community two (C2), the high resource heterogeneity allow all the two genotypes (G1 and G2) in each of two species (S1 and S2) coexisted within the community. The black arrows indicate the directions for the increased resource availability, with the resource availability increased, both genetic diversity within population and species diversity within community decreased in parallel eventually.

图4 根据进化速率假设所预测的遗传多样性与物种多样性的纬度梯度分布格局(参考Rohde, 1992; Gaston, 2000; Araujo & Costa-Pereira, 2013; Dowle et al, 2013)

Fig. 4 The latitudinal patterns of genetic diversity and species diversity based on the predictions of evolutionary speed hypothesis (refer to Rohde, 1992; Gaston, 2000; Araujo & Costa-Pereira, 2013; Dowle et al, 2013)

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