生物多样性 ›› 2026, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (1): 25187. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025187 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2025187
田璐瑶1,2,3, 尹豪1,3,*(
)
收稿日期:2025-05-19
接受日期:2025-12-01
出版日期:2026-01-20
发布日期:2026-01-21
通讯作者:
尹豪
基金资助:
Luyao Tian1,2,3, Hao Yin1,3,*()
Received:2025-05-19
Accepted:2025-12-01
Online:2026-01-20
Published:2026-01-21
Contact:
Hao Yin
Supported by:摘要：
随着生物多样性保护压力激增和生物多样性零净损失(no net loss, NNL)目标提出, 生物多样性抵消(biodiversity offsetting, BO)作为缓解等级(mitigation hierarchy)的最后一步在欧美迅速开展, 成为解决生物多样性保护经济压力大、社会参与度不足、开发与生态空间相互冲突等问题的途径。本文通过综述国内外的研究现状及国外BO项目概况, 分析我国在该领域的研究和实践差距, 辨析相关概念内涵, 探明项目实施路径; 通过总结国外BO核算量化、提升附加性、完善强制性框架、保障长期性等4方面的关键问题及策略, 为我国BO提供理论依据和实践经验; 最后, 提出应明确BO地位和实施路径、推动BO实施、加强BO效能优化研究等3方面的建议, 以期进一步完善我国生物多样性保护体系, 构建适应性强的BO框架。
田璐瑶, 尹豪 (2026) 国外生物多样性抵消研究现状和对策. 生物多样性, 34, 25187. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025187.
Luyao Tian, Hao Yin (2026) The current situation and countermeasures of biodiversity offsetting studies abroad. Biodiversity Science, 34, 25187. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025187.
图1 国外生物多样性抵消研究的逐年发文量
Fig. 1 The annual number of articles published abroad on biodiversity offsetting
| 名称 Name | 生物多样性抵消 Biodiversity offsetting (BO) | 生态补偿 Ecological compensation |
|---|---|---|
| 对象 Subject | 生物多样性: 物种组成、栖息地结构、生态系统功能及其他与生物多样性相关的经济、文化价值等生态系统服务 Biodiversity: species composition, habitat structure, ecosystem function, and other economic and cultural values related to biodiversity and other ecosystem services | 生态系统结构和功能 Ecosystem structure and function |
| 补偿形式 Compensation form | 经济可作为中介, 强调生态等价的生物、物理补偿 Economy can act as an intermediary, emphasizing the biological and physical compensation of ecological equivalence | 物理补偿、经济补偿 Physical compensation, economic compensation |
| 原则与目标 Principles and objectives | • 遵循“缓解等级”, 作为最后手段 Follow the “mitigation hierarchy” as a last resort • 生物多样性零净损失或净增益 Biodiversity no net loss (NNL) or net gain (NG) | 平衡保护与发展的利益分配 Balance the distribution of benefits between protection and development |
| 挑战 Challenge | • 生态等价性、可替代性、可逆性 Ecological equivalence, substitutability and reversibility • 强制执行 Compulsory enforcement • 滞后性 Lag • 不确定性 Uncertainty • 核算量化 Accounting quantification • 资金筹措 Fund raising | • 可持续性 Sustainability • 缺乏资金 Lack of funds |
| 好处 Benefits | 减缓生物多样性损失 Slow down the loss of biodiversity | 直接经济补偿不存在滞后性 There is no lag in direct economic compensation |
| 争议点 Points of dispute | • 生态具不可替代性、脆弱性 Ecology is irreplaceable and fragile • 与生物多样性配套的经济、文化等生态系统服务价值受损 The value of ecosystem services such as economy and culture that are associated with biodiversity have been impaired • 无法达到零净损失实效 Cannot reach NNL of actual effect • 作为应对环境影响评估的形式或利用购买途径摆脱环境危害的机会 As a response to the environmental impact assessment form or use the opportunity of purchase way to get rid of environmental hazards | • 经济与生态权衡标准难定 It is difficult to determine the balance between economy and ecology • 资金压力大, 缺乏可持续性 There is great financial pressure and a lack of sustainability • 利益分配不公 Unfair distribution of benefits |
表1 生物多样性抵消和生态补偿比较
Table 1 Comparison of biodiversity offsetting and ecological compensation
| 名称 Name | 生物多样性抵消 Biodiversity offsetting (BO) | 生态补偿 Ecological compensation |
|---|---|---|
| 对象 Subject | 生物多样性: 物种组成、栖息地结构、生态系统功能及其他与生物多样性相关的经济、文化价值等生态系统服务 Biodiversity: species composition, habitat structure, ecosystem function, and other economic and cultural values related to biodiversity and other ecosystem services | 生态系统结构和功能 Ecosystem structure and function |
| 补偿形式 Compensation form | 经济可作为中介, 强调生态等价的生物、物理补偿 Economy can act as an intermediary, emphasizing the biological and physical compensation of ecological equivalence | 物理补偿、经济补偿 Physical compensation, economic compensation |
| 原则与目标 Principles and objectives | • 遵循“缓解等级”, 作为最后手段 Follow the “mitigation hierarchy” as a last resort • 生物多样性零净损失或净增益 Biodiversity no net loss (NNL) or net gain (NG) | 平衡保护与发展的利益分配 Balance the distribution of benefits between protection and development |
| 挑战 Challenge | • 生态等价性、可替代性、可逆性 Ecological equivalence, substitutability and reversibility • 强制执行 Compulsory enforcement • 滞后性 Lag • 不确定性 Uncertainty • 核算量化 Accounting quantification • 资金筹措 Fund raising | • 可持续性 Sustainability • 缺乏资金 Lack of funds |
| 好处 Benefits | 减缓生物多样性损失 Slow down the loss of biodiversity | 直接经济补偿不存在滞后性 There is no lag in direct economic compensation |
| 争议点 Points of dispute | • 生态具不可替代性、脆弱性 Ecology is irreplaceable and fragile • 与生物多样性配套的经济、文化等生态系统服务价值受损 The value of ecosystem services such as economy and culture that are associated with biodiversity have been impaired • 无法达到零净损失实效 Cannot reach NNL of actual effect • 作为应对环境影响评估的形式或利用购买途径摆脱环境危害的机会 As a response to the environmental impact assessment form or use the opportunity of purchase way to get rid of environmental hazards | • 经济与生态权衡标准难定 It is difficult to determine the balance between economy and ecology • 资金压力大, 缺乏可持续性 There is great financial pressure and a lack of sustainability • 利益分配不公 Unfair distribution of benefits |
图2 生物多样性抵消实施步骤和原则
Fig. 2 The implementation steps and principles of biodiversity offsetting
| BO采取的步骤 BO process | BO面临的挑战 BO challenges | 关键措施 Key measures |
|---|---|---|
| 确定BO可行性 Determine the feasibility of BO | 界定其生态等价性、可替代性、可逆性Determine its ecological equivalence, substitutability and reversibility | 依据生态价值的独特性等级, 基于人类开发必要性程度 Based on the unique levels of ecological value and the degree of necessity for human development |
| 不确定性 Uncertainty | 确保BO等效性、长期性、附加性 Ensure the equivalence, long-term nature and additionality of BO | |
| 制定BO方案 Formulate the BO plan | 等效性 Equivalence | 核算量化、提高附加性 Accounting and quantification, and enhance the additionality |
| 滞后性 Lag | 制定长期规划管理方案 Formulate a long-term planning and management scheme | |
| 成本压力 Cost pressure | 做好预算和风险评估、资金筹措 Make a good budget and risk assessment, as well as raise funds | |
| 实施与管理 Implementation and management | 生物多样性零净损失 Biodiversity no net loss (NNL) | 提升此阶段的强制性、公平性、透明性、参与性、永久性 Enhance the enforceability, fairness, transparency, participation and permanence of this stage |
表2 生物多样性抵消(BO)的步骤、挑战和关键措施
Table 2 Steps, challenges and key measures for biodiversity offsetting (BO)
| BO采取的步骤 BO process | BO面临的挑战 BO challenges | 关键措施 Key measures |
|---|---|---|
| 确定BO可行性 Determine the feasibility of BO | 界定其生态等价性、可替代性、可逆性Determine its ecological equivalence, substitutability and reversibility | 依据生态价值的独特性等级, 基于人类开发必要性程度 Based on the unique levels of ecological value and the degree of necessity for human development |
| 不确定性 Uncertainty | 确保BO等效性、长期性、附加性 Ensure the equivalence, long-term nature and additionality of BO | |
| 制定BO方案 Formulate the BO plan | 等效性 Equivalence | 核算量化、提高附加性 Accounting and quantification, and enhance the additionality |
| 滞后性 Lag | 制定长期规划管理方案 Formulate a long-term planning and management scheme | |
| 成本压力 Cost pressure | 做好预算和风险评估、资金筹措 Make a good budget and risk assessment, as well as raise funds | |
| 实施与管理 Implementation and management | 生物多样性零净损失 Biodiversity no net loss (NNL) | 提升此阶段的强制性、公平性、透明性、参与性、永久性 Enhance the enforceability, fairness, transparency, participation and permanence of this stage |
图3 评估生物多样性抵消实施可行性
Fig. 3 Accessing feasibility of biodiversity offsetting
图4 根据抵消内容制定规划管理方案
Fig. 4 Develop a planning management scheme based on the offsetting content
| 关键问题 Key issues | 问题详述 Detailed issues | 策略 Strategies | 策略详述 Detailed strategies |
|---|---|---|---|
| 核算量化方法 Accounting and quantification method | 核算量化生物多样性损失和收益的范围、指标、阈值具复杂、难以测量、不可互换等特点; 生物多样性抵消具不确定性 The scope, indicators, and thresholds for quantifying the loss and gain of biodiversity are complex, difficult to measure, and not interchangeable; biodiversity offsetting (BO) with uncertainty | 生物多样性损失核算 Biodiversity loss accounting | 使用生物多样性抵消比率, 并选择基于区域生物多样性特征的分级分类的复合式核算量化方法, 如面积法; 主要根据生境质量制定抵消比率; 主要考虑生态系统相关指标、核算生态经济复合指标等方法 Use the biodiversity offset ratio and select a composite accounting quantification method based on the hierarchical classification of regional biodiversity characteristics, such as area-method; the biodiversity offset ratio is mainly based on the quality of the habitat; mainly consider indicators related to the ecosystem, and calculate multiple ecosystem state indicators, etc. |
| 生物多样性收益核算 Biodiversity benefit accounting | 在限定生境类型、抵消地点、抵消技术措施后, 按相同的度量标准, 实现总量上和对应维度上的等效性收益 After restricting the types of habitats, offset locations, and implementing the corresponding technical measures, with the same measurement standards, achieve equivalent benefits in terms of total quantity and corresponding dimensions | ||
| 如何提升附加性 How to enhance additionality | BO具不确定性、时间滞后性, 在管理、技术、社会等方面存在风险 BO is uncertain and has time lags. There are risks in management, technology, and society | 制定生物多样性抵消比率 Set biodiversity offset ratios | 参考核算量化方法一般分为面积等价法、乘积法、矩阵法、模型法 Reference accounting quantification methods are generally classified into area equivalence method, product method, matrix method, and model method |
| 进行景观层面综合管理 Conduct comprehensive management at the landscape level | 划定优先抵消点; 组织、汇集抵消点, 制定抵消措施; 根据生境网络划定抵消点; 将BO纳入景观规划 Identify priority offset areas; organize and gather offset areas, formulate offset measures; delineate offset areas based on the habitat network; incorporate BO into landscape planning | ||
| 如何确保强制性 How to ensure enforceability | BO具不确定性、时间滞后性, 社会参与性不足BO is characterized by uncertainty, time lag and insufficient social participation | 将缓解等级等抵消条件、范围、标准、法律责任、措施等内容纳入法律法规, 并完善监管体系Incorporate the conditions, scope, standards, legal responsibilities, measures and other contents of offsetting such as mitigation levels into laws and regulations, and improve the regulatory system | 在政府层面构建BO相关法律法规; 明确抵消点的物理划界、开发建设标准、社区共管协议; 加强资金监管; 构建共享生物多样性监测网络; 定期进行生物多样性评价; 加强违规惩处 Establish relevant laws and regulations for BO at the government level; clearly define the physical demarcation of offset areas, development and construction standards, and community co-management agreements; strengthen fund supervision; build a shared biodiversity monitoring network; conduct regular biodiversity evaluations; strengthen punishment for violations |
| 拓宽开发商参与BO路径 Broaden the path for developers to participate in BO | 将BO作为基础设施建设项目开发条件; 要求开发商以BO形式支持政府大型保护区项目 Take BO as the development condition for infrastructure construction projects; it is required that developers support the government’s large-scale protected area projects in the form of BO | ||
| 如何保障长期性 How to ensure long-term effectiveness | BO具时间滞后性, 缺少长期效能 BO has a time lag and lacks long-term effectiveness | 构建生物多样性信用市场 Build a market for biodiversity credits | 建立补偿基金、建立缓解银行 Establish compensation funds and mitigation banks |
| 完善资金体系 Improve the capital system | 资金除来自政府和开发商外, 可寻求企业、保护组织、公益基金、公民募捐等社会支持 In addition to funds coming from the government and developers, social support such as enterprises, conservation organizations, public welfare funds, and citizen donations can also be sought | ||
| 联合专业机构 Joint professional institutions | 与当地社区形成利益共同体、与社会组织定期研讨、与分级部门和不同机构合作 Form a community of shared interests with the local community, hold regular discussions with social organizations, and cooperate with various levels of departments and different institutions |
表3 国外生物多样性抵消(BO)关键问题及策略
Table 3 Key issues and strategies for biodiversity offsetting (BO) abroad
| 关键问题 Key issues | 问题详述 Detailed issues | 策略 Strategies | 策略详述 Detailed strategies |
|---|---|---|---|
| 核算量化方法 Accounting and quantification method | 核算量化生物多样性损失和收益的范围、指标、阈值具复杂、难以测量、不可互换等特点; 生物多样性抵消具不确定性 The scope, indicators, and thresholds for quantifying the loss and gain of biodiversity are complex, difficult to measure, and not interchangeable; biodiversity offsetting (BO) with uncertainty | 生物多样性损失核算 Biodiversity loss accounting | 使用生物多样性抵消比率, 并选择基于区域生物多样性特征的分级分类的复合式核算量化方法, 如面积法; 主要根据生境质量制定抵消比率; 主要考虑生态系统相关指标、核算生态经济复合指标等方法 Use the biodiversity offset ratio and select a composite accounting quantification method based on the hierarchical classification of regional biodiversity characteristics, such as area-method; the biodiversity offset ratio is mainly based on the quality of the habitat; mainly consider indicators related to the ecosystem, and calculate multiple ecosystem state indicators, etc. |
| 生物多样性收益核算 Biodiversity benefit accounting | 在限定生境类型、抵消地点、抵消技术措施后, 按相同的度量标准, 实现总量上和对应维度上的等效性收益 After restricting the types of habitats, offset locations, and implementing the corresponding technical measures, with the same measurement standards, achieve equivalent benefits in terms of total quantity and corresponding dimensions | ||
| 如何提升附加性 How to enhance additionality | BO具不确定性、时间滞后性, 在管理、技术、社会等方面存在风险 BO is uncertain and has time lags. There are risks in management, technology, and society | 制定生物多样性抵消比率 Set biodiversity offset ratios | 参考核算量化方法一般分为面积等价法、乘积法、矩阵法、模型法 Reference accounting quantification methods are generally classified into area equivalence method, product method, matrix method, and model method |
| 进行景观层面综合管理 Conduct comprehensive management at the landscape level | 划定优先抵消点; 组织、汇集抵消点, 制定抵消措施; 根据生境网络划定抵消点; 将BO纳入景观规划 Identify priority offset areas; organize and gather offset areas, formulate offset measures; delineate offset areas based on the habitat network; incorporate BO into landscape planning | ||
| 如何确保强制性 How to ensure enforceability | BO具不确定性、时间滞后性, 社会参与性不足BO is characterized by uncertainty, time lag and insufficient social participation | 将缓解等级等抵消条件、范围、标准、法律责任、措施等内容纳入法律法规, 并完善监管体系Incorporate the conditions, scope, standards, legal responsibilities, measures and other contents of offsetting such as mitigation levels into laws and regulations, and improve the regulatory system | 在政府层面构建BO相关法律法规; 明确抵消点的物理划界、开发建设标准、社区共管协议; 加强资金监管; 构建共享生物多样性监测网络; 定期进行生物多样性评价; 加强违规惩处 Establish relevant laws and regulations for BO at the government level; clearly define the physical demarcation of offset areas, development and construction standards, and community co-management agreements; strengthen fund supervision; build a shared biodiversity monitoring network; conduct regular biodiversity evaluations; strengthen punishment for violations |
| 拓宽开发商参与BO路径 Broaden the path for developers to participate in BO | 将BO作为基础设施建设项目开发条件; 要求开发商以BO形式支持政府大型保护区项目 Take BO as the development condition for infrastructure construction projects; it is required that developers support the government’s large-scale protected area projects in the form of BO | ||
| 如何保障长期性 How to ensure long-term effectiveness | BO具时间滞后性, 缺少长期效能 BO has a time lag and lacks long-term effectiveness | 构建生物多样性信用市场 Build a market for biodiversity credits | 建立补偿基金、建立缓解银行 Establish compensation funds and mitigation banks |
| 完善资金体系 Improve the capital system | 资金除来自政府和开发商外, 可寻求企业、保护组织、公益基金、公民募捐等社会支持 In addition to funds coming from the government and developers, social support such as enterprises, conservation organizations, public welfare funds, and citizen donations can also be sought | ||
| 联合专业机构 Joint professional institutions | 与当地社区形成利益共同体、与社会组织定期研讨、与分级部门和不同机构合作 Form a community of shared interests with the local community, hold regular discussions with social organizations, and cooperate with various levels of departments and different institutions |
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