植原体遗传多样性研究现状与展望

doi:10.17520/biods.2015127

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

植原体是引起众多植物病害的一类重要的无细胞壁的原核致病菌, 其寄主种类多、危害面积广, 对经济、环境等影响严重。大量研究表明植原体存在丰富的遗传多样性。本文就植原体遗传多样性研究现状作一概要评述, 并对植原体遗传变异的研究技术、产生机制、与致病性关系等今后可能的研究方向作一展望。对已完成的5个植原体全基因组序列分析发现, 它们在大小、结构和功能等方面皆存在显著差异, 缺少很多标准代谢所需的基因。不同植原体中质粒的数量、大小和功能等也存在一定差异。植原体含有2个核糖体RNA编码基因, 其序列在不同株系中的变异奠定了现今植原体分类鉴定的基础。对植原体蛋白编码基因如核糖体蛋白编码基因(rp)、蛋白延伸因子基因(tuf、fusA)、转运蛋白基因(secY、secA)、效应子及非编码区序列如启动子、假基因等的深入研究可进一步揭示植原体更丰富的遗传变异特征。由于植原体分离培养困难, 人们对其形态特征、生理代谢等了解甚少, 因而全基因组测序、多位点序列分析等现代分子生物学技术将会成为植原体遗传变异研究的主要手段。植原体遗传多样性研究进展有助于从分子水平上系统地阐明植原体遗传变异规律、系统进化特征及其与寄主(植物和昆虫)、生态环境间的互作和适应关系, 并产生新的认识。这对于提高植原体的分类鉴定、致病机制、流行预测及病害防治等研究水平具有重要的作用和意义。

关键词: 植原体, 遗传变异, 系统进化, 分类鉴定, 植物(介体昆虫)-植原体互作, 多位点序列分析(MLSA)

Abstract

Phytoplasmas are cell wall-less prokaryotic pathogens causing many plant diseases with various host plants, widely geographical distribution and adverse impacts on economics and environments. Abundant genetic diversity of the phytoplasmas has been evidenced by vast researches. In the paper, we conducted a comparatively systematic and comprehensive schematic review and comment on the research status of phytoplasma genetic diversity. We discussed the potential research directions with respect to research technology and generation mechanism of phytoplasmal genetic variation as well as relationships to pathogenicity in future. Analysis on five phytoplasmas whose whole genomes have been completed has indicated the definite genetic variation in size, structure and function of phytoplasmal genomes, which lack many genes for standard metabolic functions. There are different number, size and function of the plasmids in various phytoplasma strains. Two copies of ribosomal RNA operons among all the phytoplasmas showed significant variation which provided the present foundation for classification and identification of phytoplasmas. Studies on protein-encoding genes, such as ribosomal protein (rp), elongation factors (tuf and fusA), translocation proteins (secY and secA), effector molecules as well as non-encoding sequences such as promoters and pseudogenes have further revealed the rich genetic diversity of phytoplasmas. Since inadequate information is known regarding the characteristics of morphology, cultivation, physiology and metabolism due to the difficulty in culturing phytoplasma in vitro, modern molecular techniques for example whole genome sequencing and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) are efficient ways to research phytoplasmal genetic variation. Discoveries and developed techniques have facilitated a system-wide approach to revealing phytoplasma genetic variation, phylogenetic evolution as well as the relationships of their interaction with hosts (plant and insect vector) and adaptation to ecological conditions from the molecular level, and led to new insights. This will be of great importance in increasing the level of classification and determination of phytoplasmas, epidemiological forecasting and the control of relevant diseases.

Key words: phytoplasma, genetic variation, phylogenetic evolution, classification and identification, plant (insect vector)-phytoplasma interaction, multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA)

于少帅, 徐启聪, 林彩丽, 王圣洁, 田国忠 (2016) 植原体遗传多样性研究现状与展望. 生物多样性, 24, 205-215. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2015127.

Shaoshuai Yu, Qicong Xu, Caili Lin, Shengjie Wang, Guozhong Tian (2016) Genetic diversity of phytoplasmas: research status and prospects. Biodiversity Science, 24, 205-215. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2015127.

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https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2016/V24/I2/205

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株系 Strains	洋葱黄化植原体 Onion yellows (OY-M)	翠菊黄化植原体 Aster yellows witches’-broom (AYWB)	苹果簇生植原体 Candidatus mali (AT)	澳大利亚葡萄黄化植原体 Candidatus australiense (PAa)	草莓致死黄化植原体 Strawberry lethal yellows (SLY)
引起病害 Causing diseases	洋葱黄化 Onion yellows	翠菊黄化 Aster yellows	苹果丛枝 Apple proliferation	葡萄黄化 Grapevine yellows	草莓致死黄化 Strawberry lethal yellows
16Sr组 16Sr group	16SrI	16SrI	16SrX	16SrXII	16SrXII
基因组大小 Chromosome size (bp)	860,631	706,569	601,943	879,324	959,779
染色体形态 Chromosome organization	环状 Circular	环状 Circular	线状 Linear	环状 Circular	环状 Circular
G+C含量 G+C content (%)	28	27	21.4	27	27
编码区 Coding sequences (%)	73	72	78.9	74	78
总基因数 Total no. of genes	754	671	497	839	1,126
功能明确基因数 No. of protein-coding genes with assigned function	446	450	338	502	528
保守假拟基因数 No. of conserved hypothetical genes	51	149	72	214	249
假拟基因数 No. of hypothetical genes	257	72	87	123	349
tRNA基因数 No. of tRNA genes	32	31	32	35	35
rRNA操纵子数 No. of rRNA operons	2	2	2	2	2
质粒数量 No. of plasmids	2	4	0	1	1

株系 Strains	洋葱黄化植原体 Onion yellows (OY-M)	翠菊黄化植原体 Aster yellows witches’-broom (AYWB)	苹果簇生植原体 Candidatus mali (AT)	澳大利亚葡萄黄化植原体 Candidatus australiense (PAa)	草莓致死黄化植原体 Strawberry lethal yellows (SLY)
引起病害 Causing diseases	洋葱黄化 Onion yellows	翠菊黄化 Aster yellows	苹果丛枝 Apple proliferation	葡萄黄化 Grapevine yellows	草莓致死黄化 Strawberry lethal yellows
16Sr组 16Sr group	16SrI	16SrI	16SrX	16SrXII	16SrXII
基因组大小 Chromosome size (bp)	860,631	706,569	601,943	879,324	959,779
染色体形态 Chromosome organization	环状 Circular	环状 Circular	线状 Linear	环状 Circular	环状 Circular
G+C含量 G+C content (%)	28	27	21.4	27	27
编码区 Coding sequences (%)	73	72	78.9	74	78
总基因数 Total no. of genes	754	671	497	839	1,126
功能明确基因数 No. of protein-coding genes with assigned function	446	450	338	502	528
保守假拟基因数 No. of conserved hypothetical genes	51	149	72	214	249
假拟基因数 No. of hypothetical genes	257	72	87	123	349
tRNA基因数 No. of tRNA genes	32	31	32	35	35
rRNA操纵子数 No. of rRNA operons	2	2	2	2	2
质粒数量 No. of plasmids	2	4	0	1	1

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