新疆准噶尔山楂不同居群的遗传多样性

doi:10.17520/biods.2016369

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了揭示新疆准噶尔山楂(Crataegus songorica)不同居群的遗传多样性, 为其合理保护与利用提供科学依据, 采用表型性状变异分析和SSR分子标记相结合的方法, 对新疆霍城大西沟准噶尔山楂的5个不同居群的92个个体进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明: (1) 33个表型性状的变异系数在2.96-71.32%之间, 表型性状之间存在着丰富的变异。居群间的平均表型分化系数为13.90%, 而居群内的平均表型分化系数为86.10%, 表明新疆准噶尔山楂居群内的变异是其表型变异的主要来源。(2) 43对SSR引物共检测到739个位点, 物种水平上多态性位点比率为90.53%, Nei’s多样性指数和Shannon多样性指数(I)分别为0.2377和0.3712, 居群内基因多样度(H_s)为0.1635, 总居群基因多样度(H_t)为0.2023, 居群间遗传分化系数(G_st)为0.1916, 基因流(N_m)为2.1116。新疆准噶尔山楂总的遗传多样性水平较高, 居群间遗传分化较小。UPGMA聚类结果显示5个居群形成2个亚类, 不同居群所处的生境的不同是引起居群间差异的主要原因。研究表明, 新疆准噶尔山楂不同居群在表型和分子水平均具有较高的遗传多样性, 居群内的遗传分化较大, 并且分化趋势具有地域性, 因此可以选择就地保护。

关键词: Crataegus songorica, SSR, 表型性状, 遗传变异

Abstract

The aim of this study is to reveal the genetic diversity of different populations of Crataegus songorica and to provide a scientific basis for its protection and sustainable utilization. The experimental materials included 92 samples, which were selected from Daxigou, Huocheng County in Xinjiang and analyzed by combining the analysis of phenotypic trait variation and the SSR marker. Results showed that there was considerable genetic variation in the phenotypic traits of different C. songorica populations, as the variation coefficient varied from 2.96% to 71.32%, and the phenotypic variation was mainly caused by the variation within population, as the mean phenotypic differentiation coefficient was 13.90% among populations and 86.10% within population. A total of 739 loci were detected from five populations by 43 SSR primers, and the polymorphism loci ratio was 90.53% at the species level. Nei’s diversity index, Shannon’s diversity index (I), the gene diversity within population (H_s), the total population genetic diversity (H_t), genetic differentiation coefficient and gene flow were 0.2377, 0.3712, 0.1635, 0.2023, 0.1916 and 2.1116, respectively. Comprehensive analysis suggested that the total genetic diversity of C. songorica was higher in Daxigou, and the genetic differentiation among populations was smaller. The results of UPGMA clustering showed that five populations formed two sub-types, and the differences in different habitats were the main causes of the discrepancy among populations. We conclude that the genetic diversity of C. songorica of different populations was high both at phenotypic and molecular levels in Daxigou, and there was a visible genetic differentiation within population, moreover differentiation trends had regional characteristics. Therefore, in situ conservation is supposed to be an effective method to protect C. songorica.

Key words: Crataegus songorica, SSR, phenotypic traits, genetic diversity

盛芳, 陈淑英, 田嘉, 李鹏, 秦雪, 罗淑萍, 李疆 (2017) 新疆准噶尔山楂不同居群的遗传多样性. 生物多样性, 25, 518-530. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2016369.

Fang Sheng, Shuying Chen, Jia Tian, Peng Li, Xue Qin, Shuping Luo, Jiang Li (2017) Genetic diversity of Crataegus songorica in Xinjiang. Biodiversity Science, 25, 518-530. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2016369.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2016369

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2017/V25/I5/518

图/表 11

参考文献 29

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居群代码 Population	北纬 Latitude (N)	东经 Longitude (E)	海拔 Altitude (m)	样本数 Sample size
Pop1	44°23′55.1″-44°24′73.0″	80°45′81.6″-80°46′15.1″	1,000-1,100	14
Pop2	44°23′45.5″-44°25′97.0″	80°40′15.1″-80°46′65.7″	1,100-1,200	25
Pop3	44°24′78.9″-44°26′25.2″	80°45′57.1″-80°48′31.4″	1,200-1,300	24
Pop4	44°25′86.6″-44°25′94.2″	80°45′67.0″-80°46′06.5″	1,300-1,400	19
Pop5	44°25′92.1″-44°26′17.6″	80°45′78.9″-80°46′28.3″	1,400-1,500	10

居群代码 Population	北纬 Latitude (N)	东经 Longitude (E)	海拔 Altitude (m)	样本数 Sample size
Pop1	44°23′55.1″-44°24′73.0″	80°45′81.6″-80°46′15.1″	1,000-1,100	14
Pop2	44°23′45.5″-44°25′97.0″	80°40′15.1″-80°46′65.7″	1,100-1,200	25
Pop3	44°24′78.9″-44°26′25.2″	80°45′57.1″-80°48′31.4″	1,200-1,300	24
Pop4	44°25′86.6″-44°25′94.2″	80°45′67.0″-80°46′06.5″	1,300-1,400	19
Pop5	44°25′92.1″-44°26′17.6″	80°45′78.9″-80°46′28.3″	1,400-1,500	10

表型性状 Phenotypic traits	平均值 Mean value	变异系数 Coefficient of variance (%)					居群平均值 Average of population
表型性状 Phenotypic traits		Pop1	Pop2	Pop3	Pop4	Pop5	变异系数 CV (%)	相对极差 R_i′
一年生枝长 Annual branch length (mm)	109.09	42.64	44.92	39.57	30.81	24.69	36.53	0.68
一年生枝粗 Annual branch diameter (mm)	3.52	14.96	16.27	24.10	9.61	10.81	15.15	0.52
新梢长 New branch length (mm)	178.99	23.99	34.87	40.43	29.13	16.63	29.01	0.59
单果重 Fruit weight (g)	0.93	11.60	19.94	13.99	17.34	5.12	13.60	0.54
果实纵径 Fruit longitudinal diameter (mm)	12.46	2.68	5.57	4.03	4.47	0.71	3.49	0.51
果实横径 Fruit diameter (mm)	11.38	5.98	8.97	6.05	6.23	1.96	5.84	0.52
果柄长 Fruit stalk length (mm)	11.02	9.85	17.01	11.85	6.14	13.77	11.72	0.47
果柄粗 Fruit stalk thickness (mm)	0.63	5.76	15.01	6.70	11.71	5.38	8.91	0.41
坐果数 Fruit set number	3.21	13.22	27.39	10.35	37.67	4.33	18.59	0.45
果实硬度 Fruit hardness (kg/cm²)	1.77	8.33	20.20	18.68	14.09	5.61	13.38	0.51
可固性 Soluble solids (%)	15.18	11.75	19.18	13.56	9.25	4.72	11.69	0.50
果实形状 Fruit shape	3.36	79.52	68.12	68.27	72.54	68.12	71.32	0.45
果皮颜色 Peel color	5.87	21.34	29.41	30.25	24.98	22.22	25.64	0.67
果肉颜色 Flesh color	4.05	18.47	25.85	26.70	21.64	14.52	21.44	0.56
果实风味 Fruit flavor	2.08	50.25	50.22	47.67	57.57	50.25	51.19	0.56
叶厚 Leaf thickness (mm)	0.27	15.41	17.74	18.22	21.10	26.86	19.87	0.67
叶面积 Leaf area (cm²)	15.48	24.29	22.54	21.38	19.10	13.72	20.20	0.60
叶宽 Leaf width (cm)	5.18	8.89	10.55	8.67	8.10	1.85	7.61	0.53
叶长 Leaf length (cm)	5.48	13.22	10.93	11.20	8.31	1.69	9.07	0.60
叶形指数 Leaf length/leaf width	1.06	7.48	6.16	4.20	5.96	0.16	4.79	0.54
叶柄长 Petiole length (mm)	25.99	16.46	17.39	14.26	19.27	15.22	16.52	0.63
叶柄粗 Petiole thickness (mm)	1.14	32.05	15.19	16.82	13.06	7.64	16.95	0.62
叶柄指数 Petiole length/petiole thickness	23.65	32.62	25.83	25.49	28.11	22.73	26.96	0.71
叶片颜色 Leaf color	3.00	23.89	27.19	26.83	21.32	25.27	24.90	0.41
叶基形态 Leaf base morphology	2.82	55.17	35.88	36.93	41.57	47.02	43.31	0.62
叶缘形态 Leaf margin morphology	2.78	13.22	17.68	14.92	16.59	13.52	15.19	0.70
叶面状态 Status of leaf surface	1.29	50.25	41.61	52.36	43.86	34.26	44.47	0.59
托叶形状 Stipule shape	2.49	20.10	26.98	23.53	20.10	20.10	22.16	0.74
果核数 Stone number	1.99	2.24	3.74	4.07	1.86	2.89	2.96	0.48
鲜核重 Fresh stone weight (g)	0.24	9.25	10.88	13.52	13.29	2.61	9.91	0.55
果核纵径 Longitudinal diameter of stone (mm)	7.35	2.11	3.38	3.71	4.59	1.02	2.96	0.56
果核横径 Stone diameter (mm)	6.17	4.13	3.54	4.73	6.19	2.86	4.29	0.58
花序小花数 Floret number of inflorescence	12.08	34.40	27.70	26.32	11.82	0.06	20.06	0.51
平均值 Mean value	14.61	20.77	22.06	20.89	19.92	14.80	19.69	0.56

表型性状 Phenotypic traits	平均值 Mean value	变异系数 Coefficient of variance (%)					居群平均值 Average of population
表型性状 Phenotypic traits		Pop1	Pop2	Pop3	Pop4	Pop5	变异系数 CV (%)	相对极差 R_i′
一年生枝长 Annual branch length (mm)	109.09	42.64	44.92	39.57	30.81	24.69	36.53	0.68
一年生枝粗 Annual branch diameter (mm)	3.52	14.96	16.27	24.10	9.61	10.81	15.15	0.52
新梢长 New branch length (mm)	178.99	23.99	34.87	40.43	29.13	16.63	29.01	0.59
单果重 Fruit weight (g)	0.93	11.60	19.94	13.99	17.34	5.12	13.60	0.54
果实纵径 Fruit longitudinal diameter (mm)	12.46	2.68	5.57	4.03	4.47	0.71	3.49	0.51
果实横径 Fruit diameter (mm)	11.38	5.98	8.97	6.05	6.23	1.96	5.84	0.52
果柄长 Fruit stalk length (mm)	11.02	9.85	17.01	11.85	6.14	13.77	11.72	0.47
果柄粗 Fruit stalk thickness (mm)	0.63	5.76	15.01	6.70	11.71	5.38	8.91	0.41
坐果数 Fruit set number	3.21	13.22	27.39	10.35	37.67	4.33	18.59	0.45
果实硬度 Fruit hardness (kg/cm²)	1.77	8.33	20.20	18.68	14.09	5.61	13.38	0.51
可固性 Soluble solids (%)	15.18	11.75	19.18	13.56	9.25	4.72	11.69	0.50
果实形状 Fruit shape	3.36	79.52	68.12	68.27	72.54	68.12	71.32	0.45
果皮颜色 Peel color	5.87	21.34	29.41	30.25	24.98	22.22	25.64	0.67
果肉颜色 Flesh color	4.05	18.47	25.85	26.70	21.64	14.52	21.44	0.56
果实风味 Fruit flavor	2.08	50.25	50.22	47.67	57.57	50.25	51.19	0.56
叶厚 Leaf thickness (mm)	0.27	15.41	17.74	18.22	21.10	26.86	19.87	0.67
叶面积 Leaf area (cm²)	15.48	24.29	22.54	21.38	19.10	13.72	20.20	0.60
叶宽 Leaf width (cm)	5.18	8.89	10.55	8.67	8.10	1.85	7.61	0.53
叶长 Leaf length (cm)	5.48	13.22	10.93	11.20	8.31	1.69	9.07	0.60
叶形指数 Leaf length/leaf width	1.06	7.48	6.16	4.20	5.96	0.16	4.79	0.54
叶柄长 Petiole length (mm)	25.99	16.46	17.39	14.26	19.27	15.22	16.52	0.63
叶柄粗 Petiole thickness (mm)	1.14	32.05	15.19	16.82	13.06	7.64	16.95	0.62
叶柄指数 Petiole length/petiole thickness	23.65	32.62	25.83	25.49	28.11	22.73	26.96	0.71
叶片颜色 Leaf color	3.00	23.89	27.19	26.83	21.32	25.27	24.90	0.41
叶基形态 Leaf base morphology	2.82	55.17	35.88	36.93	41.57	47.02	43.31	0.62
叶缘形态 Leaf margin morphology	2.78	13.22	17.68	14.92	16.59	13.52	15.19	0.70
叶面状态 Status of leaf surface	1.29	50.25	41.61	52.36	43.86	34.26	44.47	0.59
托叶形状 Stipule shape	2.49	20.10	26.98	23.53	20.10	20.10	22.16	0.74
果核数 Stone number	1.99	2.24	3.74	4.07	1.86	2.89	2.96	0.48
鲜核重 Fresh stone weight (g)	0.24	9.25	10.88	13.52	13.29	2.61	9.91	0.55
果核纵径 Longitudinal diameter of stone (mm)	7.35	2.11	3.38	3.71	4.59	1.02	2.96	0.56
果核横径 Stone diameter (mm)	6.17	4.13	3.54	4.73	6.19	2.86	4.29	0.58
花序小花数 Floret number of inflorescence	12.08	34.40	27.70	26.32	11.82	0.06	20.06	0.51
平均值 Mean value	14.61	20.77	22.06	20.89	19.92	14.80	19.69	0.56

性状 Traits	均方 Mean square		F	Sig	方差分量 Variance components		表型分化系数 V_ST (%)
性状 Traits	居群内 Within population	居群间 Among populations	F	Sig	居群内 Within population	居群间 Among populations	表型分化系数 V_ST (%)
一年生枝长 Annual branch length (mm)	1,851.668	1,475.734	0.797	0.530	1,815.1961	251.5190	12.17
一年生枝粗 Annual branch diameter (mm)	0.388	0.630	1.624	0.176	0.3944	0.0421	9.64
新梢长 New branch length (mm)	3,494.973	5,356.658	1.533	0.200	3,537.9271	680.9977	16.14
单果重 Fruit weight (g)	0.026	0.180	6.936	0.000	0.0323	0.0157	32.67
果实纵径 Fruit longitudinal diameter (mm)	0.374	2.091	5.590	0.000	0.4447	0.1428	24.31
果实横径 Fruit diameter (mm)	0.770	3.012	3.914	0.006	0.8587	0.2540	22.82
果柄长 Fruit stalk length (mm)	2.534	1.831	0.723	0.579	2.4755	0.2410	8.87
果柄粗 Fruit stalk thickness (mm)	0.006	0.018	3.041	0.021	0.0065	0.0021	24.15
坐果数 Fruit setting number	0.615	1.294	2.104	0.087	0.6379	0.1156	15.34
果实硬度 Fruit hardness (kg/cm²)	0.110	0.010	0.091	0.985	0.1046	0.0008	0.73
可固性 Soluble solids (%)	5.589	18.268	3.269	0.015	6.0793	1.2828	17.42
果实形状 Fruit shape	0.799	0.62	0.776	0.544	0.7826	0.0464	5.60
果皮颜色 Peel color	0.785	1.904	2.425	0.054	0.8253	0.1241	13.07
果肉颜色 Flesh color	0.388	0.713	1.835	0.129	0.3984	0.0486	10.88
果实风味 Fruit flavor	1.266	1.261	0.997	0.414	1.2517	0.0884	6.60
叶厚 Leaf thickness (mm)	0.002	0.003	1.265	0.290	0.0023	0.0005	16.85
叶面积 Leaf area (cm²)	10.696	23.508	2.198	0.076	11.1369	2.9202	20.77
叶宽 Leaf width (cm)	0.246	0.557	2.262	0.069	0.2570	0.0525	16.95
叶长 Leaf length (cm)	0.333	0.900	2.705	0.035	0.3538	0.1353	27.67
叶形指数 Leaf length/leaf width	0.004	0.004	1.102	0.361	0.0035	0.0007	17.25
叶柄长 Petiole length (mm)	19.332	11.263	0.583	0.676	18.7708	0.3819	1.99
叶柄粗 Petiole thickness (mm)	0.037	0.023	0.614	0.654	0.0360	0.0015	4.11
叶柄指数 Petiole length/petiole thickness	38.335	8.692	0.227	0.923	36.6297	0.9423	2.51
叶片颜色 Leaf color	0.099	0.121	1.217	0.309	0.0990	0.0151	13.23
叶基形态 Leaf base morphology	0.405	1.033	2.552	0.045	0.4276	0.1204	21.97
叶缘形态 Leaf margin morphology	0.054	0.026	0.482	0.749	0.0518	0.0022	4.00
叶面状态 Status of leaf surface	0.077	0.177	2.296	0.066	0.0808	0.0091	10.08
托叶形状 Stipule shape	0.401	0.021	0.052	0.995	0.3803	0.0006	0.16
果核数 Stone number	0.005	0.004	0.823	0.514	0.0050	0.0008	13.69
鲜核重 Fresh stone weight (g)	0.001	0.002	1.947	0.110	0.0008	0.0001	10.85
果核纵径 Longitudinal diameter of stone (mm)	0.068	0.264	3.853	0.006	0.0762	0.0180	19.08
果核横径 Stone diameter (mm)	0.069	0.334	4.840	0.001	0.0797	0.0190	19.26
花序小花数 Floret number of inflorescence	9.265	43.064	4.648	0.002	10.6336	2.2995	17.78
平均值 Mean value	164.840	210.734	2.101	0.292	165.0436	28.5406	13.90