生物多样性 ›› 2012, Vol. 20 ›› Issue (6): 725-734. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2012.10103
所属专题: 土壤生物与土壤健康
朱永恒1,2,*(), 张小会1,2, 沈非1,2, 陆林1
收稿日期:
2012-04-19
接受日期:
2012-09-04
出版日期:
2012-11-20
发布日期:
2013-01-04
通讯作者:
朱永恒
作者简介:
* E-mail: yhzhu876@mail.ahnu.edu.cn基金资助:
Yongheng Zhu1,2,*(), Xiaohui Zhang1,2, Fei Shen1,2, Lin Lu1
Received:
2012-04-19
Accepted:
2012-09-04
Online:
2012-11-20
Published:
2013-01-04
Contact:
Yongheng Zhu
摘要:
土壤动物群落结构及其多样性对于尾矿地的生态重建具有重要意义。为了解铜尾矿复垦地土壤动物群落多样性及其结构特征, 作者选择铜陵市林冲尾矿复垦地(reclamated copper-mine-tailings)及其外围林地(suburb forest land), 于2011年春季设置4条样带13个样方, 分4层(0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-15 cm, 15-20 cm)进行土壤动物取样。结果表明, 复垦地优势类群为蜱螨目、弹尾目和线虫纲, 常见类群为蚁科、鞘翅目幼虫、寡毛纲、双翅目幼虫和双尾目等; 而外围林地优势类群为弹尾目和蜱螨目, 常见类群为线虫纲和寡毛纲等。复垦地土壤动物个体总数、类群数和中小型土壤动物密度皆明显低于外围林地, 而大型土壤动物密度无显著差异。复垦地土壤动物群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)较外围林地大, 而密度-类群多样性指数偏小。复垦地土壤动物群落的表聚现象更明显, 尤其表现在土壤剖面第一层和其他层次之间的差异性。RDA排序分析表明, 不同生境中大型、中小型干生和湿生土壤动物类群对不同环境因子的响应有区别, 复垦地蚁科和鞘翅目成虫个体数随Cu含量增加而增加, 弹尾目和蜱螨目随Cu含量增加而减少, 线虫纲变化不明显。复垦地土壤动物恢复的关键是降低Cu含量及改善小生境 条件。
朱永恒, 张小会, 沈非, 陆林 (2012) 铜尾矿复垦地与外围林地土壤动物群落结构. 生物多样性, 20, 725-734. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2012.10103.
Yongheng Zhu, Xiaohui Zhang, Fei Shen, Lin Lu (2012) Community structures of soil fauna in reclaimed copper mine tailings and suburb forest land. Biodiversity Science, 20, 725-734. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2012.10103.
类群 Groups | 类型 Type | 复垦地土壤动物密度 Density in reclamated copper-mine-tailings (ind./m2) | 外围林地土壤 动物密度 Density in suburb forest land (ind./m2) | 复垦地土壤 动物个体数 Number of individual in reclamated copper- mine-tailings (%) | 外围林地土壤 动物个体数 Number of individual in suburb forest land (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
弹尾目 Collembola (Coll.) | 中小型干生 | 7,129.6±543.6 B | 30,292.2±2,608.3 A | 385 (24.39) | 727 (46.16) |
蜱螨目 Acarina (Acar.) | 中小型干生 | 8,240.7±409.3 b | 21,041.7±1,919.9 a | 445 (28.18) | 505 (32.06) |
线虫纲 Nematoda (Nema.) | 中小型湿生 | 43,111.1±3,872.7 a | 72,500.0±6,366.1 a | 194 (12.29) | 145 (9.21) |
蚁科 Formicidae (Form.) | 大型 | 156.8±31.5 a | 27.8±6.3 b | 127 (8.05) | 10 (0.64) |
寡毛纲 Oligochaeta (Olig.) | 大型 | 90.1±21.2 a | 163.9±33.6 a | 73 (4.62) | 59 (3.75) |
鞘翅目幼虫 Coleoptera larvae (Cole-la.) | 中小型湿生 | 1,629.6±240.8 a | 875.0±56.3 a | 88 (5.58) | 21 (1.33) |
双翅目幼虫 Diptera larvae (Dipt-la.) | 中小型湿生 | 796.3±64.9 a | 958.3±80.7 a | 43 (2.72) | 23 (1.46) |
双尾目 Diplura (Dipl.) | 中小型干生 | 49.4±8.9 a | 25.0±5.6 a | 40 (2.53) | 9 (0.57) |
蜘蛛目 Araneae (Aran.) | 大型 | 45.7±13.8 a | 8.3±0.0 a | 37 (2.34) | 4 (0.26) |
猛水蚤目 Harpacticoida (Harp.) | 中小型湿生 | 5,555.6±954.1 a | 6,000±735.9 a | 25 (1.58) | 12 (0.76) |
鞘翅目成虫 Coleoptera adult (Cole.) | 大型 | 33.3±14.7 a | 13.9±5.0 a | 27 (1.71) | 5 (0.32) |
隐翅虫科 Staphylinidae (Stap.) | 大型 | 25.9±7.3 a | 5.6±0.0 a | 21 (1.33) | 2 (0.13) |
综合纲 Symphyla (Symp.) | 中小型干生 | 12.3±2.8 a | 19.4±0.0 a | 10 (0.63) | 7 (0.45) |
腹足纲 Gastropoda (Gast.) | 大型 | 18.5±2.6 a | 2.8±1.0 b | 15 (0.95) | 1 (0.06) |
原尾目 Protura (Prot.) | 中小型干生 | 37.0±7.7 b | 333.3±0.0 a | 2 (0.13) | 8 (0.51) |
地蜈蚣目 Geophilomorpha (Geop.) | 大型 | 0.0±0.0 B | 25.0±4.9 A | 0 (0.00) | 10 (0.64) |
石蜈蚣目 Lithobiomorpha (Lith.) | 大型 | 7.4±0.0 a | 8.3±4.6 a | 6 (0.38) | 3 (0.19) |
盲蛛目 Odiliones (Odil.) | 大型 | 9.9±1.6 a | 0.0±0.0 b | 8 (0.51) | 0 (0.00) |
倍足纲 Diplopoda (Dipl.) | 大型 | 4.9±2.0 a | 8.3±0.0 a | 1 (0.06) | 6 (0.38) |
伪蝎目 Pseudoscorpionida (Pseu.) | 中小型干生 | 1.2±0.0 b | 13.9±4.6 a | 4 (0.25) | 3 (0.19) |
等足目 Isopoda (Isop.) | 大型 | 0.0±0.0 b | 11.1±0.0 a | 0 (0.00) | 4 (0.25) |
鳞翅目幼虫 Lepidoptera larvae (Lepi-la.) | 中小型湿生 | 55.6±0.0 a | 41.7±11.9 a | 3 (0.19) | 1 (0.06) |
半翅目 Hemiptera (Hemi.) | 大型 | 1.2±0.0 a | 5.6±0.0 a | 1 (0.06) | 2 (0.13) |
直翅目 Orthptera (Orth.) | 大型 | 1.2±0.0 a | 2.8±0.0 a | 1 (0.06) | 1 (0.06) |
蜚蠊目 Blattodea (Blat.) | 大型 | 0.0±0.0 a | 5.6±0.0 a | 0 (0.00) | 2 (0.13) |
涡虫纲 Turbellaria (Turb.) | 中小型湿生 | 1.2±0.0 a | 0.0±0.0 a | 1 (0.06) | 0 (0.00) |
线蚓科 Enchytraediae (Ench.) | 中小型干生 | 0.0±0.0 a | 2.8±0.0 a | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.06) |
等翅目 Isoptera (Isop.) | 中小型干生 | 1.2±0.0 a | 0.0±0.0 a | 1 (0.06) | 0 (0.00) |
蜂科 Apoidea (Apoi.) | 大型 | 0.0±0.0 a | 2.8±0.0 a | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.06) |
双翅目成虫 Diptera adult (Dipt.) | 大型 | 0.0±0.0 a | 2.8±0.0 a | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.06) |
缨尾目 Thysanura (Thys.) | 中小型干生 | 0.0±0.0 a | 2.8±0.0 a | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.06) |
虫卵 Egg | - | 25.9±7.2 a | 2.8±0.0 a | 21 (1.34) | 1 (0.06) |
合计 Sum | - | - | - | 1,579 (100.00) | 1,575 (100.00) |
表1 铜尾矿复垦地及其外围林地土壤动物群落组成
Table 1 Density and individual of soil fauna communities in the reclamated copper-mine-tailings and suburb forest land
类群 Groups | 类型 Type | 复垦地土壤动物密度 Density in reclamated copper-mine-tailings (ind./m2) | 外围林地土壤 动物密度 Density in suburb forest land (ind./m2) | 复垦地土壤 动物个体数 Number of individual in reclamated copper- mine-tailings (%) | 外围林地土壤 动物个体数 Number of individual in suburb forest land (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
弹尾目 Collembola (Coll.) | 中小型干生 | 7,129.6±543.6 B | 30,292.2±2,608.3 A | 385 (24.39) | 727 (46.16) |
蜱螨目 Acarina (Acar.) | 中小型干生 | 8,240.7±409.3 b | 21,041.7±1,919.9 a | 445 (28.18) | 505 (32.06) |
线虫纲 Nematoda (Nema.) | 中小型湿生 | 43,111.1±3,872.7 a | 72,500.0±6,366.1 a | 194 (12.29) | 145 (9.21) |
蚁科 Formicidae (Form.) | 大型 | 156.8±31.5 a | 27.8±6.3 b | 127 (8.05) | 10 (0.64) |
寡毛纲 Oligochaeta (Olig.) | 大型 | 90.1±21.2 a | 163.9±33.6 a | 73 (4.62) | 59 (3.75) |
鞘翅目幼虫 Coleoptera larvae (Cole-la.) | 中小型湿生 | 1,629.6±240.8 a | 875.0±56.3 a | 88 (5.58) | 21 (1.33) |
双翅目幼虫 Diptera larvae (Dipt-la.) | 中小型湿生 | 796.3±64.9 a | 958.3±80.7 a | 43 (2.72) | 23 (1.46) |
双尾目 Diplura (Dipl.) | 中小型干生 | 49.4±8.9 a | 25.0±5.6 a | 40 (2.53) | 9 (0.57) |
蜘蛛目 Araneae (Aran.) | 大型 | 45.7±13.8 a | 8.3±0.0 a | 37 (2.34) | 4 (0.26) |
猛水蚤目 Harpacticoida (Harp.) | 中小型湿生 | 5,555.6±954.1 a | 6,000±735.9 a | 25 (1.58) | 12 (0.76) |
鞘翅目成虫 Coleoptera adult (Cole.) | 大型 | 33.3±14.7 a | 13.9±5.0 a | 27 (1.71) | 5 (0.32) |
隐翅虫科 Staphylinidae (Stap.) | 大型 | 25.9±7.3 a | 5.6±0.0 a | 21 (1.33) | 2 (0.13) |
综合纲 Symphyla (Symp.) | 中小型干生 | 12.3±2.8 a | 19.4±0.0 a | 10 (0.63) | 7 (0.45) |
腹足纲 Gastropoda (Gast.) | 大型 | 18.5±2.6 a | 2.8±1.0 b | 15 (0.95) | 1 (0.06) |
原尾目 Protura (Prot.) | 中小型干生 | 37.0±7.7 b | 333.3±0.0 a | 2 (0.13) | 8 (0.51) |
地蜈蚣目 Geophilomorpha (Geop.) | 大型 | 0.0±0.0 B | 25.0±4.9 A | 0 (0.00) | 10 (0.64) |
石蜈蚣目 Lithobiomorpha (Lith.) | 大型 | 7.4±0.0 a | 8.3±4.6 a | 6 (0.38) | 3 (0.19) |
盲蛛目 Odiliones (Odil.) | 大型 | 9.9±1.6 a | 0.0±0.0 b | 8 (0.51) | 0 (0.00) |
倍足纲 Diplopoda (Dipl.) | 大型 | 4.9±2.0 a | 8.3±0.0 a | 1 (0.06) | 6 (0.38) |
伪蝎目 Pseudoscorpionida (Pseu.) | 中小型干生 | 1.2±0.0 b | 13.9±4.6 a | 4 (0.25) | 3 (0.19) |
等足目 Isopoda (Isop.) | 大型 | 0.0±0.0 b | 11.1±0.0 a | 0 (0.00) | 4 (0.25) |
鳞翅目幼虫 Lepidoptera larvae (Lepi-la.) | 中小型湿生 | 55.6±0.0 a | 41.7±11.9 a | 3 (0.19) | 1 (0.06) |
半翅目 Hemiptera (Hemi.) | 大型 | 1.2±0.0 a | 5.6±0.0 a | 1 (0.06) | 2 (0.13) |
直翅目 Orthptera (Orth.) | 大型 | 1.2±0.0 a | 2.8±0.0 a | 1 (0.06) | 1 (0.06) |
蜚蠊目 Blattodea (Blat.) | 大型 | 0.0±0.0 a | 5.6±0.0 a | 0 (0.00) | 2 (0.13) |
涡虫纲 Turbellaria (Turb.) | 中小型湿生 | 1.2±0.0 a | 0.0±0.0 a | 1 (0.06) | 0 (0.00) |
线蚓科 Enchytraediae (Ench.) | 中小型干生 | 0.0±0.0 a | 2.8±0.0 a | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.06) |
等翅目 Isoptera (Isop.) | 中小型干生 | 1.2±0.0 a | 0.0±0.0 a | 1 (0.06) | 0 (0.00) |
蜂科 Apoidea (Apoi.) | 大型 | 0.0±0.0 a | 2.8±0.0 a | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.06) |
双翅目成虫 Diptera adult (Dipt.) | 大型 | 0.0±0.0 a | 2.8±0.0 a | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.06) |
缨尾目 Thysanura (Thys.) | 中小型干生 | 0.0±0.0 a | 2.8±0.0 a | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.06) |
虫卵 Egg | - | 25.9±7.2 a | 2.8±0.0 a | 21 (1.34) | 1 (0.06) |
合计 Sum | - | - | - | 1,579 (100.00) | 1,575 (100.00) |
指标 Indices | 铜尾矿复垦地 Reclamated copper-mine-tailings | 外围林地 Suburb forest land | F值 F value |
---|---|---|---|
类群数 Number of groups | 15 b | 18 a | 5.88 |
大型土壤动物密度 Density of soil macrofauna (ind./m2) | 638 a | 475 a | 0.33 |
中小型土壤动物密度 Density of soil meso- and micro- fauna (× 104 inds./m2) | 1.82 B | 5.40 A | 29.99 |
Shannon-Wiener多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index | 0.8420 A | 0.5952 B | 24.06 |
Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index | 0.7197 A | 0.4714 B | 35.90 |
Simpson优势度指数 Simpson dominance index | 0.2049 B | 0.4081 A | 29.31 |
密度-类群指数 DG index | 1.8344 b | 2.6321 a | 4.75 |
表2 铜尾矿复垦地及其外围林地土壤动物群落结构
Table 2 Community structure of soil fauna in the reclamated copper-mine-tailings and suburb forest land
指标 Indices | 铜尾矿复垦地 Reclamated copper-mine-tailings | 外围林地 Suburb forest land | F值 F value |
---|---|---|---|
类群数 Number of groups | 15 b | 18 a | 5.88 |
大型土壤动物密度 Density of soil macrofauna (ind./m2) | 638 a | 475 a | 0.33 |
中小型土壤动物密度 Density of soil meso- and micro- fauna (× 104 inds./m2) | 1.82 B | 5.40 A | 29.99 |
Shannon-Wiener多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index | 0.8420 A | 0.5952 B | 24.06 |
Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index | 0.7197 A | 0.4714 B | 35.90 |
Simpson优势度指数 Simpson dominance index | 0.2049 B | 0.4081 A | 29.31 |
密度-类群指数 DG index | 1.8344 b | 2.6321 a | 4.75 |
个体总数 Number of individuals | 类群数 Number of groups | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
复垦地 Reclamated copper-mine-tailings | 外围林地 Suburb forest land | 复垦地 Reclamated copper-mine-tailings | 外围林地 Suburb forest land | ||
0-5 cm | 117.78 a,A | 172.00 a,A | 12.00 a,A | 12.50 a,A | |
5-10 cm | 46.00 b,B | 93.00 ab,AB | 7.78 b,B | 9.25 ab,AB | |
10-15 cm | 27.22 b,B | 51.75 b,AB | 5.78 c,BC | 7.00 bc,B | |
15-20 cm | 23.33 b,B | 26.75 b,B | 3.78 d,C | 5.25 c,B | |
F值 F value | 17.80 | 4.27 | 33.33 | 6.86 |
表3 铜尾矿复垦地及其外围林地土壤动物群落的垂直分布
Table 3 The vertical distribution of soil fauna in the reclamated copper-mine-tailings and suburb forest land
个体总数 Number of individuals | 类群数 Number of groups | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
复垦地 Reclamated copper-mine-tailings | 外围林地 Suburb forest land | 复垦地 Reclamated copper-mine-tailings | 外围林地 Suburb forest land | ||
0-5 cm | 117.78 a,A | 172.00 a,A | 12.00 a,A | 12.50 a,A | |
5-10 cm | 46.00 b,B | 93.00 ab,AB | 7.78 b,B | 9.25 ab,AB | |
10-15 cm | 27.22 b,B | 51.75 b,AB | 5.78 c,BC | 7.00 bc,B | |
15-20 cm | 23.33 b,B | 26.75 b,B | 3.78 d,C | 5.25 c,B | |
F值 F value | 17.80 | 4.27 | 33.33 | 6.86 |
样地 Sites | 复垦地 Reclamated copper-mine-tailings | 外围林地 Suburb forest land | F值 F value |
---|---|---|---|
样方数 Number of plots | 9 | 4 | - |
植被类型 Vegetation | 荩草群落 Com. Arthraxon lanceolatus | 苦木群落 Com. Picrasma quassioides | - |
pH | 6.21 B | 6.76 A | 193.41 |
土壤有机质 Soil organic matter (%) | 2.22 A | 1.79 B | 17.17 |
总氮 Total N (g/kg) | 0.60 B | 1.40 A | 157.45 |
总钾 Total K (g/kg) | 3.12 B | 5.19 A | 147.89 |
全铜 Total Cu (mg/kg) | 943.66 A | 55.63 B | 19.42 |
全镉 Total Cd (mg/kg) | 3.23 A | 1.96 B | 99.21 |
土壤含水量 Soil moisture (%) | 16.51 b | 20.53 a | 5.94 |
土壤容重 Bulk density of soils (g/cm3) | 1.22 B | 1.35 A | 18.23 |
植被高度 Vegetation height (cm) | 4.56 B | 135 A | 21.46 |
植被覆盖率 Vegetation coverage (%) | 38.00 B | 69.00 A | 20.54 |
表4 铜尾矿复垦地及其外围林地各样地小生境条件
Table 4 Niche condition of the sites in the reclamated copper-mine-tailings and suburb forest land
样地 Sites | 复垦地 Reclamated copper-mine-tailings | 外围林地 Suburb forest land | F值 F value |
---|---|---|---|
样方数 Number of plots | 9 | 4 | - |
植被类型 Vegetation | 荩草群落 Com. Arthraxon lanceolatus | 苦木群落 Com. Picrasma quassioides | - |
pH | 6.21 B | 6.76 A | 193.41 |
土壤有机质 Soil organic matter (%) | 2.22 A | 1.79 B | 17.17 |
总氮 Total N (g/kg) | 0.60 B | 1.40 A | 157.45 |
总钾 Total K (g/kg) | 3.12 B | 5.19 A | 147.89 |
全铜 Total Cu (mg/kg) | 943.66 A | 55.63 B | 19.42 |
全镉 Total Cd (mg/kg) | 3.23 A | 1.96 B | 99.21 |
土壤含水量 Soil moisture (%) | 16.51 b | 20.53 a | 5.94 |
土壤容重 Bulk density of soils (g/cm3) | 1.22 B | 1.35 A | 18.23 |
植被高度 Vegetation height (cm) | 4.56 B | 135 A | 21.46 |
植被覆盖率 Vegetation coverage (%) | 38.00 B | 69.00 A | 20.54 |
图2 铜尾矿复垦地及其外围林地大型(A)、中小型干生(B)和湿生(C)土壤动物与环境变量关系的RDA二维排序图。Form.: 蚁科; Olig.: 寡毛纲; Aran.: 蜘蛛目; Cole.: 鞘翅目; Stap.: 隐翅虫科; Gast.: 腹足纲; Geop.: 地蜈蚣目; Lith.: 石蜈蚣目; Odil.: 盲蛛目; Dipl.: 倍足纲; Isop.: 等足目; Hemi.: 半翅目; Orth.: 直翅目; Blat.: 蜚蠊目; Apoi.: 蜂科; Dipt.: 双翅目; Coll.: 弹尾目; Acar.: 蜱螨目; Dipl.: 双尾目; Symp.: 综合纲; Prot.: 原尾目; Pseu.: 伪蝎目; Isop.: 等翅目; Thys.: 缨尾目; Nema.: 线虫纲; Cole-la.: 鞘翅目幼虫; Dipt-la.: 双翅目幼虫; Harp.: 猛水蚤目; Lepi-la.: 鳞翅目幼虫; Turb.: 涡虫纲; Ench.: 线蚓科; SOM: 土壤有机质; TK: 全钾; TN: 全氮; Cu: 全铜; Cd: 全镉; SM: 土壤含水量; BDS: 土壤容重; VH: 植被高度; VC: 植被覆盖率。
Fig. 2 Two dimensional ordination diagram based on RDA of soil macro-(A), dry-type(B), wet-type(C) meso- and micro-fauna and environmental variables in the reclamated copper-mine-tailings and suburb forest land. Form., Formicidae; Olig., Oligochaeta; Aran., Araneae; Cole., Coleoptera; Stap., Staphylinidae; Gast., Gastropoda; Geop., Geophilomorpha; Lith., Lithobiomorpha; Odil., Odiliones; Dipl., Diplopoda; Isop., Isopoda; Hemi., Hemiptera; Orth., Orthptera; Blat., Blattodea; Apoi., Apoidea; Dipt., Diptera; Coll., Collembola; Acar., Acarina; Dipl., Diplura; Symp., Symphyla; Prot., Protura; Pseu., Pseudoscorpionida; Isop., Isoptera; Thys., Thysanura; Nema., Nematoda; Cole-la., Coleoptera larvae; Dipt-la., Diptera larvae; Harp., Harpacticoida; Lepi-la., Lepidoptera larvae; Turb., Turbellaria; Ench., Enchytraediae; pH, Soil pH value; SOM, Soil organic matter; TK, Total Kalium; TN, Total Nitrogen; Cu, Total Cu; Cd, Total Cd; SM, Soil moisture; BDS, Bulk density of soils; VH, Vegetation height; VC, Vegetation coverage.
采样时间 Sampling time | 密度 Density of soil fauna (ind./m2) | 类群数 Number of groups | 丰富度 Richness index (d) | Shannon-Wiener多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H′) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1998 | 26,177.8 | 7 | 3.5138 | 0.7651 |
2011 | 67,733.3 | 15 | 6.2718 | 0.8420 |
表5 铜尾矿复垦地不同时期土壤动物群落特征
Table 5 Soil fauna community indices of the reclamated copper-mine-tailings in different period
采样时间 Sampling time | 密度 Density of soil fauna (ind./m2) | 类群数 Number of groups | 丰富度 Richness index (d) | Shannon-Wiener多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H′) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1998 | 26,177.8 | 7 | 3.5138 | 0.7651 |
2011 | 67,733.3 | 15 | 6.2718 | 0.8420 |
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