边缘效应对山地湿性常绿阔叶林附生植物的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.07396

生物多样性 ›› 2008, Vol. 16 ›› Issue (3): 245-254. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.07396

边缘效应对山地湿性常绿阔叶林附生植物的影响

马文章¹^,², 刘文耀¹^,³^,^*(), 杨礼攀¹^,², 杨国平¹

1 中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园昆明分部, 昆明 650231
2 中国科学院研究生院, 北京 100049
3 Curtin University of Techology, Perth, WA 6845, Australia

收稿日期:2008-01-07 接受日期:2008-04-01 出版日期:2008-05-20 发布日期:2008-05-20
通讯作者: 刘文耀
作者简介:*E-mail:Liuwy@xtbg.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(30470305);中国科学院百人计划项目(BRJH2002098)

Edge effects on epiphytes in montane moist evergreen broad-leaved forest

Wenzhang Ma¹^,², Wenyao Liu¹^,³^,^*(), Lipan Yang¹^,², Guoping Yang¹

1 Kunming Division, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650231, China
2 Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3 Curtin University of Techology, Perth WA 6845, Australia

Received:2008-01-07 Accepted:2008-04-01 Online:2008-05-20 Published:2008-05-20
Contact: Wenyao Liu

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

作为热带、亚热带地区森林生态系统中重要组成成分之一的附生植物, 对环境变化尤为敏感。为了解附生植物对森林生境破碎化的响应, 本研究选择哀牢山北段徐家坝山地湿性常绿阔叶林因人为干扰而形成的四处森林边缘为研究对象, 分别在距离林缘10、20、40和80 m的位置设立样带, 采用树干取样法调查各样带内距地面0-2 m范围附生植物的物种组成、生物量和附生苔藓植物的生活型特征。结果显示: 边缘效应对单位面积附生植物的生物量和附生苔藓植物盖度均具有极显著的影响(P<0.001), 其中附生苔藓比附生蕨类对边缘效应更为敏感。边缘效应对附生苔藓植物的作用强度在各生活型之间存在着差异, 其中对丛集型(P=0.014)和交织型(P=0.030)的附生苔藓植物的影响最显著。综合附生植物在各样带的分布特征, 我们认为单位面积上附生植物的生物量和附生苔藓植物的盖度可作为指示森林边缘生境的重要指标。黄牛毛藓(Ditrichum pallidum)、角状刺枝藓(Wijkia hornschuchii)和格氏剪叶苔(Herbertus giraldianus)的分布具有指示林缘生境的意义, 而尖叶羽藓(Thuidium philibertii)、大羽藓(T. cymbifolium)、多疣麻羽藓(Claopodium pellucinerve)、波叶金枝藓(Pseudotrismegistia undulata)和扭叶藓(Trachypus bicolor)的分布局限于林内, 具有一定的保护价值。

关键词: 哀牢山, 附生苔藓, 附生蕨类, 生活型

Abstract

Epiphytes are important components in tropical and subtropical forest ecosystems, and are well-known for their sensitivity to environmental changes. To understand epiphyte’s response to forest fragmentation and edge effects, we established four plots at the edges of a montane moist evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Ailao Mountains of Yunnan. Within each plot, we established four transects at 10, 20, 40, and 80 m from forest edge to study the species composition, biomass, and life form of epiphytes on host trunks 0-2 m above the ground. Distance to edge influenced biomass of epiphytes (P < 0.001) and coverage of epiphytic bryophytes ( P < 0.001). Epiphytic bryophytes were more sensitive to edge effects than epiphytic ferns. The intensity of edge effects were life-form specific, and turf ( P = 0.014) and weft forms (P = 0.030) both showed a pronounced response. Based on the distributional traits of epiphytes in all plots, we concluded that both the biomass of epiphytes and coverage of epiphytic bryophytes are biological indicators of forest edges. Furthermore,Ditrichum pallidum, Wijkia hornschuchii andHerbertus giraldianus are capable of indicating edge habitats, while the conservation status of Thuidium philibertii,T. cymbifolium, Claopodium pellucinerve, Pseudotrismegistia undulata and Trachypus bicolor deserve further attention because they are excluded from forest edges.

Key words: Ailao Mountain, epiphytic bryophyte, epiphytic fern, life-form, edge effects

马文章, 刘文耀, 杨礼攀, 杨国平 (2008) 边缘效应对山地湿性常绿阔叶林附生植物的影响. 生物多样性, 16, 245-254. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.07396.

Wenzhang Ma, Wenyao Liu, Lipan Yang, Guoping Yang (2008) Edge effects on epiphytes in montane moist evergreen broad-leaved forest. Biodiversity Science, 16, 245-254. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.07396.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.07396

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2008/V16/I3/245

图/表 9

参考文献 31

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生活型 Life form	特征描述 Description
垫状型 Cushion	主茎或多或少直立, 分枝从基部向上呈辐射状 Dome-shaped colonies formed by regeneration from a central point of origin, with stems more or less vertical
树型 Dendroid	主茎或横走或直立, 分枝呈树状展开 Stems creep or erect, branching resemble miniature tree
扇形 Fan	生于垂直的生长基质上, 分枝在一个平面上 Shoots rising from vertical substratum, branch repeatedly in the horizontal plane to form flattened photosynthetic surfaces
平铺型 Mat	主茎横生, 其上着生假根与生长基质紧密相连 Shoots creep over the substratum with rhizoids closely attached to
悬垂型 Pendant	分枝从树枝上向下悬垂生长 Main shoots hang down form the point of attachment
丛集型 Turf	主茎直立, 平行聚集生长, 分支少, 常占据大面积区域 Many loosely or closely packed vertical stem with limited branching, occupying a large area
交织型 Weft	主茎与分枝疏松交织 Stems and branches loosely interwoven

生活型 Life form	特征描述 Description
垫状型 Cushion	主茎或多或少直立, 分枝从基部向上呈辐射状 Dome-shaped colonies formed by regeneration from a central point of origin, with stems more or less vertical
树型 Dendroid	主茎或横走或直立, 分枝呈树状展开 Stems creep or erect, branching resemble miniature tree
扇形 Fan	生于垂直的生长基质上, 分枝在一个平面上 Shoots rising from vertical substratum, branch repeatedly in the horizontal plane to form flattened photosynthetic surfaces
平铺型 Mat	主茎横生, 其上着生假根与生长基质紧密相连 Shoots creep over the substratum with rhizoids closely attached to
悬垂型 Pendant	分枝从树枝上向下悬垂生长 Main shoots hang down form the point of attachment
丛集型 Turf	主茎直立, 平行聚集生长, 分支少, 常占据大面积区域 Many loosely or closely packed vertical stem with limited branching, occupying a large area
交织型 Weft	主茎与分枝疏松交织 Stems and branches loosely interwoven

距林缘距离 Distance to forest edge	优势种类 Dominant species	频度(%) Frequency	宿主数 No. of hosts	盖度 Coverage (% ± SE)	重要值 IV	生活型 Life form
10 m	多疣悬藓 Neodicladiella pendula	21.9	6	26.0 ± 0.7	41.2	悬垂型 Pendant
	粗垂藓 Chrysocladium phaeum	15.6	5	13.7 ± 0.6	23.1	悬垂型 Pendant
	小叶鞭苔 Bazzania ovistipula	25.0	7	9.4 ± 0.2	20.8	平铺型 Mat
	树平藓 Homaliodendron flabellatum	28.1	6	2.3 ± 0.1	12.6	扇型 Fan
	疏叶丝带藓 Floribundaria walkeri	25.0	7	1.5 ± 0.1	10.5	悬垂型 Pendant
	粗齿稚尾藓 Cyathophorum adiantum	9.4	3	3.4 ± 0.1	7.6	扇型 Fan
	刺齿合叶苔 Scapania ciliata	6.3	2	3.1 ± 0.4	6.2	丛集型 Turf
	绢藓一种 Entodonsp.	6.3	4	3.0 ± 0.2	6.0	交织型 Weft
	短肋羽藓 Thuidium kanedae	12.5	4	0.2	4.5	交织型 Weft
	赤茎小锦藓 Brotherella erythrocaulis	9.4	4	0.8	4.2	交织型 Weft
20 m	刺齿合叶苔 Scapania ciliata	19.5	8	19.0 ± 0.3	18.2	丛集型 Turf
	南亚白发藓Leucobryum neilgherrense	46.3	14	6.7 ± 0.1	16.7	垫状型 Cushion
	树形羽苔 Plagiochila arbuscula	24.4	7	13.8 ± 0.2	15.9	丛集型 Turf
	卵叶羽苔 P. ovilifolia	7.3	4	19.1 ± 0.9	15.2	扇型 Fan
	小叶鞭苔 Bazznia ovistipula	24.4	20	10.4 ± 0.1	13.5	平铺型 Mat
	树平藓 Homaliodendron flabellatum	34.2	10	3.5	11.3	扇型 Fan
	青毛藓 Dicranodontum denudatum	9.8	6	10.8 ± 0.3	10.0	丛集型 Turf
	黄牛毛藓 Ditrichum pallidum	19.5	9	6.9 ± 0.1	9.8	丛集型 Turf
	扁萼苔 Radula complanata	9.8	4	10.5 ± 0.4	9.8	平铺型 Mat
	绢藓一种 Entodon sp.	7.3	5	7.1 ± 0.3	6.8	交织型 Weft
40 m	南亚白发藓 Leucobryum neilgherrense	39.4	17	14.8 ± 0.3	18.6	垫状型 Cushion
	异形凤尾藓 Fissidens anomalus	30.3	11	16.3 ± 0.4	17.8	扇型 Fan
	树平藓 Homaliodendron flabellatum	57.6	19	7.5 ± 0.1	17.4	扇型 Fan
	小叶鞭苔 Bazzania ovistipula	27.3	13	12.6 ± 0.3	14.6	平铺型 Mat
	细指叶苔 Lepidozia trichodes	6.1	9	11.6 ± 0.9	9.3	交织型 Weft
	侧枝匍灯藓 Plagiomnium maximoviczii	21.2	8	6.7 ± 0.3	9.2	平铺型 Mat
	树形羽苔 Plagiochila arbuscula	21.2	13	5.5 ± 0.1	8.3	丛集型 Turf
	赤茎小锦藓 Brotherella erythrocaulis	27.3	11	1.8	7.0	平铺型 Mat
	平藓 Neckera pennata	24.2	9	2.4	6.8	树型 Dendroid
	双齿鞭苔 Bazzania bidentula	3.3	6	7.5	6.0	平铺型 Mat
80 m	小叶鞭苔 B. ovistipula	41.5	15	41.0 ± 0.4	30.0	平铺型 Mat
	南亚白发藓 Leucobryum neilgherrense	43.9	16	24.9 ± 0.3	22.1	垫状型 Cushion
	树平藓 Homaliodendron flabellatum	68.3	22	10.2 ± 0.1	19.6	扇型 Fan
	卵叶羽苔 Plagiochila ovilifolia	14.6	10	27.2 ± 0.5	17.2	扇型 Fan
	赤茎小锦藓 Brothrella erythrocaulis	31.7	10	9.6 ± 0.2	11.6	平铺型 Mat
	狭叶羽苔 Plagiochila trabeculata	9.8	4	12.6 ± 0.2	8.6	扇型 Fan
	树形羽苔 P. arbuscula	22.0	12	7.1 ± 0.2	8.3	丛集型 Turf
	细指叶苔 Leptozia trichodes	14.6	10	9.7 ± 0.1	8.1	交织型 Weft
	疏叶丝带藓 Floribundaria walkeri	22.0	10	4.0 ± 0.1	6.7	悬垂型 Pendant
	短肋羽藓 Thudium kanedae	24.4	9	1.7	6.0	交织型 Weft

距林缘距离 Distance to forest edge	优势种类 Dominant species	频度(%) Frequency	宿主数 No. of hosts	盖度 Coverage (% ± SE)	重要值 IV	生活型 Life form
10 m	多疣悬藓 Neodicladiella pendula	21.9	6	26.0 ± 0.7	41.2	悬垂型 Pendant
	粗垂藓 Chrysocladium phaeum	15.6	5	13.7 ± 0.6	23.1	悬垂型 Pendant
	小叶鞭苔 Bazzania ovistipula	25.0	7	9.4 ± 0.2	20.8	平铺型 Mat
	树平藓 Homaliodendron flabellatum	28.1	6	2.3 ± 0.1	12.6	扇型 Fan
	疏叶丝带藓 Floribundaria walkeri	25.0	7	1.5 ± 0.1	10.5	悬垂型 Pendant
	粗齿稚尾藓 Cyathophorum adiantum	9.4	3	3.4 ± 0.1	7.6	扇型 Fan
	刺齿合叶苔 Scapania ciliata	6.3	2	3.1 ± 0.4	6.2	丛集型 Turf
	绢藓一种 Entodonsp.	6.3	4	3.0 ± 0.2	6.0	交织型 Weft
	短肋羽藓 Thuidium kanedae	12.5	4	0.2	4.5	交织型 Weft
	赤茎小锦藓 Brotherella erythrocaulis	9.4	4	0.8	4.2	交织型 Weft
20 m	刺齿合叶苔 Scapania ciliata	19.5	8	19.0 ± 0.3	18.2	丛集型 Turf
	南亚白发藓Leucobryum neilgherrense	46.3	14	6.7 ± 0.1	16.7	垫状型 Cushion
	树形羽苔 Plagiochila arbuscula	24.4	7	13.8 ± 0.2	15.9	丛集型 Turf
	卵叶羽苔 P. ovilifolia	7.3	4	19.1 ± 0.9	15.2	扇型 Fan
	小叶鞭苔 Bazznia ovistipula	24.4	20	10.4 ± 0.1	13.5	平铺型 Mat
	树平藓 Homaliodendron flabellatum	34.2	10	3.5	11.3	扇型 Fan
	青毛藓 Dicranodontum denudatum	9.8	6	10.8 ± 0.3	10.0	丛集型 Turf
	黄牛毛藓 Ditrichum pallidum	19.5	9	6.9 ± 0.1	9.8	丛集型 Turf
	扁萼苔 Radula complanata	9.8	4	10.5 ± 0.4	9.8	平铺型 Mat
	绢藓一种 Entodon sp.	7.3	5	7.1 ± 0.3	6.8	交织型 Weft
40 m	南亚白发藓 Leucobryum neilgherrense	39.4	17	14.8 ± 0.3	18.6	垫状型 Cushion
	异形凤尾藓 Fissidens anomalus	30.3	11	16.3 ± 0.4	17.8	扇型 Fan
	树平藓 Homaliodendron flabellatum	57.6	19	7.5 ± 0.1	17.4	扇型 Fan
	小叶鞭苔 Bazzania ovistipula	27.3	13	12.6 ± 0.3	14.6	平铺型 Mat
	细指叶苔 Lepidozia trichodes	6.1	9	11.6 ± 0.9	9.3	交织型 Weft
	侧枝匍灯藓 Plagiomnium maximoviczii	21.2	8	6.7 ± 0.3	9.2	平铺型 Mat
	树形羽苔 Plagiochila arbuscula	21.2	13	5.5 ± 0.1	8.3	丛集型 Turf
	赤茎小锦藓 Brotherella erythrocaulis	27.3	11	1.8	7.0	平铺型 Mat
	平藓 Neckera pennata	24.2	9	2.4	6.8	树型 Dendroid
	双齿鞭苔 Bazzania bidentula	3.3	6	7.5	6.0	平铺型 Mat
80 m	小叶鞭苔 B. ovistipula	41.5	15	41.0 ± 0.4	30.0	平铺型 Mat
	南亚白发藓 Leucobryum neilgherrense	43.9	16	24.9 ± 0.3	22.1	垫状型 Cushion
	树平藓 Homaliodendron flabellatum	68.3	22	10.2 ± 0.1	19.6	扇型 Fan
	卵叶羽苔 Plagiochila ovilifolia	14.6	10	27.2 ± 0.5	17.2	扇型 Fan
	赤茎小锦藓 Brothrella erythrocaulis	31.7	10	9.6 ± 0.2	11.6	平铺型 Mat
	狭叶羽苔 Plagiochila trabeculata	9.8	4	12.6 ± 0.2	8.6	扇型 Fan
	树形羽苔 P. arbuscula	22.0	12	7.1 ± 0.2	8.3	丛集型 Turf
	细指叶苔 Leptozia trichodes	14.6	10	9.7 ± 0.1	8.1	交织型 Weft
	疏叶丝带藓 Floribundaria walkeri	22.0	10	4.0 ± 0.1	6.7	悬垂型 Pendant
	短肋羽藓 Thudium kanedae	24.4	9	1.7	6.0	交织型 Weft

距林缘距离 Distance to forest edge	种类 Species	总株数 Total no.	平均簇数 (簇/宿主) Average no. of individual	出现频率 Frequency (%)	重要值 IV
10 m	小果露蕨 Mecodium microsorum	111	27.8	6.3	8.0
	棕鳞瓦韦 Lepisorus scolopendrium	4	2.0	6.3	6.6
20 m	小果露蕨 Mecodium microsorum	279	69.8	14.6	18.0
	棕鳞瓦韦 Lepisorus scolopendrium	6	3.0	7.3	7.7
	高山条蕨 Oleandra wallichii	3	3.0	3.0	3.1
	黑鳞假瘤蕨 Phymatopsis ebenipes	1	1.0	2.4	2.5
	书带蕨 Vittaria flexuosa	2	0.7	2.4	2.5
40 m	小果露蕨 Mecodium microsorum	159	39.8	15.2	17.0
	友水龙骨 Polypodiodes amoena	3	0.8	9.1	9.3
	雨蕨 Gymnogrammitis dardiformis	1	1.0	9.1	9.2
	书带蕨 Vittaria flexuosa	5	2.5	6.1	6.4
	胎生铁角蕨 Asplenium viviparum	4	1.3	6.1	6.2
	褐柄剑蕨 Loxogramme duclouxii	1	1.0	6.1	6.2
	棕鳞瓦韦 Lepisorus scolopendrium	3	1.0	3.0	3.2
	书带蕨 Vittaria flexuosa	2	1.0	3.0	3.1
80 m	小果露蕨 Mecodium microsorum	54	13.5	12.2	13.0
	友水龙骨 Polypodiodes amoena	4	1.3	9.8	10.0
	雨蕨 Gymnogrammitis dardiformis	2	2.0	9.8	10.0
	褐柄剑蕨 Loxogramme duclouxii	1	0.5	2.4	2.5
	栗柄水龙骨 Polypodiodes microrhizoma	1	1.0	2.4	2.5
	书带蕨 Vittaria flexuosa	2	2.0	2.4	2.5
	胎生铁角蕨 Asplenium viviparum	1	1.0	2.4	2.5

边缘效应对山地湿性常绿阔叶林附生植物的影响

Edge effects on epiphytes in montane moist evergreen broad-leaved forest

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两两样带之间 Between two transects	10-20 m	10-40 m	10-80 m	20-40 m	20-80 m	40-80 m
S?rensen 相似性系数 S?rensen’s similarity coefficient	0.641	0.701	0.506	0.741	0.627	0.683
共有种数目 Number of common species	25	27	20	30	26	28

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