云南哀牢山常绿阔叶林的空间分异及其影响因素

doi:10.17520/biods.2016199

生物多样性 ›› 2017, Vol. 25 ›› Issue (1): 23-33. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2016199

• 研究报告: 植物多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

云南哀牢山常绿阔叶林的空间分异及其影响因素

徐远杰¹, 林敦梅², 石明³, 谢妍洁³, 王逸之¹, 管振华^1,^*(), 向建英¹

1 西南林业大学云南生物多样性研究院, 昆明 650224
2 重庆大学三峡库区生态环境教育部重点实验室, 重庆 400044
3西南林业大学林学院, 昆明 650224

收稿日期:2016-07-20 接受日期:2017-01-05 出版日期:2017-01-20 发布日期:2017-02-08
通讯作者: 管振华
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(31300454)

Spatial heterogeneity and its causes in evergreen broad-leaved forests in the Ailao Mountains, Yunnan Province

Yuanjie Xu¹, Dunmei Lin², Ming Shi³, Yanjie Xie³, Yizhi Wang¹, Zhenhua Guan^1,^*(), Jianying Xiang¹

1 Yunnan Academy of Biodiversity, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224
2 Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044
3 The Faculty of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224

Received:2016-07-20 Accepted:2017-01-05 Online:2017-01-20 Published:2017-02-08
Contact: Guan Zhenhua

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

理解物种丰富度在空间上的变化, 阐明植物群落组成对生境异质性的响应是群落生态学研究的核心议题之一。与生境异质性有关的生态位分化对植物群落的多样性格局和物种分布具有重要影响。本文以分布在云南哀牢山的4种常绿阔叶林为研究对象, 通过对42个森林样地的调查取样, 探讨了常绿阔叶林的群落分布和树种丰富度在地形和土壤环境梯度上的变异。结果表明: 4种常绿阔叶林的树种组成有显著的差异。季风常绿阔叶林的树种丰富度极显著地高于其他3种类型; 中山湿性常绿阔叶林极显著地高于半湿润常绿阔叶林; 其他类型之间的差异不显著。非度量多维尺度分析显示, 海拔、坡度、土壤含水率及有机质等9个环境梯度是控制森林群落结构和树种分布的主要因素。土壤有效硼、海拔、全钾和凹凸度为树种丰富度的最佳预测变量, 累积解释了树种丰富度63.2%的变异。地形和土壤因子一起能够解释哀牢山常绿阔叶林的群落组成和树种丰富度的大部分变异。

关键词: 生境异质性, 群落组成, 树种丰富度, 常绿阔叶林, 哀牢山

Abstract

Understanding the variation of species richness over spatial scales, and elucidating the response of plant community composition to habitat heterogeneity has been one of the major topics in the study of community ecology. Niche differentiation related to habitat heterogeneity plays an important role in shaping diversity levels and species distribution patterns of plant communities. Based on a survey of 42 plots of four types of evergreen broad-leaved forests in the Ailao Mountains of Yunnan Province, this paper explored how community distribution and tree species richness of such forests changed along topographic and edaphic gradients. We found significant differences in community composition among the four types of evergreen broad-leaved forests. Tree species richness of monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forests was significantly higher than that of the other forest types. Tree species richness of mid-montane moist evergreen broad-leaved forests was significantly higher than that of semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forests, whereas no significant difference was observed among the other forest types. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) revealed that nine environmental gradients, including elevation, slope, soil water content, soil organic matter, were the determinants of forest community composition and tree distribution patterns. As the best predictors of tree species richness, soil available boron, elevation, soil total potassium and convexity together explained 63.2% of the variance of tree species richness. The combination of topographic and edaphic factors explained most of the variance of community composition and tree species richness of the evergreen broad leaved forests in the Ailao Mountains.

Key words: habitat heterogeneity, community composition, tree species richness, evergreen broad-leaved forests, the Ailao Mountains

徐远杰, 林敦梅, 石明, 谢妍洁, 王逸之, 管振华, 向建英 (2017) 云南哀牢山常绿阔叶林的空间分异及其影响因素. 生物多样性, 25, 23-33. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2016199.

Yuanjie Xu, Dunmei Lin, Ming Shi, Yanjie Xie, Yizhi Wang, Zhenhua Guan, Jianying Xiang (2017) Spatial heterogeneity and its causes in evergreen broad-leaved forests in the Ailao Mountains, Yunnan Province. Biodiversity Science, 25, 23-33. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2016199.

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树种名 Species name	苔藓矮林 MD	中山湿性阔叶林 MM	季风常绿阔叶林 MS	半湿润常绿阔叶林 SH
倒卵叶石栎 Lithocarpus crassifolius	25.54(23.40)
云南桤叶树 Clethra delavayi	12.81(17.81)
露珠杜鹃 Rhododendron irroratum	19.47(17.51)
云南越桔 Vaccinium duclouxii	8.37(13.47)	8.68(21.18)
珍珠花 Lyonia ovalifolia	10.45(12.52)	9.99(10.38)
珊瑚冬青 Ilex corallina	5.94(6.35)	8.50(13.34)
木果石栎 Lithocarpus xylocarpus		16.88 (20.10)
腾冲栲 Castanopsis wattii		7.50(7.53)
硬斗柯 Lithocarpus hancei		8.96(6.42)
薄叶马银花 Rhododendron leptothrium		3.30(4.70)
舟柄茶 Stewartia pteropetiolata		3.94(3.51)
滇木荷 Schima noronhae		5.13(2.59)
四川冬青 Ilex szechwanensis		2.72(2.01)
旱冬瓜 Alnus nepalensis			19.39(21.73)	9.71(18.22)
高山栲 Castanopsis delavayi			9.56(21.37)
母猪果 Helicia nilagirica			4.29(10.23)
茶梨 Anneslea fragrans			2.51(8.21)
截头石栎 Lithocarpus truncatus			10.20 (7.47)
小果栲 Castanopsis fleuryi			8.93(7.35)
滇南木姜子 Litsea garrettii			4.37(6.19)
西南木荷 Schima wallichii			6.13(4.77)
红梗润楠 Machilus rufipes			4.96(2.97)
滇青冈 Cyclobalanopsis glaucoides				35.04(27.95)
白穗石栎 Lithocarpus craibianus				28.38(27.93)
多穗石栎 Lithocarpus polystachyus				20.47(24.96)

树种名 Species name	苔藓矮林 MD	中山湿性阔叶林 MM	季风常绿阔叶林 MS	半湿润常绿阔叶林 SH
倒卵叶石栎 Lithocarpus crassifolius	25.54(23.40)
云南桤叶树 Clethra delavayi	12.81(17.81)
露珠杜鹃 Rhododendron irroratum	19.47(17.51)
云南越桔 Vaccinium duclouxii	8.37(13.47)	8.68(21.18)
珍珠花 Lyonia ovalifolia	10.45(12.52)	9.99(10.38)
珊瑚冬青 Ilex corallina	5.94(6.35)	8.50(13.34)
木果石栎 Lithocarpus xylocarpus		16.88 (20.10)
腾冲栲 Castanopsis wattii		7.50(7.53)
硬斗柯 Lithocarpus hancei		8.96(6.42)
薄叶马银花 Rhododendron leptothrium		3.30(4.70)
舟柄茶 Stewartia pteropetiolata		3.94(3.51)
滇木荷 Schima noronhae		5.13(2.59)
四川冬青 Ilex szechwanensis		2.72(2.01)
旱冬瓜 Alnus nepalensis			19.39(21.73)	9.71(18.22)
高山栲 Castanopsis delavayi			9.56(21.37)
母猪果 Helicia nilagirica			4.29(10.23)
茶梨 Anneslea fragrans			2.51(8.21)
截头石栎 Lithocarpus truncatus			10.20 (7.47)
小果栲 Castanopsis fleuryi			8.93(7.35)
滇南木姜子 Litsea garrettii			4.37(6.19)
西南木荷 Schima wallichii			6.13(4.77)
红梗润楠 Machilus rufipes			4.96(2.97)
滇青冈 Cyclobalanopsis glaucoides				35.04(27.95)
白穗石栎 Lithocarpus craibianus				28.38(27.93)
多穗石栎 Lithocarpus polystachyus				20.47(24.96)

环境因子 Environmental factors	NMDS第一轴 NMDS1	NMDS第二轴 NMDS2	r²	P
海拔 Elevation	-0.779	-0.627	0.897	0.001
凹凸度 Convexity	0.992	-0.128	0.098	0.134
坡向 Aspect	-0.025	-1.000	0.035	0.490
坡度 Slope	-0.352	-0.936	0.241	0.007
土壤含水率 Soil water content (SW)	-0.994	-0.107	0.635	0.001
土壤有机质 Soil organic matter (SOM)	-0.825	-0.566	0.293	0.003
土壤pH值 pH	0.998	0.067	0.597	0.001
全氮 Total nitrogen (TN)	-0.367	-0.930	0.060	0.312
全磷 Total phosphorus (TP)	-0.543	0.840	0.108	0.121
全钾 Total potassium (TK)	0.150	-0.989	0.374	0.002
有效氮 Available nitrogen (AN)	-0.582	0.813	0.079	0.210
有效磷 Available phosphorus (AP)	-0.918	0.396	0.432	0.001
有效钾 Available potassium (AK)	0.112	0.994	0.316	0.001
有效硼 Available boron (AB)	-0.272	0.962	0.503	0.001

环境因子 Environmental factors	NMDS第一轴 NMDS1	NMDS第二轴 NMDS2	r²	P
海拔 Elevation	-0.779	-0.627	0.897	0.001
凹凸度 Convexity	0.992	-0.128	0.098	0.134
坡向 Aspect	-0.025	-1.000	0.035	0.490
坡度 Slope	-0.352	-0.936	0.241	0.007
土壤含水率 Soil water content (SW)	-0.994	-0.107	0.635	0.001
土壤有机质 Soil organic matter (SOM)	-0.825	-0.566	0.293	0.003
土壤pH值 pH	0.998	0.067	0.597	0.001
全氮 Total nitrogen (TN)	-0.367	-0.930	0.060	0.312
全磷 Total phosphorus (TP)	-0.543	0.840	0.108	0.121
全钾 Total potassium (TK)	0.150	-0.989	0.374	0.002
有效氮 Available nitrogen (AN)	-0.582	0.813	0.079	0.210
有效磷 Available phosphorus (AP)	-0.918	0.396	0.432	0.001
有效钾 Available potassium (AK)	0.112	0.994	0.316	0.001
有效硼 Available boron (AB)	-0.272	0.962	0.503	0.001

	有效硼 AB	有效钾 AK	凹凸度 Convexity	海拔 Elevation	pH	全钾 TK	自由度 df	AICc	ΔAICc	权重值 Weight
1	1.796		-0.128	-0.001		-0.345	5	90.0	0.00	0.261
2	2.082			-0.001		-0.250	4	90.4	0.39	0.214
3	2.374			-0.001			4	91.0	0.95	0.162
4	2.001	-0.005	-0.124	-0.002		-0.409	6	91.3	1.26	0.139
5	2.290	-0.005		-0.002		-0.320	6	91.5	1.44	0.127
6	2.544				0.676	-0.302	5	92.0	2.00	0.096
相对重要性Importance	1.00	0.27	0.40	0.90	0.10	0.84

云南哀牢山常绿阔叶林的空间分异及其影响因素

Spatial heterogeneity and its causes in evergreen broad-leaved forests in the Ailao Mountains, Yunnan Province

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