深圳湾引种红树植物海桑的幼苗发生和扩散格局的生态响应

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.07326

生物多样性 ›› 2008, Vol. 16 ›› Issue (3): 236-244. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.07326

深圳湾引种红树植物海桑的幼苗发生和扩散格局的生态响应

曾雪琴¹^,²^,³, 陈鹭真¹^,³^,⁴^,^*(), 谭凤仪³^,⁵, 黄建辉¹, 徐华林⁶, 林光辉¹^,⁴

1 中国科学院植物研究所植被与环境变化国家重点实验室, 北京 100093
2 中国科学院研究生院, 北京 100049
3 深圳福田-城大红树林研发中心, 深圳 518040
4 亚热带湿地生态系统研究教育部重点实验室/厦门大学生命科学学院, 厦门 361005
5 香港城市大学生物及化学系, 香港
6 广东内伶仃福田国家级自然保护区管理局, 深圳 518040

收稿日期:2007-10-31 接受日期:2008-04-22 出版日期:2008-05-20 发布日期:2008-05-20
通讯作者: 陈鹭真
作者简介:*E-mail:luzhenchen@xmu.edu.cn
基金资助:
中国科学院“百人计划”资助项目;国家自然科学基金(30700092);中国博士后科学基金(20060400529)

Seedling emergence and dispersal pattern of the introduced Sonneratia caseolaris in Shenzhen Bay, China

Xueqin Zeng¹^,²^,³, Luzhen Chen¹^,³^,⁴^,^*(), Nora FungYee Tam³^,⁵, Jianhui Huang¹, Hualin Xu⁶, Guanghui Lin¹^,⁴

1 State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093
2 Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
3 Futian-CityU Mangrove Research and Development Centre, Shenzhen 518040
4 Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research, Ministry of Education / School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005
5 Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
6 Administrative Bureau of Neilingding Futian National Nature Reserve, Shenzhen 518040

Received:2007-10-31 Accepted:2008-04-22 Online:2008-05-20 Published:2008-05-20
Contact: Luzhen Chen

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

海桑(Sonneratia caseolaris)是我国华南沿海主要红树林造林树种, 在深圳湾引种造林15年后, 在天然红树林和光滩中出现了大面积的扩散。为了研究深圳湾红树植物海桑的幼苗扩散及其与生态因子的关系, 作者采用样线和样方调查法于2006年9月至2007年9月对深圳福田红树林内天然扩散的海桑幼苗的密度、高度和盖度及其相关生态因子(包括种间竞争、群落类型、光照、扩散距离与滩面高程)进行了6次调查。天然红树林和人工海桑林林下海桑幼苗密度在调查初期分别为24.7棵/m²和19.7棵/m², 到2007年9月林下的一年生海桑幼苗全部死亡, 说明林下的弱光生境显著抑制了海桑幼苗的早期生长和自然更新。不同林型下(包括天然白骨壤林和秋茄林、人工海桑林)的海桑幼苗的密度、高度、盖度差异不显著(P>0.05); 而林中空地各指标显著高于林下(P<0.05)。虽然深圳福田红树林滩面高程介于1.12-2.10 m(黄海平均海平面)之间, 海桑幼苗自然扩散分布的最适滩面高程是1.40-1.60 m, 属于深圳湾红树林的中高潮滩, 但幼苗密度与滩面高程之间相关性较小。海桑具有一定的长距离扩散能力, 天然白骨壤林和秋茄林下海桑幼苗密度与其扩散距离(距最近母树的距离)之间呈显著负相关。天然白骨壤林和秋茄林下海桑幼苗密度与光照强度相关性不显著(P>0.05),而人工海桑林林下的海桑幼苗密度与光照强度呈显著正相关, 且相关系数逐次增大, 说明海桑幼苗的早期生长受到光照强度的影响极为显著。因此, 深圳湾引种海桑的繁殖体在天然白骨壤林和秋茄林下的扩散主要受与母树距离的影响, 但在海桑人工林下光照强度是影响幼苗分布的最重要生态因子。

关键词: 红树林, Sonneratia caseolaris, 幼苗扩散, 光照强度, 滩面高程, 扩散距离

Abstract

Due to its rapid growth,Sonneratia caseolaris, a mangrove species indigenous to Hainan, was introduced to Shenzhen Bay, Guangdong for afforestation purpose during the early 1990s. The seedling emergence, early growth and dispersal pattern of S. caseolaris and their responses to environmental factors have not been well studied in the new habitat. In this study, we evaluated the density, height and coverage of S. caseolaris seedlings underneath the canopies of various mangrove forests (including both natural Kandelia candel and Avicennia marina communities and introduced S. caseolariscommunities) and on the mudflats without canopy, in Futian Mangroves Natural Reserve of Shenzhen Bay from September 2006 to September 2007. Line intercept and square intercept methods were used in the survey. Tidal elevation, light intensity, community types and the distance between the sample squares and the nearest adult S. caseolaris were also recorded. The mean densities of S. caseolaris seedlings under the canopies of both the introduced and natural mangrove forests decreased from September 2006 (24.7 seedlings per m²and 19.7 seedlings per m², respectively) to September 2007 (no seedlings survived). No significant differences were found in the seedling density, height or coverage of S. caseolaris among different mangrove communities. However, the density, height and coverage of S. caseolaris seedlings were significantly higher on the mudflats without canopy than under the mangrove canopies, indicating that higher light intensity in on the mudflats without canopy promoted the dispersal and vertical growth of S. caseolaris seedlings. Although the optimal tidal elevation for S. caseolaris seedlings in Shenzhen Bay was between 1.40 m and 1.60 m, an area that falls within the mid-to-high intertidal zones, seedling density and tidal elevation were weakly correlated. The seedling density under the native mangrove canopies was negatively related to dispersal distance. However seedling density were positively correlated with light intensity(P<0.05), and the correlation coefficients for the introducedS. caseolaris forest increased through time with successive surveys. In contrast, there was no significant correlation founded between seedling density and light intensity under native mangrove canopies. We concluded that distance to mother tree was the most important factor determining S. caseolaris seedling density under native mangrove canopies, whereas the light intensity was the most important environmental factor for controlling seedling dispersal pattern under the canopy of the introduced S. caseolaris forest.

Key words: mangroves, Sonneratia caseolaris, seedling dispersal, light intensity, elevation, dispersal distance

曾雪琴, 陈鹭真, 谭凤仪, 黄建辉, 徐华林, 林光辉 (2008) 深圳湾引种红树植物海桑的幼苗发生和扩散格局的生态响应. 生物多样性, 16, 236-244. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.07326.

Xueqin Zeng, Luzhen Chen, Nora FungYee Tam, Jianhui Huang, Hualin Xu, Guanghui Lin (2008) Seedling emergence and dispersal pattern of the introduced Sonneratia caseolaris in Shenzhen Bay, China. Biodiversity Science, 16, 236-244. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.07326.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2008.07326

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2008/V16/I3/236

图/表 10

图1 调查区域示意图。调查区域为从A点到B点。天然红树林向陆一侧为秋茄林, 向海一侧为白骨壤林。

Fig. 1 Location of the study site. The survey area is from A to B. The landward side of natural mangroves is occupied by Kandelia candel forest, and the seaward side is by Avicennia marina forest.

图2 深圳市月均温(2006年8月至2007年9月)与历史同期均温(1971-2000年)(来自深圳市气象局 http://www.121.com.cn)

Fig. 2 Average monthly temperatures during the study period from Aug. 2006 to Sep. 2007 and average monthly temperatures of the same months from 1971-2000 in Shenzhen (data from Shenzhen Meteorological Bureau. http://www.121. com.cn)

表1 不同群落类型中海桑幼苗密度的重复测量方差分析结果

Table 1 Repeated measures ANOVA for the seedling density of Sonneratia caseolaris in different mangrove communities

变异来源 Sources of variation	自由度 df	F
时间 Time	4	15.828
林型 Forest type	3	26.642
时间×林型 Time×Forest type	12	3.455

图3 不同群落类型中海桑幼苗的密度、高度和盖度(平均值±标准误)。Scc—海桑林; Amc—白骨壤林; Kcc—秋茄林; Gap—海桑林中空地。不同小写字母代表差异显著(P<0.05 )。

Fig. 3 Seedling density, height and coverage of Sonneratia caseolaris in different mangrove communities (Means±SE). Scc,Sonneratia caseolaris community; Amc, Avicennia marina community; Kcc, Kandelia candel community; Gap, Forest gap. Different letters indicate significant difference at 0.05 level.

图4 海桑幼苗与其他红树幼苗在不同调查时间的密度、高度和盖度(平均值±标准误)。 Sc—海桑; Kc—秋茄; Am—白骨壤; Ac—桐花树; Ai—老鼠勒。不同小写字母代表差异显著(P<0.05 )。

Fig. 4 Seedling density, height and coverage of different mangrove species during the first four surveys (Means±SE). Sc,Sonneratia caseolaris; Kc, Kandelia candel; Am, Avicennia marina; Ac, Aegiceras coniculatum; Ai, Acanthus ilicifolius. Different letters indicate significant difference from each other species at 0.05 level.

表2 海桑幼苗密度与其他红树幼苗密度的逐步回归结果(2006年9月)

Table 2 Stepwise regressions between seedling densities of Sonneratia caseolaris and other mangrove species (Sep., 2006)

步数 Step	偏回归系数 Partial regression coefficient		截距 Intercept	R²	P > / F /
步数 Step	Ac	Kc	截距 Intercept	R²	Ac	Kc	截距 Intercept	模型 Model
Step 1	-4.568		29.214	0.028	0.035		0.000	0.035
Step 2	-5.051	2.362	25.974	0.054	0.019	0.040	0.000	0.013

图5 海桑幼苗密度与滩面高程的关系

Fig. 5 The relationship between seedling density of Sonneratia caseolaris and tidal elevation

图6 海桑幼苗密度与扩散距离的关系

Fig. 6 The relationship between seedling density of Sonneratia caseolaris and dispersal distance

表3 海桑幼苗密度与相对光照强度的相关分析结果

Table 3 Corelation analysis between the seedlings density of Sonneratia caseolaris and relative light intensity

林型 Forest type	测定时间 Measurement time	相关方程 Correlation equation	R²	P
天然林（白骨壤林+秋茄林） Natural forest	2006.09.12	y =-18.79x+25.43	0.001	0.730
	2006.10.30	y= 9.60x+3.30	0.002	0.635
	2006.12.13	y = 6.28x+1.80	0.003	0.601
	2007.01.28	y = 4.06x+0.39	0.005	0.480
人工海桑林 Introduced S. caseolaris forest	2006.09.12	y = 78.08x+2.94	0.160	0.002
	2006.10.30	y = 71.41x-6.33	0.267	0.000
	2006.12.13	y = 75.62x-10.50	0.369	0.000
	2007.01.28	y = 46.56x-7.59	0.364	0.000

表4 海桑人工林、天然林下海桑幼苗密度与主要生态因子的回归分析结果

Table 4 Multiple regressions between the seedlings densities of Sonneratia caseolaris and key ecological factors under introduced Sonneratia caseolaris forest and natural forest

林型 Forest type	测定时间 Measurement time	变量 Variables	偏回归系数 Partial regression coefficient	偏相关系数 Partial correlations	t	P
天然林 Natural forest	2006.09.12	扩散距离 Dispersal distance	-37.931	-0.544	-6.518	0.000
		常数 Constant	104.802		8.200	0.000
	2006.10.30	滩面高程 Tidal elevation	-19.785	-0.274	-2.858	0.005
		扩散距离 Dispersal distance	-5.370	-0.214	-2.201	0.030
		常数 Constant	49.093		4.345	0.000
	2006.12.13	扩散距离 Dispersal distance	-3.939	-0.258	-2.689	0.008
		滩面高程 Tidal elevation	-8.248	-0.194	-1.984	0.050
		常数 Constant	24.633		3.631	0.000
	2007.01.28	扩散距离 Dispersal distance	-2.005	-0.280	-2.943	0.004
		常数 Constant	4.904		3.267	0.001
人工海桑林 Introduced S. caseolaris forest	2006.09.12	光照强度 Light intensity	0.430	0.460	3.805	0.000
		常数 Constant	-0.731		-0.090	0.929
	2006.10.30	光照强度 Light intensity	0.038	0.587	5.324	0.000
		常数 Constant	-9.113		-1.757	0.085
	2006.12.13	光照强度 Light intensity	0.039	0.654	6.357	0.000
		常数 Constant	-12.502		-2.801	0.007
	2007.01.28	光照强度 Light intensity	0.024	0.671	0.655	0.000
		常数 Constant	-8.983		-3.408	0.001

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深圳湾引种红树植物海桑的幼苗发生和扩散格局的生态响应

Seedling emergence and dispersal pattern of the introduced Sonneratia caseolaris in Shenzhen Bay, China

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