银杉天然林与人工林土壤微生物多样性、网络结构及功能潜力差异

doi:10.17520/biods.2026122

生物多样性 ›› 2026, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (7): 26122. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2026122 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2026122

银杉天然林与人工林土壤微生物多样性、网络结构及功能潜力差异

谢鹏¹^,^#(), 周志波¹^,^#(), 樊绍刚¹(), 莫平¹(), 黄科瑞¹(), 邓爱华¹(), 杨友伟¹(), 伍飞², 肖德伟³, 王云¹^,^*()()

¹ 湖南文理学院生命与环境科学学院, 湖南常德 415000
² 城步苗族自治县青界山国有林场, 湖南城步 422500
³ 滁口国有林场, 湖南资兴 423400

收稿日期:2026-04-09 接受日期:2026-07-08 出版日期:2026-07-20 发布日期:2026-09-21
通讯作者: 王云
作者简介:第一联系人：^# 共同第一作者
基金资助:
湖南省自然科学基金(2026JJ50424);湖南省自然科学基金(2023JJ30436);湖南省自然科学基金(2023JJ40464);湖南省自然科学基金(2023JJ50051);国家自然科学基金(32501690)

Soil microbial diversity, network structure, and functional potential differ between natural and plantation forests of Cathaya argyrophylla

Peng Xie¹^,^#(), Zhibo Zhou¹^,^#(), Shaogang Fan¹(), Ping Mo¹(), Kerui Huang¹(), Aihua Deng¹(), Youwei Yang¹(), Fei Wu², Dewei Xiao³, Yun Wang¹^,^*()()

¹ College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, Hunan 415000, China
² Qingjieshan State Forest Farm, Chengbu Miao Autonomous County, Chengbu, Hunan 422500, China
³ Chukou State-Owned Forest Farm, Zixing, Hunan 423400, China

Received:2026-04-09 Accepted:2026-07-08 Online:2026-07-20 Published:2026-09-21
Contact: Yun Wang
About author:First author contact:^# Co-first author
Supported by:
Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2026JJ50424);Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2023JJ30436);Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2023JJ40464);Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2023JJ50051);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32501690)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

银杉(Cathaya argyrophylla)是松科银杉属(Cathaya)的唯一现存种, 具有重要的进化研究价值。作为典型的外生菌根依赖型树种, 其迁地保护和人工繁育常面临幼苗存活率低、种群更新缓慢等瓶颈, 这可能与银杉人工林土壤微生物群落结构及功能的变化有关, 相关变化导致养分循环受阻, 进而影响幼苗生长。为揭示人工栽培对银杉土壤微生态的影响机制, 本研究基于16S rRNA和ITS高通量测序技术, 比较分析了银杉人工林与天然林土壤理化性质及土壤微生物群落多样性、构建机制、网络特征与功能潜力的差异。结果表明: 银杉人工林土壤的有效磷、速效钾、硝态氮含量及pH值显著高于天然林, 而总碳和有机质含量较低; 人工林土壤细菌α多样性显著高于天然林, 但微生物共现网络的连通性和稳定性显著下降; 群落构建机制由确定性选择主导转向随机过程主导。物种组成上, 天然林富集热酸菌属(Acidothermus)、树粉孢属(Oidiodendron)等耐酸性共生类群, 人工林则以芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、木霉属(Trichoderma)等富营养型类群为主。现行人工林经营模式虽短期内提高了土壤养分有效性和细菌多样性, 却导致微生物网络结构碎片化、关键共生菌群丧失及功能潜力退化, 可能通过削弱银杉的菌根养分获取能力和土壤生态系统的缓冲能力, 限制种群的长期恢复与自我维持。因此, 银杉迁地保护应从单纯关注植物个体存活转向维护土壤微生态网络完整性, 建议采取减少化肥投入、促进凋落物回归、调控土壤pH值至适宜范围(4.5-5.5)、引入土著关键共生菌群等措施, 重建功能稳定、互惠主导的根际互作体系, 为银杉等菌根依赖型珍稀物种的可持续保护提供微生态支撑。

关键词: 银杉, 土壤微生物群落, 微生物网络稳定性, 群落构建, 可持续管理, 迁地保护

Abstract

Aims: Cathaya argyrophylla is the only extant species of the genus Cathaya in the family Pinaceae and has great evolutionary significance. As a typical ectomycorrhizal-dependent tree species, its ex situ conservation and artificial propagation are often constrained by low seedling survival and slow population regeneration. These limitations may be associated with disturbances to the rhizosphere microecosystem under artificial cultivation. This study aimed to reveal the effects of artificial cultivation on the soil microecology of C. argyrophylla and to provide a scientific basis for improving conservation strategies.
Methods: Using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and ITS regions, we characterized soil microbial communities and evaluated differences in soil physicochemical properties, microbial diversity, community assembly processes, co-occurrence network characteristics, and functional potential between C. argyrophylla plantations and natural forests.
Results: Compared with natural forests, plantation soils had significantly higher available phosphorus, available potassium, nitrate nitrogen, and pH, but lower total carbon and soil organic matter contents. Bacterial α diversity was significantly higher in plantation soils, whereas the connectivity and stability of microbial co-occurrence networks markedly decreased. Community assembly shifted from deterministic selection-dominated processes in natural forests to increased stochastic processes in plantations. In terms of taxonomic composition, natural forests were enriched with acid-tolerant and symbiotic taxa such as Acidothermus and Oidiodendron, whereas plantations were dominated by copiotrophic taxa such as Bacillus and Trichoderma.
Conclusion: Current plantation management practices may enhance soil nutrient availability and bacterial diversity in the short term, but they are also associated with fragmented microbial network structures, loss of key symbiotic taxa, and degradation of functional potential. These changes may constrain the long-term recovery and self-maintenance of C. argyrophylla populations by weakening mycorrhizal nutrient acquisition and the buffering capacity of soil ecosystems. Therefore, ex situ conservation of C. argyrophylla should shift from a sole focus on plant survival to the maintenance of soil microecological network integrity. Management practices such as reducing chemical fertilizer inputs, promoting litter return, maintaining moderately acidic soil conditions, and introducing indigenous keystone symbiotic taxa may help reconstruct a functionally stable and mutualism-dominated rhizosphere interaction system, thereby providing microecological support for the sustainable conservation of C. argyrophylla and other mycorrhizal-dependent rare species.

Key words: Cathaya argyrophylla, soil microbiome communities, microbial network stability, community assembly, sustainable management, ex situ conservation

谢鹏, 周志波, 樊绍刚, 莫平, 黄科瑞, 邓爱华, 杨友伟, 伍飞, 肖德伟, 王云 (2026) 银杉天然林与人工林土壤微生物多样性、网络结构及功能潜力差异. 生物多样性, 34, 26122. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2026122.

Peng Xie, Zhibo Zhou, Shaogang Fan, Ping Mo, Kerui Huang, Aihua Deng, Youwei Yang, Fei Wu, Dewei Xiao, Yun Wang (2026) Soil microbial diversity, network structure, and functional potential differ between natural and plantation forests of Cathaya argyrophylla. Biodiversity Science, 34, 26122. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2026122.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2026122

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2026/V34/I7/26122

图/表 11

表1 银杉天然林与人工林样地基本信息

Table 1 Basic information of sampling sites in natural and plantation forests of Cathaya argyrophylla

林分类型 Forest stand type	样地 Plot	地点 Location	海拔 Altitude (m)	坡向 Slope aspect	母岩 Parent material	土壤类型 Soil type	郁闭度 Canopy closure	管理方式 Management regime
天然林 Natural forest	马屁股 Mapigu (CBE)	沙角洞银杉自然保护区 Shajiaodong yinshan Natural reserve	928	北坡 North slope	石灰岩、页岩和砂岩 Limestone, shale and sandstone	山地黄壤 Mountain yellow soil	0.85	无 None
	乱岩洞 Luanyandong (CBY)	沙角洞银杉自然保护区 Shajiaodong yinshan Natural reserve	1,066	东北坡 Northeast slope	石灰岩、页岩和砂岩 Limestone, shale and sandstone	山地黄壤 Mountain yellow soil	0.90	无 None
	丝茅坪 Simaoping (SMP)	八面山国家级自然保护区 Bamianshan National Nature Reserve	1,137	西北坡 Northwest slope	花岗岩和板岩 Granite and slate	红壤和黄壤 Red soil and yellow soil	0.85	无 None
	脚盆寮 Jiaopenliao (JPL)	八面山国家级自然保护区 Bamianshan National Nature Reserve	1,213	西北坡 Northwest slope	花岗岩和板岩 Granite and slate	红壤和黄壤 Red soil and yellow soil	0.85	无 None
人工林 Plantation forest	城步-1 Chengbu-1	青界山国有林场 Qingjieshan State Forest Farm	600	南坡 South slope	石灰岩、页岩和砂岩 Limestone, shale and sandstone	山地黄壤 Mountain yellow soil	0.60	粗放 Extensive
	新宁-1 Xinning-1	崀山珍稀植物研究所 Langshan Rare Plant Research Institute	400	东南坡 Southeast slope	红色砂砾岩 Red gravelly sandstone	红壤和紫色土 Red soil and purple soil	0.75	中等 Moderate
	新宁-2 Xinning-2		400	东南坡 Southeast slope	红色砂砾岩 Red gravelly sandstone	红壤和紫色土 Red soil and purple soil	0.75	中等 Moderate
	新宁-3 Xinning-3		400	东南坡 Southeast slope	红色砂砾岩 Red gravelly sandstone	红壤和紫色土 Red soil and purple soil	0.75	中等 Moderate

图1 银杉天然林(W, n = 12)与人工林(P, n = 12)土壤理化性质的差异。* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001。

Fig. 1 Differences in soil physicochemical properties between natural (W, n = 12) and plantation (P, n = 12) forests of Cathaya argyrophylla. AN, Available nitrogen; AP, Available phosphorus; AK, Available potassium; TN, Total nitrogen; NO3--N, Nitrate nitrogen; NH4+-N, Ammonium nitrogen; TC, Total carbon; SOM, Soil organic matter. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001.

图2 银杉天然林(W, n = 12)与人工林(P, n = 12)土壤微生物多样性。(A)细菌群落的α多样性, (B)真菌群落的α多样性; (C)细菌群落的β多样性; (D)真菌群落的β多样性。**** P < 0.0001。

Fig. 2 Soil microbial diversity in natural (W, n = 12) and plantation (P, n = 12) forests of Cathaya argyrophylla. (A) α diversity of bacterial communities; (B) α diversity of fungal communities; (C) β diversity of bacterial communities; (D) β diversity of fungal communities. **** P < 0.0001.

图3 银杉天然林(W, n = 12)与人工林(P, n = 12)土壤微生物群落组成。(A)细菌和真菌操作分类单元(OTUs)的Venn图; (B)细菌和真菌优势群落在属水平上的组成。

Fig. 3 Microbial community composition in soils of natural (W, n = 12) and plantation (P, n = 12) forests of Cathaya argyrophylla. (A) Venn diagram showing the overlap of bacterial and fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs); (B) Composition of bacterial communities at the genus level; (C) Composition of dominant fungal communities at the genus level.

图4 银杉天然林与人工林土壤细菌和真菌群落特异性-占有率关系及优势属。(A)细菌OTUs的特异性-占有率分布; (B)真菌OTUs的特异性-占据率分布; (C)细菌优势属的占比; (D)真菌优势属的占比。优势属指SPEC-OCCU分析中特异性与占有率均较高的核心类群。

Fig. 4 Occupancy-specificity relationships and dominant genera of bacterial and fungal communities in soils of natural and plantation forests of Cathaya argyrophylla. (A) Specificity-occupancy distribution of bacterial OTUs; (B) Specificity-occupancy distribution of fungal OTUs; (C) Proportions of dominant bacterial genera; (D) Proportions of dominant fungal genera. Dominant genera were defined as core taxa exhibiting high specificity and occupancy in the SPEC-OCCU analysis.

图5 银杉天然林与人工林土壤中富集的细菌(A)及真菌(B)属水平丰度差异。柱状图表示各分类单元的平均相对丰度, 误差线表示标准误。组间差异采用Wilcoxon秩和检验, 并采用Benjamini-Hochberg方法进行多重检验校正。* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001。

Fig. 5 Differential abundance of enriched bacterial (A) and fungal (B) genera in soils of natural and plantation forests of Cathaya argyrophylla. Bars indicate the mean relative abundance of each taxon, and error bars indicate the standard error. Between-group differences were tested using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, with Benjamini-Hochberg correction for multiple comparisons. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001.

图6 银杉天然林(W, n = 12)与人工林(P, n = 12)土壤微生物共现网络及其连通性。天然林(A)和人工林(B)土壤微生物共现网络; 细菌(C)和真菌(D)群落网络的平均变异度。A和B中节点大小与其相对丰度成正比, 共现网络依据模块着色。

Fig. 6 Microbial co-occurrence networks and connectivity in soils of natural (W, n = 12) and plantation (P, n = 12) forests of Cathaya argyrophylla. Soil microbial co-occurrence networks in natural forest (A) and plantation forest (B) soils, respectively; average variation degree of bacterial (C) and fungal (D) community networks. In A and B, the size of each node is proportional to its abundance, and the co-occurrence networks are colored by module.

表2 银杉天然林与人工林土壤细菌和真菌属水平共现网络拓扑特征

Table 2 Topological properties of co-occurrence networks of soil bacteria and fungi at the genus level in natural and plantation forests of Cathaya argyrophylla

	天然林 Natural forest		人工林 Plantation forest
	细菌 Bacteria	真菌 Fungi	细菌 Bacteria	真菌 Fungi
节点 Nodes	112.75 ± 1.29	47.50 ± 5.20	79.17 ± 11.71	32.55 ± 6.55
边数 Edges	6,062.58 ± 97.86	427.42 ± 54.96	2,269.08 ± 29.19	226.91 ± 95.77
边密度 Edge density	0.96 ± 0.01	0.39 ± 0.06	0.75 ± 0.01	0.42 ± 0.07
度中心化 Degree centralization	0.03 ± 0.00	0.29 ± 0.04	0.23 ± 0.08	0.26 ± 0.02
介数中心化 Betweenness centralization	0.00 ± 0.00	0.10 ± 0.05	0.02 ± 0.02	0.21 ± 0.17
平均聚类系数 Average clustering coefficient	0.98 ± 0.01	0.80 ± 0.04	0.88 ± 0.04	0.75 ± 0.00
网络复杂度 Network complexity	53.77 ± 0.35	9.00 ± 0.64	28.71 ± 0.62	6.68 ± 1.87
网络模块化 Network modularity	0.01 ± 0.00	0.19 ± 0.07	0.13 ± 0.05	0.28 ± 0.09

图7 银杉天然林(W, n = 12)与人工林(P, n = 12)土壤细菌和真菌群落构建过程。(A)细菌和真菌群落βNTI的分布; (B)不同群落构建过程的相对贡献。

Fig. 7 Community assembly processes of bacteria (W, n = 12) and fungi (P, n = 12) in soils of natural and plantation forests of Cathaya argyrophylla. (A) Distribution of βNTI values for bacterial and fungal communities; (B) Relative contributions of different community assembly processes.

图8 银杉天然林与人工林土壤微生物相关特征的随机森林分析。(A)细菌相关变量重要性; (B)真菌相关变量重要性。

Fig. 8 Random forest analysis of microbe-related variables in natural and plantation forests of Cathaya argyrophylla. (A) Importance of bacteria-related variables. (B) Importance of fungi-related variables.

图9 银杉天然林与人工林土壤细菌和真菌群落功能潜力特征。(A)细菌功能组成; (B)真菌功能组成; (C)差异细菌功能; (D)差异真菌功能。* P < 0.05; *** P < 0.001。

Fig. 9 Functional potential characteristics of soil bacterial and fungal communities in natural and plantation forests of Cathaya argyrophylla. (A) Bacterial functional composition; (B) Fungal functional composition; (C) Differential bacterial functions; (D) Differential fungal functions. * P < 0.05; *** P < 0.001.

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银杉天然林与人工林土壤微生物多样性、网络结构及功能潜力差异

Soil microbial diversity, network structure, and functional potential differ between natural and plantation forests of Cathaya argyrophylla

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