南京仙林大学城三种绿地类型中果蝇多样性及其被寄生率

doi:10.17520/biods.2024156

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

城市生物多样性正受到越来越多的关注, 之前的研究多关注生物多样性的编目, 但对于城市生态系统中物种间的相互作用了解较少。本研究利用诱捕法调查了南京市仙林大学城中公园、居住区、道路3种绿地类型中果蝇与天敌的多样性, 以及果蝇蛹的被寄生率。结果表明, 在3种绿地中累计采集果蝇成虫2,228只, 隶属于2属5种, 其中4种偏好以腐烂果蔬为宿主。黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)最多, 占总数的82.9%, 且居住区绿地中诱捕的果蝇数量远多于其他两种绿地, 道路绿地中未诱捕到以新鲜果蔬为宿主的斑翅果蝇(D. suzukii)。整体果蝇组成结构差异显著, 公园绿地的多样性指数均高于居住区绿地, 且Shannon-Wiener多样性指数显著高于道路绿地。采集寄生蜂成虫仅23只, 包括15只蝇蛹金小蜂(Pachycrepoideus vindemiae)和8只毛锤角细蜂(Trichopria drosophilae), 这两种果蝇蛹期寄生蜂是研究区果蝇的优势天敌。果蝇蛹中羽化得到寄生蜂334只, 道路绿地中果蝇蛹的被寄生率最低, 平均为22.7%, 其中毛锤角细蜂仅占整体的6.7%。这很可能是因为毛锤角细蜂的寄生效率远高于蝇蛹金小蜂, 而道路绿地中较大幅度的温度波动和宿主资源短缺不利于毛锤角细蜂生存。本文研究结果在一定程度上提升了对城市化影响生物多样性机制以及城市生物多样性与生态功能关系的认识。

关键词: 果蝇, 寄生蜂, 城市化, 下行效应, 生态系统功能

Abstract

Aims: Biodiversity in urban ecosystem is a prominent topic in scientific research. Many studies have documented urban biodiversity, but changes in species interactions within these ecosystems remain unclear. Our research aims to elucidate the effects of different types of urban green spaces on the diversity of Drosophilidae species and their parasitoids, as well as their interactions. This understanding is significant for the effective management and planning of urban green spaces and the conservation of urban biodiversity.

Methods: From August to October 2023, we collected Drosophilidae species and their parasitoids from park green spaces, residential green spaces, and road green spaces in Xianlin university town in Nanjing using trap bottles baited with bananas. Insect identification was guided by taxonomic monographs, and α-diversity was evaluated using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Pielou evenness index, and Simpson diversity index. Additionally, we collected Drosophilidae pupae and measured parasitism rates by counting the number of emerged parasitoids.

Results: A total of 2,228 Drosophilidae adults belonging to five species across two genera were collected from three types of green spaces. Four of these species preferred rotten fruits. Drosophila melanogaster was the most abundant species, accounting for 82.9% of the total. More Drosophilidae adults were trapped in residential green spaces than in park green spaces or road green spaces, whereas D. suzukii, which preferred fresh fruits, was not found in road green spaces. The species composition of Drosophilidae varied significantly among the green spaces. α-diversity analyses showed that diversity indices were higher in park green spaces than in residential green spaces, with the Shannon-Wiener diversity index significantly higher in park green spaces compared to road green spaces. Additionally, only 23 adult parasitoids were collected, including 15 Pachycrepoideus vindemiaeand 8 Trichopria drosophilae, the dominant parasitoid enemies of Drosophilidae species in the study area. We found 334 parasitoids that emerged from Drosophilidae pupae, with road green spaces having the lowest parasitism rate at an average of 22.7%. Trichopria drosophilaeaccounted for 6.7% of the total, which was significantly lower than in residential green spaces. This could be attributed to the scarcity of T. drosophilae, which has higher host exploration efficiency, as well as temperature fluctuations and restricted host availability that limit its survival.

Conclusions: Our study found that the diversity of Drosophilidae species and the parasitism rate vary across different urban green spaces, revealing the interactions between hosts and parasitoids in urban ecosystems. The decrease in parasitoid diversity may be a key factor contributing to the weakening of the top-down effect. These results enhance our understanding of how biodiversity and ecosystem functions change in urban ecosystem and could provide theoretical guidance for the management of urban green spaces and the conservation of species diversity.

Key words: Drosophilidae, parasitoid wasp, urbanization, top-down effect, ecosystem function

金泉泉, 向颖, 王华, 习新强 (2024) 南京仙林大学城三种绿地类型中果蝇多样性及其被寄生率. 生物多样性, 32, 24156. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024156.

Quanquan Jin, Ying Xiang, Hua Wang, Xinqiang Xi (2024) Drosophilidae species diversity and parasitism rate in different types of green spaces in Xianlin university town, Nanjing. Biodiversity Science, 32, 24156. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024156.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2024156

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2024/V32/I8/24156

图/表 8

图1 南京仙林大学城果蝇多样性调查地点分布图

Fig. 1 Distribution of sample sites for diversity survey of Drosophilidae species in Xianlin university town, Nanjing

图2 不同绿地类型样地概况。(A)居住区绿地; (B)公园绿地; (C)道路绿地。

Fig. 2 Sample sites of different green space types. (A) Residential green space; (B) Park green space; (C) Road green space.

表1 居住区绿地、公园绿地和道路绿地中诱捕到的果蝇成虫数量(平均值 ± 标准误)。* P < 0.05。

Table 1 Number of Drosophilidae adults trapped in residential green spaces, park green spaces, and road green spaces (mean ± SE). * P < 0.05.

属名 Genus	物种 Species	个体总数 No. of individuals (n = 3)	居住区绿地 Residential green spaces (n = 20)	公园绿地 Park green spaces (n = 23)	道路绿地 Road green spaces (n = 23)	F	P
果蝇属 Drosophila	黑腹果蝇 D. melanogaster	615.67 ± 47.07	50.90 ± 16.78	11.17 ± 2.85	24.87 ± 7.99	3.784	0.028^*
	拟果蝇 D. simulans	18.67 ± 1.66	0.95 ± 0.95	1.39 ± 0.52	0.22 ± 0.15	1.033	0.362
	伊米果蝇 D. immigrans	39.67 ± 2.90	3.20 ± 1.42	1.65 ± 0.56	0.74 ± 0.38	2.073	0.134
	斑翅果蝇 D. suzukii	3.00 ± 0.44	0.10 ± 0.07	0.30 ± 0.12	0.00 ± 0.00	4.008	0.023^*
花果蝇属 Scaptodrosophila	黑花果蝇 S. coracina	65.67 ± 1.84	3.50 ± 1.29	2.13 ± 1.03	3.39 ± 0.78	0.552	0.578

图3 居住区绿地、公园绿地和道路绿地中果蝇的组成

Fig. 3 Composition of Drosophilidae species in residential green spaces, park green spaces, and road green spaces

表2 居住区绿地、公园绿地和道路绿地中诱捕到的寄生蜂的数量

Table 2 Number of parasitoids trapped in residential green spaces, park green spaces, and road green spaces

属名 Genus	物种 Species	居住区绿地 Residential green spaces	公园绿地 Park green spaces	道路绿地 Road green spaces	个体总数 No. of individuals
蝇蛹帕金小蜂属 Pachycrepoideus	蝇蛹金小蜂 P. vindemiae	4	4	7	15
毛锤角细蜂属 Trichopria	毛锤角细蜂 T. drosophilae	6	1	1	8

图4 居住区绿地、公园绿地和道路绿地中果蝇的α多样性。** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001; ns: P > 0.05。

Fig. 4 Alpha diversity of Drosophilidae species in residential green spaces, park green spaces, and road green spaces. ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001; ns, P > 0.05.

图5 不同采样时间下果蝇的α多样性。ns: P > 0.05。

Fig. 5 Alpha diversity of Drosophilidae species at different sampling times. ns, P > 0.05.

图6 公园绿地、居住区绿地和道路绿地中果蝇蛹的被寄生率。** P < 0.01; ns: P > 0.05。

Fig. 6 Parasitism rate in park green spaces, residential green spaces, and road green spaces. ** P < 0.01; ns, P > 0.05.

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