生物多样性 ›› 2023, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (2): 22496.  DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022496

• 保护与治理对策 • 上一篇    下一篇

“基于自然的解决方案”应对生物多样性丧失和气候变化: 进展、挑战和建议

王金洲, 徐靖*()   

  1. 中国环境科学研究院, 北京 100012
  • 收稿日期:2022-08-29 接受日期:2022-10-16 出版日期:2023-02-20 发布日期:2022-12-30
  • 通讯作者: *徐靖, E-mail: xujing263@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    中国环境科学研究院基本科研业务费专项(22060302002001013);生态环境部生物多样性调查评估项目(22110404002001)

Nature-based solutions for addressing biodiversity loss and climate change: Progress, challenges and suggestions

Jinzhou Wang, Jing Xu*()   

  1. Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012
  • Received:2022-08-29 Accepted:2022-10-16 Online:2023-02-20 Published:2022-12-30
  • Contact: *Jing Xu, E-mail: xujing263@163.com

摘要:

“基于自然的解决方案” (nature-based solutions, NbS)是协同应对生物多样性丧失和气候变化等全球环境挑战的热点途径之一, 但在国际环境条约谈判中尚存在争议。本文系统梳理了世界自然保护大会(WCC)、联合国环境大会(UNEA)、《生物多样性公约》(CBD)缔约方大会和《联合国气候变化框架公约》(UNFCCC)缔约方大会关于NbS的相关决议和决定, 以及主要缔约方的立场发言, 旨在分析NbS的国际进展和挑战, 并结合我国国情提出应对建议。在世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)等国际组织和欧盟及其成员国的积极推动下, WCC和UNEA就NbS定义和标准制定取得积极进展。而在CBD和UNFCCC相关谈判进程中, 缔约方对NbS意见不一。除了缺乏各方一致认可的NbS定义、实施路径等技术原因外, 可能的因素包括发展中大国担忧发达国家通过界定NbS路径范围限制其自然资源开发和生物产业发展; 或将“减缓”责任从UNFCCC过渡到CBD, 并转嫁给生物多样性丰富的发展中国家; 以及模糊气候与生物多样性行动和资金的边界, 减少发展中国家争取生物多样性领域国际公共资金的机会。我国是NbS的积极践行者, 已将NbS纳入国家应对气候变化相关政策, 并长期开展生态保护恢复等NbS行动与实践, 但这些政策与实践主要聚焦国内, 与我国在全球环境治理体系中的领导力和国际社会的期待尚有较大差距。对此, 建议继续加强跨部门协调, 改进本地NbS政策与实践; 开展NbS路径研究, 出台国家标准; 开展NbS综合效益评估, 支撑自然融资和绿色贸易; 加强NbS国际交流与合作, 平衡各方利益诉求。

关键词: 基于自然的解决方案, 生物多样性, 气候变化, 多边环境条约

Abstract

Aims and Methods: Nature-based solutions (NbS) is a hot synergy approach to address the global environmental challenges, such as biodiversity loss and climate change, but there are controversies surrounding the negotiation of relevant conventions. Here we reviewed the resolutions and decisions on NbS of the World Conservation Congress (WCC), the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA), and the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), as well as the formal statements of the main Parties. We aimed to analyze the major progress and challenges of NbS implementation at global and national levels, and to propose countermeasures based on China’s national conditions.

Review Results: By the active promotion of international organizations such as the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and Parties such as European Union and its member states, the WCC and the UNEA have made positive progress in defining NbS and creating standards. However, during the negotiation process related to the CBD and the UNFCCC, Parties have different views on the implementation of NbS to synergistically address biodiversity loss and climate change. The technical explanation is the lack of a concrete and universal definition of NbS and its pathways agreed to by all Parties. Other possible reasons are that large developing country Parties prevent developed country Parties from (1) restricting the exploitation of natural resources and development of biological industries by defining the pathways of NbS; (2) transitioning the responsibility for “mitigation” from the UNFCCC to the CBD and shifting it to biodiversity-rich developing countries; (3) blurring the boundaries between climate and biodiversity action and funding, and thus reducing the opportunities for developing countries to seek international public funding for biodiversity conservation. As an active practitioner of NbS, China has incorporated NbS into national policies related to addressing climate change, and has carried out NbS practices such as ecological protection and restoration for decades. However, these policies and practices mainly focused on domestic ecological and environmental issues, which still lag behind China’s leadership in the global environmental governance and the expectations of the international community.

Suggestions: In this regard, we suggest to (1) strengthen the cross-sectorial cooperation and improve the local NbS policies and practices; (2) promote the research of NbS pathways and define national standards; (3) carry out comprehensive evaluation of NbS to support natural financing and green trading; and (4) strengthen international exchanges and cooperation with NbS, balancing the concerns of all Parties.

Key words: nature-based solutions, biodiversity, climate change, multilateral environmental agreements