生物多样性 ›› 2021, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (10): 1279-1287. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021319
收稿日期:
2021-08-15
接受日期:
2021-10-20
出版日期:
2021-10-20
发布日期:
2021-10-20
通讯作者:
唐小平
作者简介:
* E-mail: tang8043@126.comYafang Jiang1, Jing Tian1, Jingbo Zhao2, Xiaoping Tang1,*()
Received:
2021-08-15
Accepted:
2021-10-20
Online:
2021-10-20
Published:
2021-10-20
Contact:
Xiaoping Tang
摘要:
保护自然生态系统的完整性是我国建立国家公园的主要目标之一, 《国家公园设立规范》(GB/T 39737-2021)已将生态系统完整性作为国家公园的准入条件生态重要性的认定指标之一, 但目前对国家公园生态系统完整性的内涵还没有统一定义, 并缺乏具体的评价体系。本文在国内外相关研究的基础上, 结合我国国家公园体制试点成果及第一批国家公园设立实践, 提出了国家公园生态系统完整性的基本内涵及评价指标体系, 以期为今后设立国家公园时划定边界范围或评估国家公园管理成效提供理论依据。作者提出, 应从生态系统结构和过程完整性、功能完整性、空间格局完整性3个维度对我国国家公园生态系统完整性进行综合评价。以东北虎豹国家公园为例, 体制试点以来, 东北虎(Panthera tigris altaica)和东北豹(P. pardus orientalis)等顶级食肉动物的食物链相对完整, 虎、豹野生种群从俄罗斯进入、定居、繁衍、扩散的路径清晰, 种群稳定增长、栖息地质量持续改善, 生物多样性日益丰富, 国家公园正式设立范围划定时充分考虑了生态系统完整性保护, 生态系统完整性评级为优秀, 为国家公园可持续发展奠定了良好基础。
蒋亚芳, 田静, 赵晶博, 唐小平 (2021) 国家公园生态系统完整性的内涵及评价框架: 以东北虎豹国家公园为例. 生物多样性, 29, 1279-1287. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021319.
Yafang Jiang, Jing Tian, Jingbo Zhao, Xiaoping Tang (2021) The connotation and assessment framework of national park ecosystem integrity:A case study of the Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park. Biodiversity Science, 29, 1279-1287. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021319.
一级指标 Level-1 index | 二级指标 Level-2 index | 权重 Weight |
---|---|---|
1. 生态系统结构和过程 Ecosystem structure and processes | 食物链(网)完整性 Food chain (web) integrity | 0.15 |
伞护种、旗舰种栖息地完整性 Habitat integrity of umbrella and flagship species | 0.15 | |
2. 生态系统功能 Ecosystem functions | 生物多样性保护 Conservation of biodiversity | 0.3 |
3. 生态系统空间格局 Ecosystem spatial patterns | 代表性生态系统 Typical ecosystems | 0.2 |
生态区位重要性 Importance of regional ecological value | 0.2 |
表1 国家公园生态系统完整性评价框架
Table 1 The assessment framework of national park's ecosystem integrity
一级指标 Level-1 index | 二级指标 Level-2 index | 权重 Weight |
---|---|---|
1. 生态系统结构和过程 Ecosystem structure and processes | 食物链(网)完整性 Food chain (web) integrity | 0.15 |
伞护种、旗舰种栖息地完整性 Habitat integrity of umbrella and flagship species | 0.15 | |
2. 生态系统功能 Ecosystem functions | 生物多样性保护 Conservation of biodiversity | 0.3 |
3. 生态系统空间格局 Ecosystem spatial patterns | 代表性生态系统 Typical ecosystems | 0.2 |
生态区位重要性 Importance of regional ecological value | 0.2 |
指标 Index | 等级划分规则 Ranking rules | ||
---|---|---|---|
优秀 Excellent (Score: 1) | 良好 Good (Score: 0.6) | 一般 Fair (Score: 0.3) | |
1. 生态系统结构和过程 Ecosystem structure and processes | |||
食物链(网)完整性 Food chain (web) integrity | 具有至少一条包含顶级食肉动物的完整食物链, 各类生态系统间构成复杂食物网; 生态系统结构极稳定 At least one complete food chain with top carnivore, complex food web among various ecosystems; ecosystem structure highly stablized | 缺少包含顶级食肉动物的完整食物链, 但各类生态系统间构成食物网复杂; 生态系统结构较稳定 No complete food chain with top carnivore, but there is a complex food web among various ecosystems; ecosystem structure fairly stablized | 缺少包含顶级食肉动物的完整食物链, 且各生态系统间仅构成简单的食物网; 生态系统结构稳定性一般 No complete food chain with top carnivore, with very simple food web among ecosystems; ecosystem structure not stablized |
伞护种、旗舰种栖息地完整性 Habitat integrity of umbrella and flagship species | 90%-100%的自然栖息地; 连通性极高 90%-100% natural habitat; extremely high connectivity | 60%-90%的自然栖息地; 连通性较高 60%-90% natural habitat; relatively high connectivity | 20%-60%的自然栖息地; 连通性低 20%-60% natural habitat; low connectivity |
2. 生态系统功能 Ecosystem functions | |||
生物多样性 Conservation of biodiversity | 物种多样性/丰富度在参考值范围内; 指示物种未消失 Species diversity/richness within the reference standards; indicator species present | 物种多样性/丰富度接近参考值; 人类活动对原生种构成威胁; 一些指示物种消失 Species diversity/richness near the reference standards; human activities pose a threat to native species; some indicator species absent | 物种多样性/丰富度远低于参考值; 很多指示物种消失 Species diversity/richness are far lower than the reference standards; many indicator species absent |
3. 生态系统空间格局 Ecosystem spatial patterns | |||
代表性生态系统 Typical ecosystems | 80%以上为区域代表性生态系统 Over 80% area covered with regional typical ecosystems | 50%?80%为区域代表性生态系统50%?80% area covered with regional typical ecosystems | 不足50%为区域代表性生态系统Less than 50% area covered with regional typical ecosystems |
生态区位重要性 Importance of regional ecological value | 同时位于国家“两屏三带”生态安全战略区和国家重点生态功能区, 生态区位极重要 Located in both National ecological security strategic area and National key ecological functional area, the importance regional ecological value is extremly high | 位于国家“两屏三带”生态安全战略区或国家重点生态功能区中的一个, 生态区位较重要 Located in either National ecological security strategic area or National key ecological functional area, the importance of regional ecological value is fairly high | 不位于国家“两屏三带”生态安全战略区或国家重点生态功能区, 生态区位不重要 Located in neither National ecological security strategic area nor National key ecological functional area, the importance of regional ecological value is low |
表2 国家公园生态系统完整性评价打分系统*
Table 2 The scoring system of ecosystem integrity assessment of national parks*
指标 Index | 等级划分规则 Ranking rules | ||
---|---|---|---|
优秀 Excellent (Score: 1) | 良好 Good (Score: 0.6) | 一般 Fair (Score: 0.3) | |
1. 生态系统结构和过程 Ecosystem structure and processes | |||
食物链(网)完整性 Food chain (web) integrity | 具有至少一条包含顶级食肉动物的完整食物链, 各类生态系统间构成复杂食物网; 生态系统结构极稳定 At least one complete food chain with top carnivore, complex food web among various ecosystems; ecosystem structure highly stablized | 缺少包含顶级食肉动物的完整食物链, 但各类生态系统间构成食物网复杂; 生态系统结构较稳定 No complete food chain with top carnivore, but there is a complex food web among various ecosystems; ecosystem structure fairly stablized | 缺少包含顶级食肉动物的完整食物链, 且各生态系统间仅构成简单的食物网; 生态系统结构稳定性一般 No complete food chain with top carnivore, with very simple food web among ecosystems; ecosystem structure not stablized |
伞护种、旗舰种栖息地完整性 Habitat integrity of umbrella and flagship species | 90%-100%的自然栖息地; 连通性极高 90%-100% natural habitat; extremely high connectivity | 60%-90%的自然栖息地; 连通性较高 60%-90% natural habitat; relatively high connectivity | 20%-60%的自然栖息地; 连通性低 20%-60% natural habitat; low connectivity |
2. 生态系统功能 Ecosystem functions | |||
生物多样性 Conservation of biodiversity | 物种多样性/丰富度在参考值范围内; 指示物种未消失 Species diversity/richness within the reference standards; indicator species present | 物种多样性/丰富度接近参考值; 人类活动对原生种构成威胁; 一些指示物种消失 Species diversity/richness near the reference standards; human activities pose a threat to native species; some indicator species absent | 物种多样性/丰富度远低于参考值; 很多指示物种消失 Species diversity/richness are far lower than the reference standards; many indicator species absent |
3. 生态系统空间格局 Ecosystem spatial patterns | |||
代表性生态系统 Typical ecosystems | 80%以上为区域代表性生态系统 Over 80% area covered with regional typical ecosystems | 50%?80%为区域代表性生态系统50%?80% area covered with regional typical ecosystems | 不足50%为区域代表性生态系统Less than 50% area covered with regional typical ecosystems |
生态区位重要性 Importance of regional ecological value | 同时位于国家“两屏三带”生态安全战略区和国家重点生态功能区, 生态区位极重要 Located in both National ecological security strategic area and National key ecological functional area, the importance regional ecological value is extremly high | 位于国家“两屏三带”生态安全战略区或国家重点生态功能区中的一个, 生态区位较重要 Located in either National ecological security strategic area or National key ecological functional area, the importance of regional ecological value is fairly high | 不位于国家“两屏三带”生态安全战略区或国家重点生态功能区, 生态区位不重要 Located in neither National ecological security strategic area nor National key ecological functional area, the importance of regional ecological value is low |
生态系统完整性等级 Ecosystem integrity level | 生态系统完整性得分 Ecosystem integrity score | 生态系统完整性状况 Ecosystem integrity condition |
---|---|---|
优秀 Excellent | > 0.8 | 生态系统的结构和过程都在自然扰动范围内变化, 生态系统功能极强, 连通性极好, 生态区位极为重要; 生态系统完整性极高 Changes of ecosystem structure and process are within the natural disturbance range, excellent ecosystem functions, extremely high connectivity, extremely important ecological niche; extremely high ecosystem integrity |
良好 Good | 0.6?0.8 | 生态系统的组成结构和过程都在自然扰动范围内变化, 生态功能稳定, 连通性良好, 生态区位较为重要; 生态系统完整性高 Changes of ecosystem structure and process are within the natural disturbance range, stabilized ecosystem functions, good connectivity, important ecological niche; high ecosystem integrity |
中等 Fair | 0.4?0.6 | 生态系统的组成结构和过程都在自然扰动范围内变化, 生态功能部分受损, 连通性一般, 生态区位重要性一般; 生态系统完整性需提高 Changes of ecosystem structure and process are within the natural disturbance range, part of ecosystem functions are damaged, fair connectivity, less important ecological niche; ecosystem integrity need to be improved |
较差 Poor | < 0.4 | 生态系统的组成结构和过程的变化超出自然扰动范围, 生态功能受损严重, 破碎化程度高, 生态区位不重要; 生态系统完整性低 Changes of ecosystem structure and process are beyond the natural disturbance range, part of ecosystem functions are seriously damaged, low connectivity, not important ecological niche; ecosystem integrity low |
表3 国家公园生态系统完整性评价等级
Table 3 The rank of ecosystem integrity assessment of national parks
生态系统完整性等级 Ecosystem integrity level | 生态系统完整性得分 Ecosystem integrity score | 生态系统完整性状况 Ecosystem integrity condition |
---|---|---|
优秀 Excellent | > 0.8 | 生态系统的结构和过程都在自然扰动范围内变化, 生态系统功能极强, 连通性极好, 生态区位极为重要; 生态系统完整性极高 Changes of ecosystem structure and process are within the natural disturbance range, excellent ecosystem functions, extremely high connectivity, extremely important ecological niche; extremely high ecosystem integrity |
良好 Good | 0.6?0.8 | 生态系统的组成结构和过程都在自然扰动范围内变化, 生态功能稳定, 连通性良好, 生态区位较为重要; 生态系统完整性高 Changes of ecosystem structure and process are within the natural disturbance range, stabilized ecosystem functions, good connectivity, important ecological niche; high ecosystem integrity |
中等 Fair | 0.4?0.6 | 生态系统的组成结构和过程都在自然扰动范围内变化, 生态功能部分受损, 连通性一般, 生态区位重要性一般; 生态系统完整性需提高 Changes of ecosystem structure and process are within the natural disturbance range, part of ecosystem functions are damaged, fair connectivity, less important ecological niche; ecosystem integrity need to be improved |
较差 Poor | < 0.4 | 生态系统的组成结构和过程的变化超出自然扰动范围, 生态功能受损严重, 破碎化程度高, 生态区位不重要; 生态系统完整性低 Changes of ecosystem structure and process are beyond the natural disturbance range, part of ecosystem functions are seriously damaged, low connectivity, not important ecological niche; ecosystem integrity low |
图2 东北虎豹国家公园森林生态系统/植被类型多样性(a)与土地利用现状图(b)
Fig. 2 The diversity of ecosystem /vegetation type (a) and the land use map (b) of the Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park
指标 Index | 权重 Weight | 赋值 Score | 总分 Total score | 完整性评级 Integrity level |
---|---|---|---|---|
食物链(网)完整性 Food chain (web) integrity | 0.15 | 1 | 0.81 | 优秀 Excellent |
伞护种、旗舰种栖息地完整性 Habitat integrity of umbrella and flagship species | 0.15 | 0.7 | ||
生物多样性保护 Conservation of biodiversity | 0.3 | 0.7 | ||
代表性生态系统 Typical ecosystems | 0.2 | 0.7 | ||
生态区位重要性 Importance of ecological niche | 0.2 | 1 |
表4 东北虎豹国家公园生态系统完整性评价表
Table 4 Ecosystem integrity scoring diagram of the Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park
指标 Index | 权重 Weight | 赋值 Score | 总分 Total score | 完整性评级 Integrity level |
---|---|---|---|---|
食物链(网)完整性 Food chain (web) integrity | 0.15 | 1 | 0.81 | 优秀 Excellent |
伞护种、旗舰种栖息地完整性 Habitat integrity of umbrella and flagship species | 0.15 | 0.7 | ||
生物多样性保护 Conservation of biodiversity | 0.3 | 0.7 | ||
代表性生态系统 Typical ecosystems | 0.2 | 0.7 | ||
生态区位重要性 Importance of ecological niche | 0.2 | 1 |
图3 东北虎豹国家公园内2018?2019年东北虎种群分布(a)和2021年1月1日东北虎种群分布(b)
Fig. 3 The diagram of Amur Tiger distribution in the Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park during 2018?2019 (a) and January 1, 2021 (b)
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