国家公园生态系统完整性的内涵及评价框架: 以东北虎豹国家公园为例

doi:10.17520/biods.2021319

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

保护自然生态系统的完整性是我国建立国家公园的主要目标之一, 《国家公园设立规范》(GB/T 39737-2021)已将生态系统完整性作为国家公园的准入条件生态重要性的认定指标之一, 但目前对国家公园生态系统完整性的内涵还没有统一定义, 并缺乏具体的评价体系。本文在国内外相关研究的基础上, 结合我国国家公园体制试点成果及第一批国家公园设立实践, 提出了国家公园生态系统完整性的基本内涵及评价指标体系, 以期为今后设立国家公园时划定边界范围或评估国家公园管理成效提供理论依据。作者提出, 应从生态系统结构和过程完整性、功能完整性、空间格局完整性3个维度对我国国家公园生态系统完整性进行综合评价。以东北虎豹国家公园为例, 体制试点以来, 东北虎(Panthera tigris altaica)和东北豹(P. pardus orientalis)等顶级食肉动物的食物链相对完整, 虎、豹野生种群从俄罗斯进入、定居、繁衍、扩散的路径清晰, 种群稳定增长、栖息地质量持续改善, 生物多样性日益丰富, 国家公园正式设立范围划定时充分考虑了生态系统完整性保护, 生态系统完整性评级为优秀, 为国家公园可持续发展奠定了良好基础。

关键词: 国家公园, 生态系统完整性, 东北虎豹国家公园, 生物多样性, 完整性评价

Abstract

Background: Ecosystem integrity is one of the management goals of China's national parks, and ecosystem integrity is also one of the criteria when planning the national park territory. However, the interpretation of the term “ecosystem integrity” as well as a standard assessment framework has not yet reached a consensus.
Aims: This paper aims to put forward a comprehensive interpretation of the term “ecosystem integrity” based on previous literature. We also present a succinct and efficient framework to assess the ecosystem integrity of China's national parks. We suggest that structure and process integrity, functional integrity, and spatial pattern integrity should be considered when assessing the ecosystem integrity of a national park. We then applied the framework to evaluate the ecosystem integrity of the Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park in China.
Results and Discussions: Results indicate that since the establishment of the national park system pilot, there are complete food chains with the Amur tiger and Amur leopard as top carnivores within the national park pilot territory. Also, a great amount of Amur tiger and Amur leopard have returned and resettled back to China from Russia. Population sizes of both Amur tiger and Amur leopard, their habitat quality, and their regional biodiversity have steadily increased over the past years.
Conclusion: It is concluded that the boundary of the Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park is reasonably proposed due to the high regional ecosystem integrity, which lies a solid foundation for the sustainable development of the national park.

Key words: national park, ecosystem integrity, Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park, biodiversity, integrity assessment

蒋亚芳, 田静, 赵晶博, 唐小平 (2021) 国家公园生态系统完整性的内涵及评价框架: 以东北虎豹国家公园为例. 生物多样性, 29, 1279-1287. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021319.

Yafang Jiang, Jing Tian, Jingbo Zhao, Xiaoping Tang (2021) The connotation and assessment framework of national park ecosystem integrity：A case study of the Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park. Biodiversity Science, 29, 1279-1287. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021319.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2021319

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2021/V29/I10/1279

图/表 7

参考文献 21

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一级指标 Level-1 index	二级指标 Level-2 index	权重 Weight
1. 生态系统结构和过程 Ecosystem structure and processes	食物链(网)完整性 Food chain (web) integrity	0.15
1. 生态系统结构和过程 Ecosystem structure and processes	伞护种、旗舰种栖息地完整性 Habitat integrity of umbrella and flagship species	0.15
2. 生态系统功能 Ecosystem functions	生物多样性保护 Conservation of biodiversity	0.3
3. 生态系统空间格局 Ecosystem spatial patterns	代表性生态系统 Typical ecosystems	0.2
3. 生态系统空间格局 Ecosystem spatial patterns	生态区位重要性 Importance of regional ecological value	0.2

一级指标 Level-1 index	二级指标 Level-2 index	权重 Weight
1. 生态系统结构和过程 Ecosystem structure and processes	食物链(网)完整性 Food chain (web) integrity	0.15
1. 生态系统结构和过程 Ecosystem structure and processes	伞护种、旗舰种栖息地完整性 Habitat integrity of umbrella and flagship species	0.15
2. 生态系统功能 Ecosystem functions	生物多样性保护 Conservation of biodiversity	0.3
3. 生态系统空间格局 Ecosystem spatial patterns	代表性生态系统 Typical ecosystems	0.2
3. 生态系统空间格局 Ecosystem spatial patterns	生态区位重要性 Importance of regional ecological value	0.2

指标 Index	等级划分规则 Ranking rules
指标 Index	优秀 Excellent (Score: 1)	良好 Good (Score: 0.6)	一般 Fair (Score: 0.3)
1. 生态系统结构和过程 Ecosystem structure and processes
食物链(网)完整性 Food chain (web) integrity	具有至少一条包含顶级食肉动物的完整食物链, 各类生态系统间构成复杂食物网; 生态系统结构极稳定 At least one complete food chain with top carnivore, complex food web among various ecosystems; ecosystem structure highly stablized	缺少包含顶级食肉动物的完整食物链, 但各类生态系统间构成食物网复杂; 生态系统结构较稳定 No complete food chain with top carnivore, but there is a complex food web among various ecosystems; ecosystem structure fairly stablized	缺少包含顶级食肉动物的完整食物链, 且各生态系统间仅构成简单的食物网; 生态系统结构稳定性一般 No complete food chain with top carnivore, with very simple food web among ecosystems; ecosystem structure not stablized
伞护种、旗舰种栖息地完整性 Habitat integrity of umbrella and flagship species	90%-100%的自然栖息地; 连通性极高 90%-100% natural habitat; extremely high connectivity	60%-90%的自然栖息地; 连通性较高 60%-90% natural habitat; relatively high connectivity	20%-60%的自然栖息地; 连通性低 20%-60% natural habitat; low connectivity
2. 生态系统功能 Ecosystem functions
生物多样性 Conservation of biodiversity	物种多样性/丰富度在参考值范围内; 指示物种未消失 Species diversity/richness within the reference standards; indicator species present	物种多样性/丰富度接近参考值; 人类活动对原生种构成威胁; 一些指示物种消失 Species diversity/richness near the reference standards; human activities pose a threat to native species; some indicator species absent	物种多样性/丰富度远低于参考值; 很多指示物种消失 Species diversity/richness are far lower than the reference standards; many indicator species absent
3. 生态系统空间格局 Ecosystem spatial patterns
代表性生态系统 Typical ecosystems	80%以上为区域代表性生态系统 Over 80% area covered with regional typical ecosystems	50%?80%为区域代表性生态系统50%?80% area covered with regional typical ecosystems	不足50%为区域代表性生态系统Less than 50% area covered with regional typical ecosystems
生态区位重要性 Importance of regional ecological value	同时位于国家“两屏三带”生态安全战略区和国家重点生态功能区, 生态区位极重要 Located in both National ecological security strategic area and National key ecological functional area, the importance regional ecological value is extremly high	位于国家“两屏三带”生态安全战略区或国家重点生态功能区中的一个, 生态区位较重要 Located in either National ecological security strategic area or National key ecological functional area, the importance of regional ecological value is fairly high	不位于国家“两屏三带”生态安全战略区或国家重点生态功能区, 生态区位不重要 Located in neither National ecological security strategic area nor National key ecological functional area, the importance of regional ecological value is low

指标 Index	等级划分规则 Ranking rules
指标 Index	优秀 Excellent (Score: 1)	良好 Good (Score: 0.6)	一般 Fair (Score: 0.3)
1. 生态系统结构和过程 Ecosystem structure and processes
食物链(网)完整性 Food chain (web) integrity	具有至少一条包含顶级食肉动物的完整食物链, 各类生态系统间构成复杂食物网; 生态系统结构极稳定 At least one complete food chain with top carnivore, complex food web among various ecosystems; ecosystem structure highly stablized	缺少包含顶级食肉动物的完整食物链, 但各类生态系统间构成食物网复杂; 生态系统结构较稳定 No complete food chain with top carnivore, but there is a complex food web among various ecosystems; ecosystem structure fairly stablized	缺少包含顶级食肉动物的完整食物链, 且各生态系统间仅构成简单的食物网; 生态系统结构稳定性一般 No complete food chain with top carnivore, with very simple food web among ecosystems; ecosystem structure not stablized
伞护种、旗舰种栖息地完整性 Habitat integrity of umbrella and flagship species	90%-100%的自然栖息地; 连通性极高 90%-100% natural habitat; extremely high connectivity	60%-90%的自然栖息地; 连通性较高 60%-90% natural habitat; relatively high connectivity	20%-60%的自然栖息地; 连通性低 20%-60% natural habitat; low connectivity
2. 生态系统功能 Ecosystem functions
生物多样性 Conservation of biodiversity	物种多样性/丰富度在参考值范围内; 指示物种未消失 Species diversity/richness within the reference standards; indicator species present	物种多样性/丰富度接近参考值; 人类活动对原生种构成威胁; 一些指示物种消失 Species diversity/richness near the reference standards; human activities pose a threat to native species; some indicator species absent	物种多样性/丰富度远低于参考值; 很多指示物种消失 Species diversity/richness are far lower than the reference standards; many indicator species absent
3. 生态系统空间格局 Ecosystem spatial patterns
代表性生态系统 Typical ecosystems	80%以上为区域代表性生态系统 Over 80% area covered with regional typical ecosystems	50%?80%为区域代表性生态系统50%?80% area covered with regional typical ecosystems	不足50%为区域代表性生态系统Less than 50% area covered with regional typical ecosystems
生态区位重要性 Importance of regional ecological value	同时位于国家“两屏三带”生态安全战略区和国家重点生态功能区, 生态区位极重要 Located in both National ecological security strategic area and National key ecological functional area, the importance regional ecological value is extremly high	位于国家“两屏三带”生态安全战略区或国家重点生态功能区中的一个, 生态区位较重要 Located in either National ecological security strategic area or National key ecological functional area, the importance of regional ecological value is fairly high	不位于国家“两屏三带”生态安全战略区或国家重点生态功能区, 生态区位不重要 Located in neither National ecological security strategic area nor National key ecological functional area, the importance of regional ecological value is low

生态系统完整性等级 Ecosystem integrity level	生态系统完整性得分 Ecosystem integrity score	生态系统完整性状况 Ecosystem integrity condition
优秀 Excellent	> 0.8	生态系统的结构和过程都在自然扰动范围内变化, 生态系统功能极强, 连通性极好, 生态区位极为重要; 生态系统完整性极高 Changes of ecosystem structure and process are within the natural disturbance range, excellent ecosystem functions, extremely high connectivity, extremely important ecological niche; extremely high ecosystem integrity
良好 Good	0.6?0.8	生态系统的组成结构和过程都在自然扰动范围内变化, 生态功能稳定, 连通性良好, 生态区位较为重要; 生态系统完整性高 Changes of ecosystem structure and process are within the natural disturbance range, stabilized ecosystem functions, good connectivity, important ecological niche; high ecosystem integrity
中等 Fair	0.4?0.6	生态系统的组成结构和过程都在自然扰动范围内变化, 生态功能部分受损, 连通性一般, 生态区位重要性一般; 生态系统完整性需提高 Changes of ecosystem structure and process are within the natural disturbance range, part of ecosystem functions are damaged, fair connectivity, less important ecological niche; ecosystem integrity need to be improved
较差 Poor	< 0.4	生态系统的组成结构和过程的变化超出自然扰动范围, 生态功能受损严重, 破碎化程度高, 生态区位不重要; 生态系统完整性低 Changes of ecosystem structure and process are beyond the natural disturbance range, part of ecosystem functions are seriously damaged, low connectivity, not important ecological niche; ecosystem integrity low