生物多样性 ›› 2021, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (3): 340-350. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020171
收稿日期:
2020-04-26
接受日期:
2020-09-06
出版日期:
2021-03-20
发布日期:
2020-11-03
通讯作者:
闻丞
作者简介:
E-mail: 82335884@qq.com#共同第一作者
基金资助:
Yue Huang1, Yiyun Gu2, Wenrui Yang3, Cheng Wen2,4,5,*()
Received:
2020-04-26
Accepted:
2020-09-06
Online:
2021-03-20
Published:
2020-11-03
Contact:
Cheng Wen
About author:
First author contact:#Co-first authors
摘要:
实现有效生物多样性保护的关键在于提升生物多样性丰富的人口密集区的保护效率。北京人口密集且生物多样性丰富, 存在3类具有生态保护功能的区划——自然保护区、生态保护红线和限制建设线。上述区域可视为生态保护潜力区。本文以在北京有分布的30种受胁鸟类为主要对象, 探讨现有生态保护潜力区对这些物种栖息地的覆盖程度, 并对如何改善上述受胁鸟类栖息地的保护状况进行了建议。根据物种对栖息地的选择, 基于高分辨率卫星解译的土地利用类型图, 利用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)掩膜栖息地分布图, 得到各受胁鸟类的预测空间分布。叠加这些分布获得北京受胁鸟类丰富度分布格局并进行验证。依据物种丰富度高低, 将受胁鸟类栖息地划分为一至四级(最重要的栖息地是一级栖息地, 以此类推)。同时, 依据地表覆盖类型和人类活动强度高低将北京市域划分为城市建成区、乡村生境区和自然生境区。分别计算3类保护潜力区对上述3类区域以及四级栖息地的覆盖面积比例。结果表明: (1) 95.64%的一级关键栖息地和86.32%的二级关键栖息地分布在乡村生境区, 但仅有0.69%和15.15%的乡村生境区分别被自然保护区和生态保护红线覆盖; (2)未受到自然保护区和生态保护红线覆盖的一、二级关键栖息地主要为水域和沼泽地等湿地、高覆盖度草地和部分耕地, 以及含有较高比例水体的大型城市绿地。基于以上结果, 我们建议至少在一定区域内试行如下保护措施: (1)严格保护湿地及其周边的高覆盖度草地, 确保面积不减少; (2)维持基本农田规模和粮食种植模式; (3)将乡村生境区位于河道附近的水域、沼泽地、高覆盖草地和灌木林纳入生态保护红线范围; (4)在公园绿地中划定生物多样性保护区; (5)优化平原地区林地结构。以上措施将使北京的受胁鸟类栖息地得到更好保护, 为中国东部人口密集区生物多样性保护提供示范。
黄越, 顾燚芸, 阳文锐, 闻丞 (2021) 如何在北京充分实现受胁鸟类栖息地保护?. 生物多样性, 29, 340-350. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020171.
Yue Huang, Yiyun Gu, Wenrui Yang, Cheng Wen (2021) How to best preserve the irreplaceable habitats of threatened birds in Beijing?. Biodiversity Science, 29, 340-350. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020171.
图2 北京市域受胁鸟类栖息地空间分布(其位于城市建成区、乡村生境区和自然生境区的比例分别是4.49%、81.14%和14.37%)
Fig. 2 The distribution map of the habitats of threatened birds in Beijing. The coverage ratio of the habitats of threatened birds to urban, rural and natural areas was 4.49%, 81.14%, and 14.37%, respectively.
图3 北京市域受胁鸟类丰富度的空间分布格局。一级关键栖息地分别是: 1: 密云水库; 2: 官厅水库; 3: 怀柔水库; 4: 十三陵水库; 5: 沙河水库; 6: 崇青水库; 7: 海子水库; 8: 大宁水库及其周边的滩地;9: 潮白河; 10: 温榆河; 11: 永定河; 12: 大石河; 13: 拒马河; 14: 泃河; 15: 妫水河等河渠;16: 颐和园; 17: 圆明园; 18: 奥林匹克森林公园; 19: 朝阳公园; 20: 玉渊潭公园; 21: 中南海、北海和后海; 22: 龙潭西湖公园; 23: 麋鹿苑; 24: 汉石桥湿地市级自然保护区; 25: 白浮泉公园; 26: 翠湖国家城市湿地公园等城市绿地水体。
Fig. 3 A map of richness pattern of 30 threatened bird species and the habitat classification. The 1st level key habitats are as follows. 1, Miyun Reservoir; 2, Guanting Reservoir; 3, Huairou Reservoir; 4, Shisanling Reservoir; 5, Shahe Reservoir; 6, Chongqing Reservoir; 7, Haizi Reservoir; 8, Daning Reservoir; 9, Chaobai River; 10, Wenyu River; 11, Yongding River; 12, Dashi River; 13, Juma River; 14, Juhe River; 15 Guishui River; waters in urban green spaces, 16, The Summer Palace; 17, The Yuanmingyuan Park; 18, Olympic Forest Park; 19, Chaoyang Park; 20, Yuyuantan Park; 21, Zhongnanhai, Beihai and Houhai; 22, Longtan West Lake Park; 23, Miluyuan Park; 24, Hanshiqiao Municipal Wetland Nature Reserve; 25, Baifuquan Park; 26, Cuihu National Urban Wetland Park.
分区 Types of landscape | 一级关键栖息地 The 1st level key habitats | 二级关键栖息地 The 2nd level key habitats | 三级栖息地 The 3rd level habitats | 四级栖息地 The 4th level habitats |
---|---|---|---|---|
城市建成区 Urban area | 1.87% | 10.61% | 2.98% | 4.88% |
乡村生境区 Rural area | 95.64% | 86.32% | 95.64% | 74.72% |
自然生境区 Natural area | 2.49% | 3.06% | 1.37% | 20.40% |
北京市域 The whole area of Beijing | 1.52% | 1.10% | 7.08% | 20.33% |
表1 受胁鸟类各级栖息地在城市建成区、乡村生境区和自然生境区的分布比例及其占市域面积的比例
Table 1 The coverage ratio of the habitats of threatened bird to urban, rural and natural areas and the whole area of Beijing
分区 Types of landscape | 一级关键栖息地 The 1st level key habitats | 二级关键栖息地 The 2nd level key habitats | 三级栖息地 The 3rd level habitats | 四级栖息地 The 4th level habitats |
---|---|---|---|---|
城市建成区 Urban area | 1.87% | 10.61% | 2.98% | 4.88% |
乡村生境区 Rural area | 95.64% | 86.32% | 95.64% | 74.72% |
自然生境区 Natural area | 2.49% | 3.06% | 1.37% | 20.40% |
北京市域 The whole area of Beijing | 1.52% | 1.10% | 7.08% | 20.33% |
保护潜力区 PAC | 北京市域 Whole area of Beijing | 城市建成区 Urban area | 乡村生境区 Rural area | 自然生境区 Natural area |
---|---|---|---|---|
自然保护区 Natural reserve | 4.51% | 0.17% | 0.69% | 9.46% |
生态保护红线 Ecological protection red line | 26.83% | 0.65% | 15.15% | 44.77% |
限制建设线 Construction control line | 74.40% | 4.93% | 63.20% | 99.50% |
表2 三类保护潜力区占北京市域比例及对城市建成区、乡村和自然生境区覆盖比例
Table 2 The coverage ratio of three categories of potential areas for conservation (PAC) to the whole area of Beijing, urban, rural and natural areas
保护潜力区 PAC | 北京市域 Whole area of Beijing | 城市建成区 Urban area | 乡村生境区 Rural area | 自然生境区 Natural area |
---|---|---|---|---|
自然保护区 Natural reserve | 4.51% | 0.17% | 0.69% | 9.46% |
生态保护红线 Ecological protection red line | 26.83% | 0.65% | 15.15% | 44.77% |
限制建设线 Construction control line | 74.40% | 4.93% | 63.20% | 99.50% |
保护潜力区 PAC | 一级关键栖息地 1st level key habitats | 二级关键栖 息地 2nd level key habitats | 三级栖息地 3rd level habitats | 四级栖息地 4th level habitats |
---|---|---|---|---|
自然保护区 Natural reserve | 9.01% | 1.66% | 0.39% | 5.73% |
生态保护红线 Ecological protection red line | 59.82% | 31.40% | 3.83% | 19.48% |
限制建设线 Construction control line | 75.67% | 56.56% | 68.87% | 69.73% |
表3 三类保护潜力区对各级栖息地的保护比例
Table 3 The coverage ratio of three categories of potential areas for conservation (PAC) to the four levels of habitats
保护潜力区 PAC | 一级关键栖息地 1st level key habitats | 二级关键栖 息地 2nd level key habitats | 三级栖息地 3rd level habitats | 四级栖息地 4th level habitats |
---|---|---|---|---|
自然保护区 Natural reserve | 9.01% | 1.66% | 0.39% | 5.73% |
生态保护红线 Ecological protection red line | 59.82% | 31.40% | 3.83% | 19.48% |
限制建设线 Construction control line | 75.67% | 56.56% | 68.87% | 69.73% |
图4 未被自然保护区和生态保护红线覆盖的受胁鸟类栖息地空间分布
Fig. 4 The distribution map of the habitats of threatened birds uncovered by nature reserves and the ecological protection red line
一类栖息地 Habitat I | 二类栖息地 Habitat II | 一级关键栖息地 1st level key habitats | 二级关键栖息地 2nd level key habitats | 三级栖息地 3rd level habitats | 四级栖息地 4th level habitats |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
水域 Waters | 河渠 River | 0.600 | 33.434 | 8.409 | 17.644 |
湖泊 Lake | 16.765 | 1.884 | 0.162 | 0.783 | |
水库 Reservoir | 7.720 | 0.345 | 0.054 | 3.853 | |
坑塘 Pool | 39.389 | 9.231 | 1.167 | 3.940 | |
滩地 Shallows | 3.205 | 1.152 | 0.184 | 0.597 | |
耕地 Farmlands | 水田 Paddy field | 0.002 | 0.022 | 0.483 | 0.050 |
旱地 Dry farmland | 1.489 | 6.941 | 984.528 | 174.111 | |
林地 Woodlands | 灌木林 Shrub land | 0.138 | 0.192 | 21.947 | 37.895 |
疏林地 Open forest | 0.092 | 0.236 | 0.274 | 33.018 | |
有林地 Woodland | 2.716 | 8.152 | 32.228 | 1,479.720 | |
其他林地 Other woodland | 0.564 | 0.612 | 4.678 | 319.142 | |
草地 Grasslands | 高覆盖度草地 Grassland with high coverage | 19.786 | 39.669 | 1.054 | 15.808 |
中覆盖度草地 Grassland with medium coverage | 0.125 | 5.969 | 11.621 | 8.328 | |
低覆盖度草地 Grassland with low coverage | 0.035 | 1.648 | 7.772 | 7.060 | |
未利用地 Unutilized lands | 沼泽地 Marsh | 3.439 | 0.527 | 0.083 | 0.579 |
裸土地 Bare land | 0.149 | 0.398 | 0.653 | 86.917 | |
沙地 Sand land | 0.010 | 0.013 | 0.037 | 0.866 | |
裸岩石质地 Bare rock | 0.008 | 0 | 0.002 | 2.239 | |
合计 Total | 96.230 | 110.427 | 1,075.334 | 2,192.550 |
表4 未被自然保护区和生态保护红线覆盖的受胁鸟类一级关键、二级关键、三级和四级栖息地类型及其面积(km2)
Table 4 The types and area (km2) of the habitats of threatened birds uncovered by the nature reserves and the ecological protection red line
一类栖息地 Habitat I | 二类栖息地 Habitat II | 一级关键栖息地 1st level key habitats | 二级关键栖息地 2nd level key habitats | 三级栖息地 3rd level habitats | 四级栖息地 4th level habitats |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
水域 Waters | 河渠 River | 0.600 | 33.434 | 8.409 | 17.644 |
湖泊 Lake | 16.765 | 1.884 | 0.162 | 0.783 | |
水库 Reservoir | 7.720 | 0.345 | 0.054 | 3.853 | |
坑塘 Pool | 39.389 | 9.231 | 1.167 | 3.940 | |
滩地 Shallows | 3.205 | 1.152 | 0.184 | 0.597 | |
耕地 Farmlands | 水田 Paddy field | 0.002 | 0.022 | 0.483 | 0.050 |
旱地 Dry farmland | 1.489 | 6.941 | 984.528 | 174.111 | |
林地 Woodlands | 灌木林 Shrub land | 0.138 | 0.192 | 21.947 | 37.895 |
疏林地 Open forest | 0.092 | 0.236 | 0.274 | 33.018 | |
有林地 Woodland | 2.716 | 8.152 | 32.228 | 1,479.720 | |
其他林地 Other woodland | 0.564 | 0.612 | 4.678 | 319.142 | |
草地 Grasslands | 高覆盖度草地 Grassland with high coverage | 19.786 | 39.669 | 1.054 | 15.808 |
中覆盖度草地 Grassland with medium coverage | 0.125 | 5.969 | 11.621 | 8.328 | |
低覆盖度草地 Grassland with low coverage | 0.035 | 1.648 | 7.772 | 7.060 | |
未利用地 Unutilized lands | 沼泽地 Marsh | 3.439 | 0.527 | 0.083 | 0.579 |
裸土地 Bare land | 0.149 | 0.398 | 0.653 | 86.917 | |
沙地 Sand land | 0.010 | 0.013 | 0.037 | 0.866 | |
裸岩石质地 Bare rock | 0.008 | 0 | 0.002 | 2.239 | |
合计 Total | 96.230 | 110.427 | 1,075.334 | 2,192.550 |
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