油茶栽培历史与长江流域油茶遗传资源

doi:10.17520/biods.2017254

生物多样性 ›› 2018, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (4): 384-395. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2017254

油茶栽培历史与长江流域油茶遗传资源

秦声远¹, 戎俊^1,^2,^*(), 张文驹³, 陈家宽^1,^2,³

1 南昌大学生命科学研究院流域生态学研究所, 南昌大学生命科学学院, 南昌 330031
2 南昌大学鄱阳湖环境与资源利用教育部重点实验室, 南昌 330031
3 复旦大学生物多样性和生态工程教育部重点实验室, 上海 200438

收稿日期:2017-09-20 接受日期:2017-12-20 出版日期:2018-04-20 发布日期:2018-09-11
通讯作者: 戎俊
作者简介:# 共同第一作者
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(31460072)和江西省“赣鄱英才555工程”创新创业人才引进计划

Cultivation history of Camellia oleifera and genetic resources in the Yangtze River Basin

Shengyuan Qin¹, Jun Rong^1,^2,^*(), Wenju Zhang³, Jiakuan Chen^1,^2,³

1 Center for Watershed Ecology, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University and School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031
2 Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031
3 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438

Received:2017-09-20 Accepted:2017-12-20 Online:2018-04-20 Published:2018-09-11
Contact: Rong Jun
About author:# Co-first authors

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

普通油茶(Camellia oleifera)是我国第一大木本油料作物。普通油茶作为油料作物的栽培历史, 现存确切记载不到1,000年, 长江流域可能是最早栽培油茶的地区之一。普通油茶的野生近缘种是油茶育种宝贵的遗传资源。普通油茶属于山茶科山茶属(Camellia)油茶组(Sect. Oleifera), 其野生近缘种应包括山茶属油茶组和短柱茶组(Sect. Paracamellia)的物种, 但油茶组和短柱茶组的划分仍有争议, 物种间的系统发育关系仍不清楚。油茶组和短柱茶组是山茶属中多倍体出现频率最高的类群, 而且存在突出的种内多倍性现象, 人工选择和种间杂交可能在其中起到促进作用。长江流域是普通油茶的主产区, 也是最主要的野生普通油茶分布区, 拥有丰富的野生普通油茶遗传资源。本研究统计了山茶属油茶组和短柱茶组物种的分布地, 并与野生普通油茶的潜在分布区进行了比较。分析结果显示, 长江流域与珠江流域的分水岭——南岭、苗岭及附近地区是油茶组和短柱茶组物种多样性最高的地区, 同时也是野生普通油茶潜在的高适生区, 可能是普通油茶及其野生近缘种潜在的种间杂交带。物种多样性从南向北呈下降趋势, 可能反映了从南向北的扩散方向。普通油茶及其野生近缘种间的潜在杂交带可能蕴含着丰富的遗传多样性, 为选择育种提供了天然的育种场, 应对这些地区优先开展研究和保护, 挖掘与利用有重要经济价值的遗传资源。

关键词: 油茶, 栽培历史, 遗传多样性, 遗传资源, 地理分布, 长江流域

Abstract

Camellia oleifera is the dominant woody oil crop in China. According to current records, the cultivation history of C. oleifera as an oil crop may be less than 1,000 years, and the Yangtze River Basin may be one of the earliest cultivation areas. Wild relatives of C. oleifera are valuable genetic resources for breeding. Camellia oleifera belongs to Sect. Oleifera of the genus Camellia in the family Theaceae. Wild relatives of C. oleifera may include species in Sect. Oleifera and Sect. Paracamellia. However, the division of Sect. Oleifera and Sect. Paracamellia is still under debate, and the phylogenetic relationships among species remain unresolved. Sect. Oleifera and Sect. Paracamellia have the highest frequency of polyploids in the genus Camellia, and the same species may have various ploidies, which may be promoted by artificial selection and interspecies hybridization. The Yangtze River Basin is the main production area of C. oleifera, and the main distribution area of wild C. oleifera, thus containing rich genetic resources of wild C. oleifera. This study analyzed the distribution of species in Sect. Oleifera and Sect. Paracamellia of the genus Camellia and compared the results with the potential distribution areas of wild C. oleifera. Results show that drainage divides between the Yangtze River Basin and Pearl River Basin (Nanling Mountain, Miaoling Mountain, and adjacent regions) have the highest diversity of species in Sect. Oleifera and Sect. Paracamellia. Meanwhile, these regions are also potential highly suitable growing regions for wild C. oleifera, where there may be potential interspecies hybrid zones between C. oleifera and its wild relative species. Species diversity decreases from the south to the north, likely representing the dispersal direction from south to north. The potential interspecies hybrid zones between C. oleifera and its wild relative species may contain rich genetic diversity and provide natural breeding stations for selective breeding. These regions should be priority areas for research and conservation in order to explore and utilize genetic resources with important economic values.

Key words: Camellia oleifera, cultivation history, genetic diversity, genetic resource, geographic distribution, Yangtze River Basin

秦声远, 戎俊, 张文驹, 陈家宽 (2018) 油茶栽培历史与长江流域油茶遗传资源. 生物多样性, 26, 384-395. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2017254.

Shengyuan Qin, Jun Rong, Wenju Zhang, Jiakuan Chen (2018) Cultivation history of Camellia oleifera and genetic resources in the Yangtze River Basin. Biodiversity Science, 26, 384-395. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2017254.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2017254

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2018/V26/I4/384

图/表 3

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张宏达系统 Taxonomy of Chang	闵天禄系统 Taxonomy of Ming
油茶组 Sect. Oleifera	油茶组 Sect. Paracamellia
高州油茶 C. gauchowensis	长瓣短柱茶 C. grijsii
狭叶油茶 C. lanceoleosa	——攸县油茶 C. yuhsienensis
茶梅 C. sasanqua	——芳香短柱茶 C. odorata
越南油茶 C. vietnamensis	小叶短柱茶 C. grijsii var. shensiensis
油茶(普通油茶) C. oleifera	——陕西短柱茶 C. shensiensis
单籽油茶 C. oleifera var. monosperma	窄叶油茶 C. fluviatilis
——小果油茶 C. meiocarpa	大花窄叶油茶 C. fluviatilis var. megalantha
	——大花短柱茶 C. kissi var. megalantha
短柱茶组 Sect. Paracamellia	——狭叶油茶 C. lanceoleosa
长瓣短柱茶 C. grijsii	越南油茶 C. drupifera
——攸县油茶 C. yuhsienensis	——高州油茶 C. gauchowensis
——芳香短柱茶 C. odorata	——越南油茶 C. vietnamensis
小果短柱茶 C. confusa	油茶(普通油茶) C. oleifera
落瓣短柱茶 C. kissi	——单籽油茶 C. oleifera var. monosperma
大花短柱茶 C. kissi var. megalantha	——小果油茶 C. meiocarpa
窄叶短柱茶 C. fluviatilis	茶梅 C. sasanqua^*
短柱茶 C. brevistyla	——琉球短柱茶 C. miyagii
冬红短柱茶 C. hiemalis	——冬红短柱茶 C. hiemalis
钝叶短柱茶 C. obtusifolia	落瓣油茶 C. kissi
樱花短柱茶 C. maliflora	大叶落瓣油茶 C. kissi var. confusa
陕西短柱茶 C. shensiensis	——小果短柱茶 C. confusa
粉红短柱茶 C. puniceiflora	短柱油茶 C. brevistyla
大姚短柱茶 C. tenii	——钝叶短柱茶 C. obtusifolia
细叶短柱茶 C. microphylla	——粉红短柱茶 C. puniceiflora
褐枝短柱茶 C. phaeoclada	细叶短柱油茶 C. brevistyla var. microphylla
	——细叶短柱茶 C. microphylla

张宏达系统 Taxonomy of Chang	闵天禄系统 Taxonomy of Ming
油茶组 Sect. Oleifera	油茶组 Sect. Paracamellia
高州油茶 C. gauchowensis	长瓣短柱茶 C. grijsii
狭叶油茶 C. lanceoleosa	——攸县油茶 C. yuhsienensis
茶梅 C. sasanqua	——芳香短柱茶 C. odorata
越南油茶 C. vietnamensis	小叶短柱茶 C. grijsii var. shensiensis
油茶(普通油茶) C. oleifera	——陕西短柱茶 C. shensiensis
单籽油茶 C. oleifera var. monosperma	窄叶油茶 C. fluviatilis
——小果油茶 C. meiocarpa	大花窄叶油茶 C. fluviatilis var. megalantha
	——大花短柱茶 C. kissi var. megalantha
短柱茶组 Sect. Paracamellia	——狭叶油茶 C. lanceoleosa
长瓣短柱茶 C. grijsii	越南油茶 C. drupifera
——攸县油茶 C. yuhsienensis	——高州油茶 C. gauchowensis
——芳香短柱茶 C. odorata	——越南油茶 C. vietnamensis
小果短柱茶 C. confusa	油茶(普通油茶) C. oleifera
落瓣短柱茶 C. kissi	——单籽油茶 C. oleifera var. monosperma
大花短柱茶 C. kissi var. megalantha	——小果油茶 C. meiocarpa
窄叶短柱茶 C. fluviatilis	茶梅 C. sasanqua^*
短柱茶 C. brevistyla	——琉球短柱茶 C. miyagii
冬红短柱茶 C. hiemalis	——冬红短柱茶 C. hiemalis
钝叶短柱茶 C. obtusifolia	落瓣油茶 C. kissi
樱花短柱茶 C. maliflora	大叶落瓣油茶 C. kissi var. confusa
陕西短柱茶 C. shensiensis	——小果短柱茶 C. confusa
粉红短柱茶 C. puniceiflora	短柱油茶 C. brevistyla
大姚短柱茶 C. tenii	——钝叶短柱茶 C. obtusifolia
细叶短柱茶 C. microphylla	——粉红短柱茶 C. puniceiflora
褐枝短柱茶 C. phaeoclada	细叶短柱油茶 C. brevistyla var. microphylla
	——细叶短柱茶 C. microphylla

物种 Species	核型 Karyotype								参考文献 Reference
物种 Species	2n	m	sm	st	sat	L/S	AR	Type	参考文献 Reference
油茶组 Sect. Oleifera
高州油茶 C. gauchowensis	30	17	12	1		1.46	1.72	2A	Gu & Sun, 1997
茶梅 C. sasanqua	45								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	60								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	75								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	90								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	105								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	120								Zhang & Ming, 1999
越南油茶 C. vietnamensis	105	61	37	7	2	1.87	1.76	2A	Zhang & Ming, 1999
	120	86	26	8	2	2.89	1.56	2B	Zhang & Ming, 1999
	120	56	48	16		1.70	2.01	2A	Mo, 1990
普通油茶 C. oleifera	30	24	4	2	2	2.00	1.44	2A	Li, 1981
	60								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	90	60	29	1	3				Zhang & Ming, 1999
	90	60	22	8		2.38	1.70	2B	Zhang & Ming, 1999
单籽油茶 C. oleifera var. monosperma
——小果油茶 C. meiocarpa	60								Zhuang, 2008
短柱茶组 Sect. Paracamellia
长瓣短柱茶 C. grijsii	30	22	6	2	2	1.83	1.55	2A	Zhang & Ming, 1999
	30	25	5						Zhang & Ming, 1999
	30	20	7	3		1.78	1.85	2A	Lü et al, 1993
	60								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	75								Zhang & Ming, 1999
——攸县油茶 C. yuhsienensis	60								Zhuang, 2008
	75								Zhuang, 2008
	90								Zhuang, 2008
	90	61	23	6		2.01	1.72	2B	Zhang & Ming, 1999
	90	60	24	6	2	2.12	1.61	2B	Zhang & Ming, 1999
落瓣短柱茶 C. kissi	30	22	4	4		1.48	1.73	2A	Huang & Xu, 1985
	30								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	60								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	75								Zhang & Ming, 1999
窄叶短柱茶 C. fluviatilis	30	16	14		2	1.30	1.67	2A	Qi et al, 1986
短柱茶 C. brevistyla	30	18	10	2		2.06	1.71	2B	Zhang & Ming, 1999

物种 Species	核型 Karyotype								参考文献 Reference
物种 Species	2n	m	sm	st	sat	L/S	AR	Type	参考文献 Reference
油茶组 Sect. Oleifera
高州油茶 C. gauchowensis	30	17	12	1		1.46	1.72	2A	Gu & Sun, 1997
茶梅 C. sasanqua	45								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	60								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	75								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	90								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	105								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	120								Zhang & Ming, 1999
越南油茶 C. vietnamensis	105	61	37	7	2	1.87	1.76	2A	Zhang & Ming, 1999
	120	86	26	8	2	2.89	1.56	2B	Zhang & Ming, 1999
	120	56	48	16		1.70	2.01	2A	Mo, 1990
普通油茶 C. oleifera	30	24	4	2	2	2.00	1.44	2A	Li, 1981
	60								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	90	60	29	1	3				Zhang & Ming, 1999
	90	60	22	8		2.38	1.70	2B	Zhang & Ming, 1999
单籽油茶 C. oleifera var. monosperma
——小果油茶 C. meiocarpa	60								Zhuang, 2008
短柱茶组 Sect. Paracamellia
长瓣短柱茶 C. grijsii	30	22	6	2	2	1.83	1.55	2A	Zhang & Ming, 1999
	30	25	5						Zhang & Ming, 1999
	30	20	7	3		1.78	1.85	2A	Lü et al, 1993
	60								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	75								Zhang & Ming, 1999
——攸县油茶 C. yuhsienensis	60								Zhuang, 2008
	75								Zhuang, 2008
	90								Zhuang, 2008
	90	61	23	6		2.01	1.72	2B	Zhang & Ming, 1999
	90	60	24	6	2	2.12	1.61	2B	Zhang & Ming, 1999
落瓣短柱茶 C. kissi	30	22	4	4		1.48	1.73	2A	Huang & Xu, 1985
	30								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	60								Zhang & Ming, 1999
	75								Zhang & Ming, 1999
窄叶短柱茶 C. fluviatilis	30	16	14		2	1.30	1.67	2A	Qi et al, 1986
短柱茶 C. brevistyla	30	18	10	2		2.06	1.71	2B	Zhang & Ming, 1999

分布区域 Distribution	物种数 No. species	物种(分布点数) Species (No. distribution sites)	物种多样性 Species diversity	染色体倍性 Ploidy
南岭地区(粤北、桂北、赣南和湘南交界地带, 包括南岭、越城岭、都庞岭、大庾岭、骑田岭、大瑶山、九连山及附近地区) Nanling Mountains regions (Boundary regions of North Guangdong, North Guangxi, South Jiangxi and South Hunan, including Nanling, Yuechengling, Dupangling, Dayuling, Qitianling, Dayaoshan, Jiulianshan mountains and adjacent regions)	7	短柱茶 C. brevistyla (12) 落瓣短柱茶 C. kissi (11) 小果油茶 C. meiocarpa (9) 窄叶短柱茶 C. fluviatilis (9) 长瓣短柱茶 C. grijsii (5) 攸县油茶 C. yuhsienensis (3) 细叶短柱茶 C. microphylla (1)	0.815	2, 4, 6
苗岭地区(黔中部和黔东南地区, 包括苗岭及九万大山附近区域) Miaoling Mountains regions (Central and Southeast Guizhou, including Miaoling and Jiuwandashan mountains and adjacent regions)	5	小果油茶 C. meiocarpa (3) 钝叶短柱茶 C. obtusifolia (2) 越南油茶 C. vietnamensis (1) 长瓣短柱茶 C. grijsii (1) 短柱茶 C. brevistyla (1)	0.750	2, 4, 8
岭南山地(南岭以南的粤中南部和桂东部山区) South of Nanling Mountains regions (South of Nanling Mountains, including Central and South Guangdong and East Guangxi mountains regions)	5	落瓣短柱茶 C. kissi (12) 越南油茶 C. vietnamensis (7) 窄叶短柱茶 C. fluviatilis (4) 短柱茶 C. brevistyla (4) 高州油茶 C. gauchowensis (2)	0.728	2, 4, 8
分布区域 Distribution	物种数 No. species	物种(分布点数) Species (No. distribution sites)	物种多样性 Species diversity	染色体倍性 Ploidy
南海地区(雷州半岛、十万大山、北部湾地区和海南岛) South China Sea regions (Leizhou Peninsula, Shiwandashan Mountains, Beibu Gulf regions and Hainan Island)	4	越南油茶 C. vietnamensis (8) 落瓣短柱茶 C. kissi (7) 窄叶短柱茶 C. fluviatilis (7) 小果短柱茶 C. confusa (2)	0.712	2, 4, 8
武夷山地区(赣东和闽中南区域, 包括武夷山、戴云山及附近区域) Wuyi Mountains regions (East Jiangxi, Central and South Fujian, including Wuyi Mountains, Daiyun Mountain and adjacent regions)	6	短柱茶 C. brevistyla (21) 小果油茶 C. meiocarpa (12) 长瓣短柱茶 C. grijsii (5) 攸县油茶 C. yuhsienensis (1) 落瓣短柱茶 C. kissi (1) 细叶短柱茶 C. microphylla (1)	0.635	2, 4, 6
武陵山地区(鄂、湘、渝、黔交界地带,包括武陵山、大娄山、方斗山、明月山及附近区域) Wuling Mountains regions (Boundary regions of Hubei, Hunan, Chongqing and Guizhou, including Wuling Mountains, Daloushan, Fangdoushan, Mingyue Mountains and adjacent regions)	7	长瓣短柱茶 C. grijsii (15) 陕西短柱茶 C. shensiensis (3) 细叶短柱茶 C. microphylla (2) 攸县油茶 C. yuhsienensis (2) 落瓣短柱茶 C. kissi (1) 窄叶短柱茶 C. fluviatilis (1) 短柱茶 C. brevistyla (1)	0.608	2, 4, 6
罗霄山地区(湘东部和赣西部的山区, 包括罗霄山、武功山、九岭山及附近区域) Luoxiao Mountains regions (East Hunan and West Jiangxi mountains, including Luoxiao Mountains, Wugong Mountains, Jiuling Mountains and adjacent regions)	4	短柱茶 C. brevistyla (7) 小果油茶 C. meiocarpa (2) 攸县油茶 C. yuhsienensis (2) 粉红短柱茶 C. puniceiflora (1)	0.597	2, 4, 6
秦岭-巴山地区(秦岭、大巴山、米仓山、巫山及附近区域) Qinling-Bashan Mountains regions (Qinling, Dabashan, Micangshan, Wushan Mountains and adjacent regions)	3	陕西短柱茶 C. shensiensis (9) 长瓣短柱茶 C. grijsii (4) 攸县油茶 C. yuhsienensis (3)	0.586	2, 4, 6
湖南中西部山地(湘中西部山地, 包括雪峰山、衡山及附近地区) Central and West Hunan Mountains regions (Central and West Hunan Mountains, including Xuefeng Mountains, Hengshan Mountains and adjacent regions)	4	细叶短柱茶 C. microphylla (6) 攸县油茶 C. yuhsienensis (2) 落瓣短柱茶 C. kissi (1) 短柱茶 C. brevistyla (1)	0.580	2, 4, 6
西南山地(滇、川为主的西南群山区域,包括无量山、拱王山、点苍山、六昭山、乌蒙山、峨眉山及附近区域) Southwest Mountains regions (Southwest Mountains Regions mainly located in Yunnan and Sichuan, including Wuliangshan, Gongwangshan, Diancangshan, Liuzhaoshan, Wumengshan, Emei Mountains and adjacent regions)	5	落瓣短柱茶 C. kissi (20) 长瓣短柱茶 C. grijsii (11) 小果油茶 C. meiocarpa (1) 小果短柱茶 C. confusa (1) 短柱茶 C. brevistyla (1)	0.547	2, 4
浙南山地(浙南、皖南和赣东北的山地, 包括天目山、黄山、仙霞岭、括苍山、怀玉山、雁荡山及附近区域) South Zhejiang Mountains regions (South Zhejiang, South Anhui and Northeast Jiangxi Mountains, including Tianmu, Huangshan, Xianxialing, Kuocang, Huaiyu, Yandang Mountains and adjacent regions)	6	短柱茶 C. brevistyla (19) 粉红短柱茶 C. puniceiflora (4) 小果油茶 C. meiocarpa (1) 长瓣短柱茶 C. grijsii (1) 窄叶短柱茶 C. fluviatilis (1) 细叶短柱茶 C. microphylla (1)	0.477	2, 4
台湾地区(台湾岛内地区) Taiwan regions (Taiwan Island regions)	1	短柱茶 C. brevistyla (2)	0.000	2

油茶栽培历史与长江流域油茶遗传资源

Cultivation history of Camellia oleifera and genetic resources in the Yangtze River Basin

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