东南亚生物地理格局: 回溯与思考

doi:10.17520/biods.2023261

生物多样性 ›› 2023, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (12): 23261. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023261

• 华莱士诞辰200周年纪念专题 • 上一篇下一篇

东南亚生物地理格局: 回溯与思考

孟宏虎¹^,³(), 宋以刚²^,^*()()

1.中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园综合保护中心, 昆明 650223 中国
2.上海辰山植物园华东野生濒危资源植物保育中心, 上海 201602 中国
3.中国科学院东南亚生物多样性研究中心, 内比都 05282 缅甸

收稿日期:2023-07-22 接受日期:2023-11-14 出版日期:2023-12-20 发布日期:2023-12-08
通讯作者: *E-mail: ygsong@cemps.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(42171063);上海市绿化和市容管理局科研专项(G242414);上海市绿化和市容管理局科研专项(G242416);中国科学院东南亚生物多样性研究中心项目(Y4ZK111B01);中国科学院西部青年学者项目;云南省“兴滇英才支持计划”项目(XDYC-QNRC-2022-0028);云南省基础研究专项(202301AT070341);中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园“十四五”科技创新规划(XTBG-1450101)

Biogeographic patterns in Southeast Asia: Retrospectives and perspectives

Meng Honghu¹^,³(), Song Yigang²^,^*()()

1 Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223 China
2 Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602 China
3 Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nay Pyi Taw 05282 Myanmar

Received:2023-07-22 Accepted:2023-11-14 Online:2023-12-20 Published:2023-12-08
Contact: *E-mail: ygsong@cemps.ac.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

东南亚是全球生物多样性热点地区和保护优先区域。19世纪中期, 阿尔弗雷德·拉塞尔·华莱士(Alfred Russel Wallace)在马来群岛历经8年的详实野外考察, 根据动物地理分布提出了马来群岛动物区系地理格局。东南亚随之成为生物地理这门学科重要的奠基地之一。尤其是在华莱士线提出后, 逐渐促使东南亚成为生物地理学领域的发源地和前沿热点地区, 吸引并聚焦了众多生物地理学家和生态学家的目光。东南亚独特的地理地貌和丰富的生物多样性在科学界引起了越来越多的关注, 逐年递增的科研文献也在探讨东南亚生物多样性和地理分布格局等问题。探究这一地区的生物地理分布格局有助于深入理解全球生物多样性的起源、演化, 以及对气候和环境变化的响应。本文对东南亚主要的生物地理研究进行了回溯, 并对其存在的问题进行了思考, 主要内容包括: (1)界定了东南亚的生物地理范围及其生物亚区的划分, 即东南亚的生物地理范围包括中南半岛和马来群岛两大区域, 同时东南亚又包括了中南半岛、巽他、菲律宾和华莱士4个生物亚区; (2)东南亚的生物地理分布格局研究表明, 4个生物亚区的生物地理学联系主要是相邻地区的隔离、迁移和扩散; (3)华莱士线以及衍生的生物地理分界线在动物地理分布中有明显的界限, 而在植物地理分布格局中不明显, 其原因主要是动物和植物的迁移扩散能力不同所致; (4)东南亚和澳新古陆的生物地理联系主要是生物区系成分的交换, 这种交换过程在动植物中均存在, 而且这两个地区之间存在相互的区系交换, 既有从东南亚到澳新古陆的成分, 也有从澳新古陆到东南亚的成分。本文系统地总结并讨论了东南亚4个生物亚区及其毗邻地区存在的生物地理分布格局, 并对其存在的科学问题提出一些看法和建议。总之, 我们希望本文能够承前启后、抛砖引玉, 推动东南亚生物地理学研究的蓬勃发展。

关键词: 生物地理, 东南亚, 地理分界线, 生物多样性, 地理分布格局, 华莱士线

Abstract

Background & Aims: The regions of Southeast Asia are recognized as global biodiversity hotspots that require conservation priority. Since the mid-19th century, Southeast Asia has been widely considered as one of the most important foundations of biogeography. This recognition stems from the groundbreaking field works of Alfred Russel Wallace, who spent eight years to extensively explore the regions and proposed the geographic distribution patterns of fauna in Malesia (or the Malay Archipelago). Wallace’s works in Southeast Asia, such as the famous “Wallace Line” and its distinct distribution patterns, established the region as a crucial cradle and frontier of biogeography. Also, such renowned works have garnered significant attention from numerous biogeographers and ecologists. Additionally, the unique geomorphology and abundant biodiversity in Southeast Asia have sparked a growing scientific interest, leading to an increasing number of studies that explored the biodiversity and geographic distribution patterns in the regions. The comprehension of geographic distribution patterns of biodiversity in Southeast Asia can enhance our understanding of the origination, evolution, and response of global biodiversity to environmental and climatic changes.

Progress: In this review, we have undertaken a comprehensive synthesis of the primary biogeographic investigation conducted in Southeast Asia, spanning from the era of Alfred Russel Wallace to the present day. The main biogeographic studies in Southeast Asia are retrospectively reviewed and the existing problems are considered here.

Conclusion: Several key findings of biogeography in Southeast Asia with the most important distribution patterns are listed as follows. Firstly, Southeast Asia, based on the boundary or delimitation, encompasses the Indochina Peninsula and Malesia, which consist of four distinct bioregions: Indochina, Sundaic, Philippines and Wallacea. Secondly, the biogeographic patterns with these regions, as well as the biogeographic relationships or patterns among regions are primarily influenced by the mechanism of vicariance, migration and dispersal. Thirdly, the difference in biogeographic boundaries, particularly along the Wallace Line, can be attributed to variations in the migration and dispersal capacity of plants and animals. Lastly, the biogeographic connections between Southeast Asia and Sahul are mainly driven by the exchanges of flora and fauna, with elements from both regions have been migrated to and from each other. This review presents some ideas and offers recommendations to address the unresolved challenges of the field of biogeography in Southeast Asia. In all, we hope this review serves as a link between past and future, intends to throw out a minnow to catch a whale, and facilitates the flourishing development of biogeography in Southeast Asia.

Key words: biogeography, Southeast Asia, geographic boundary, biodiversity, geographic distribution patterns, Wallace Line

孟宏虎, 宋以刚 (2023) 东南亚生物地理格局: 回溯与思考. 生物多样性, 31, 23261. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023261.

Meng Honghu, Song Yigang (2023) Biogeographic patterns in Southeast Asia: Retrospectives and perspectives. Biodiversity Science, 31, 23261. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023261.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2023261

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2023/V31/I12/23261

图/表 1

图1 东南亚的4个主要生物亚区(中南半岛生物亚区、巽他生物亚区、菲律宾生物亚区、华莱士生物亚区)、马来群岛、巽他古陆架、澳新古陆架、主要的生物地理分界线(华莱士线、赫胥黎线、莱德克线、韦伯线)以及亚洲热带北界。其中, 4个生物亚区参考Woodruff (2010); 马来群岛范围参考Kooyman等(2019); 巽他古陆架和澳新古陆架参考Cox等(2016)、Lohman等(2011)、Husson等(2019); 主要生物地理分界线参考Ali等(2020)、Ali和Heaney (2021); 亚洲热带北界参考朱华(2018)。

Fig. 1 The four bioregions (Indochina, Sundaic, Philippines, and Wallacea), Malesia, Sunda Shelf, Sahul Shelf, and the main biogeographic boundaries or lines (Wallace Line, Huxley Line, Lydekker Line, and Weber Line) in Southeast Asia, and the north boundary of tropical Asia. The division of bioregions or geographical ranges are based on the following references. The four bioregions adopted from Woodruff, 2010. Malesia adopted from Kooyman et al (2019). Sunda Shelf and Sahul Shelf adopted from Cox et al (2016), Lohman et al (2011), and Husson et al (2019). The main biogeographic boundary lines adopted from Ali et al (2020) and Ali & Heaney (2021). The north boundary of tropical Asia adopted from Zhu (2018).

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东南亚生物地理格局: 回溯与思考

Biogeographic patterns in Southeast Asia: Retrospectives and perspectives

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