通过红色名录评估研究中国内陆鱼类受威胁现状及其成因

doi:10.17520/biods.2015331

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

根据已有的基础资料, 采用IUCN评估等级和标准, 对中国目前已鉴定的1,443种内陆鱼类受威胁现状进行了评估。评估结果显示, 1,443种内陆鱼类中, 灭绝3种、区域灭绝1种、极危65种、濒危101种、易危129种、近危101种、无危454种和数据缺乏589种。同已有的IUCN评估结果相比, 本次被评估的物种数目多, 受威胁物种大幅度增加, 其数目达295种, 占已知中国内陆鱼类总数的20.44%, 低于全球平均值(29%)。属于灭绝等级的鱼类是大鳞白鱼(Anabarilius macrolepis)、异龙鲤(Cyprinus yilongensis)和茶卡高原鳅(Triplophysa cakaensis); 属于区域灭绝等级的鱼类是长颌北鲑(Stenodus nelma)。鲤科是受威胁物种数最多的科, 其中裂腹鱼亚科和鲤亚科的种类受威胁程度最高。长江上游和珠江上游受威胁物种最多, 是受威胁最严重的地区。中国内陆鱼类受威胁的主要因素为河流筑坝、生境退化或丧失、酷渔滥捕和引进外来种。列入数据缺乏等级的鱼类较多, 占中国内陆鱼类的40.82%, 表明对中国内陆鱼类物种多样性了解不充分, 需要加强野外调查以积累基础资料。

关键词: 内陆鱼类, 红色名录, 受威胁物种, 致危因子

Abstract

Continental fishes (totaling 1,443 species) in China were assessed for their status based on available data utilizing the IUCN Redlist Categories and Criteria. Among these, 3 species were listed as Extinct, 1 as Regionally Extinct, 65 as Critically Endangered, 101 as Endangered, 129 as Vulnerable, 101 as Near Threatened, 454 as of Least Concern, and 589 were Data Deficient. Both the number of species assessed here and the number of species classified as threatened, were greater than those already identified by the IUCN. There were 295 threatened species, which accounted for 20.44% of the total number of currently identified continental fish in China. This ratio was lower than the known worldwide average. Three extinct species identified were Anabarilius macrolepis, Cyprinus yilongensis and Triplophysa cakaensis, and Stenodus nelma was found to be regionally extinct in China. Among all families assessed, Cyprinidae had the highest number of threatened species. Within this family, Schizothroracinae and Cyprininae were the two most threatened subfamilies. The upper Yangtze River and the upper Pearl River were two areas with the highest number of threatened species. Major threats to continental fish in China can be classified into four categories: dam construction, habitat degradation, over-fishing, and introducing of alien species. A total of 589 species (40.82% of continental fishes in China) were listed as Data Deficient. This large number indicated insufficient information regarding continental fishes in China, therefore warranting the need for basic data collection on continental fishes through field surveys.

Key words: continental fishes, red list, threatened species, threat

曹亮, 张鹗, 臧春鑫, 曹文宣 (2016) 通过红色名录评估研究中国内陆鱼类受威胁现状及其成因. 生物多样性, 24, 598-609. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2015331.

Liang Cao, E Zhang, Chunxin Zang, Wenxuan Cao (2016) Evaluating the status of China’s continental fish and analyzing their causes of endangerment through the red list assessment. Biodiversity Science, 24, 598-609. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2015331.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2015331

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2016/V24/I5/598

图/表 8

参考文献 36

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目 Order	科 Family	纯淡水 Fresh		咸淡水 Brackish		全部 Fresh + Brackish
目 Order	科 Family	属 Genus	种 Species	属 Genus	种 Species	属 Genus	种 Species
魟形目 Myliobatiformes	魟科 Dasyatidae			1	2	1	2
七鳃鳗目 Petromyzontiformes	七鳃鳗科 Petromyzontidae	1	2	1	1	1	3
鲟形目 Acipenseriformes	鲟科 Acipenseridae	2	3	1	3	2	6
	白鲟科 Polyodontidae			1	1	1	1
鳗鲡目 Anguilliformes	鳗鲡科 Anguillidae			1	4	1	4
鲱形目 Clupiformes	鲱科 Clupeidae			1	1	1	1
	鳀科 Engraulidae			1	3	1	3
鲤形目 Cypriniformes	鲤科 Cyprinidae	138	656			138	656
	裸吻鱼科 Psilorhynchidae	1	1			1	1
	花鳅科 Cobitidae	10	35			10	35
	沙鳅科 Botidae	6	35			6	35
	爬鳅科 Balitoridae	7	42			7	42
	腹吸鳅科 Gastromyzontidae	9	55			9	55
	条鳅科 Nemacheilidae	19	244			19	244
	双孔鱼科 Gyrinocheilidae	1	1			1	1
	亚口鱼科 Catostomidae	1	1			1	1
鲇形目 Siluriformes	囊鳃鲇科 Heteropneustidae	1	1			1	1
	鲿科 Bagridae	2	38			2	38
	长臀鮠科 Cranoglanididae	1	3			1	3
	鲇科 Siluridae	6	17			6	17
	锡伯鲇科 Schilbeidae	1	3			1	3
	?? 科 Pangasiidae	1	5			1	5
	钝头鮠科 Amblycipitidae	2	13			2	13
	粒鲇科 Akysidae	1	2			1	2
	鮡科 Sisoridae	10	78			10	78
	胡子鲇科 Clariidae	1	1			1	1
狗鱼目 Esociformes	狗鱼科 Esocidae	1	2			1	2
胡瓜鱼目 Osmeriformes	胡瓜鱼科 Osmeridae			1	2	1	2
	香鱼科 Plecoglossidae			1	1	1	1
	银鱼科 Salangidae	2	6	5	8	6	14
鲑形目 Salmoniformes	鲑科 Salmonidae	7	13	1	3	7	16
鳕形目 Gadiformes	鳕科 Lotidae	1	1	1	1	2	2
颌针鱼目 Beloniformes	鱵科 Hemiramphidae			1	3	1	3
	鳉科 Adrianichthyidae	1	4			1	4
刺鱼目 Gasterosteiformes	刺鱼科 Gasterosteidae			2	3	2	3
合鳃鱼目 Syngnathiformes	合鳃鱼科 Syngnathidae	1	2			1	2
	刺鳅科 Mastacembelidae	1	6			1	6
鲉形目 Scorpaeniformes	杜父鱼科 Cottidae	3	7	2	2	5	9
鲈形目 Perciformes	真鲈科 Percichthyidae	2	10			2	10
	鲈科 Percidae	1	2			1	2
	变色鲈科 Badidae	1	1			1	1
	溪鳢科 Rhyacichthyidae			1	1	1	1
	沙塘鳢科 Odontobutidae	6	9			6	9
	塘鳢科 Eleotridae	3	6	1	1	3	7
	虾虎鱼科 Gobiidae	8	62	3	10	11	72
	攀鲈科 Anabantidae	1	1			1	1
	斗鱼科 Belontiidae	1	2			1	2
	鳢科 Channidae	1	11			1	11
	丝足鲈科 Osphronemidae	1	1			1	1
鲀形目 Tetraodontiformes	鲀科 Tetraodontidae			1	6	1	6
鲽形目 Pleuronectiformes	舌鳎科 Cynoglossidae			1	5	1	5
总计 Total		263	1,382	28	61	286	1,443

目 Order	科 Family	纯淡水 Fresh		咸淡水 Brackish		全部 Fresh + Brackish
目 Order	科 Family	属 Genus	种 Species	属 Genus	种 Species	属 Genus	种 Species
魟形目 Myliobatiformes	魟科 Dasyatidae			1	2	1	2
七鳃鳗目 Petromyzontiformes	七鳃鳗科 Petromyzontidae	1	2	1	1	1	3
鲟形目 Acipenseriformes	鲟科 Acipenseridae	2	3	1	3	2	6
	白鲟科 Polyodontidae			1	1	1	1
鳗鲡目 Anguilliformes	鳗鲡科 Anguillidae			1	4	1	4
鲱形目 Clupiformes	鲱科 Clupeidae			1	1	1	1
	鳀科 Engraulidae			1	3	1	3
鲤形目 Cypriniformes	鲤科 Cyprinidae	138	656			138	656
	裸吻鱼科 Psilorhynchidae	1	1			1	1
	花鳅科 Cobitidae	10	35			10	35
	沙鳅科 Botidae	6	35			6	35
	爬鳅科 Balitoridae	7	42			7	42
	腹吸鳅科 Gastromyzontidae	9	55			9	55
	条鳅科 Nemacheilidae	19	244			19	244
	双孔鱼科 Gyrinocheilidae	1	1			1	1
	亚口鱼科 Catostomidae	1	1			1	1
鲇形目 Siluriformes	囊鳃鲇科 Heteropneustidae	1	1			1	1
	鲿科 Bagridae	2	38			2	38
	长臀鮠科 Cranoglanididae	1	3			1	3
	鲇科 Siluridae	6	17			6	17
	锡伯鲇科 Schilbeidae	1	3			1	3
	?? 科 Pangasiidae	1	5			1	5
	钝头鮠科 Amblycipitidae	2	13			2	13
	粒鲇科 Akysidae	1	2			1	2
	鮡科 Sisoridae	10	78			10	78
	胡子鲇科 Clariidae	1	1			1	1
狗鱼目 Esociformes	狗鱼科 Esocidae	1	2			1	2
胡瓜鱼目 Osmeriformes	胡瓜鱼科 Osmeridae			1	2	1	2
	香鱼科 Plecoglossidae			1	1	1	1
	银鱼科 Salangidae	2	6	5	8	6	14
鲑形目 Salmoniformes	鲑科 Salmonidae	7	13	1	3	7	16
鳕形目 Gadiformes	鳕科 Lotidae	1	1	1	1	2	2
颌针鱼目 Beloniformes	鱵科 Hemiramphidae			1	3	1	3
	鳉科 Adrianichthyidae	1	4			1	4
刺鱼目 Gasterosteiformes	刺鱼科 Gasterosteidae			2	3	2	3
合鳃鱼目 Syngnathiformes	合鳃鱼科 Syngnathidae	1	2			1	2
	刺鳅科 Mastacembelidae	1	6			1	6
鲉形目 Scorpaeniformes	杜父鱼科 Cottidae	3	7	2	2	5	9
鲈形目 Perciformes	真鲈科 Percichthyidae	2	10			2	10
	鲈科 Percidae	1	2			1	2
	变色鲈科 Badidae	1	1			1	1
	溪鳢科 Rhyacichthyidae			1	1	1	1
	沙塘鳢科 Odontobutidae	6	9			6	9
	塘鳢科 Eleotridae	3	6	1	1	3	7
	虾虎鱼科 Gobiidae	8	62	3	10	11	72
	攀鲈科 Anabantidae	1	1			1	1
	斗鱼科 Belontiidae	1	2			1	2
	鳢科 Channidae	1	11			1	11
	丝足鲈科 Osphronemidae	1	1			1	1
鲀形目 Tetraodontiformes	鲀科 Tetraodontidae			1	6	1	6
鲽形目 Pleuronectiformes	舌鳎科 Cynoglossidae			1	5	1	5
总计 Total		263	1,382	28	61	286	1,443

评估等级 Category	总种数(比例) Number of species (%)	特有种数(比例) Number of endemic species (%)
灭绝 EX	3(0.21)	3(0.31)
区域灭绝 RE	1(0.07)	0(0.00)
极危 CR	65(4.50)	56(5.87)
濒危 EN	101(7.00)	84(8.81)
易危 VU	129(8.94)	106(11.11)
近危 NT	101(7.00)	65(6.81)
无危 LC	454(31.46)	200(20.96)
数据缺乏 DD	589(40.82)	440(46.12)
总计 Total	1,443(100.0)	954(100.0)

评估等级 Category	总种数(比例) Number of species (%)	特有种数(比例) Number of endemic species (%)
灭绝 EX	3(0.21)	3(0.31)
区域灭绝 RE	1(0.07)	0(0.00)
极危 CR	65(4.50)	56(5.87)
濒危 EN	101(7.00)	84(8.81)
易危 VU	129(8.94)	106(11.11)
近危 NT	101(7.00)	65(6.81)
无危 LC	454(31.46)	200(20.96)
数据缺乏 DD	589(40.82)	440(46.12)
总计 Total	1,443(100.0)	954(100.0)

评估等级 Category	中国 China		IUCN中国(2015) Threatened species of China (IUCN)		IUCN全球 Threatened species of the World (IUCN)
评估等级 Category	种数 Num- ber	比例(%) Propor- tion	种数 Num- ber	比例(%) Propor- tion	种数 Num- ber	比例(%) Proportion
灭绝 EX	3	0.21	2	0.4	60	1
野外灭绝或区域灭绝 EW or RE	1	0.07	0	0.2	8	0.1
极危 CR	65	4.50	29	5.2	382	6.6
濒危 EN	101	7.00	14	2.5	416	7.2
易危 VU	129	8.94	26	4.6	881	15.2
近危 NT	101	7.00	15	2.7	259	4.5
无危 LC	454	31.46	285	50.7	2,717	47
数据缺乏 DD	589	40.82	189	33.8	1,062	18.4
总计 Total	1,443	100.0	560	100.0	5,785	100.0
参考文献 Reference					Carrizo et al (2013)