生物多样性 ›› 2016, Vol. 24 ›› Issue (7): 767-780. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2015249
所属专题: 全球气候变化下的海洋生物多样性专辑
张冬融1,2, 徐兆礼1,,A;*(), 徐佳奕1, 董开兴1,3
收稿日期:
2015-09-15
接受日期:
2016-03-11
出版日期:
2016-07-20
发布日期:
2016-08-04
通讯作者:
徐兆礼
基金资助:
Dongrong Zhang1,2, Zhaoli Xu1,*(), Jiayi Xu1, Kaixing Dong1,3
Received:
2015-09-15
Accepted:
2016-03-11
Online:
2016-07-20
Published:
2016-08-04
Contact:
Xu Zhaoli
摘要:
本文比较了杭州湾湾外海域(122.10°-122.58° E, 30.54°-30.93° N)和湾内不同海域(北岸东侧: 121.67°- 121.87° E, 30.68°-30.83° N; 南岸东侧: 121.60°-121.85° E, 29.95°-30.24° N; 北岸西侧: 121.31°-121.56° E, 30.58°- 30.77° N)秋季浮游动物的群落组成、累积优势度曲线以及多样性指数(H')等群落结构特征, 并进行了差异性分析。结果表明: 湾外海域的群落组成与湾内海域的3个群落之间均有较大的差异。湾外海域的群落I是以中华假磷虾(Pseudeuphausia sinica)等近海种、背针胸刺水蚤(Centropages dorsispinatus)等沿岸低盐种为主, 其次是外海种。湾内南岸东侧海域的群落II主要以左突唇角水蚤(Labidocera sinilobata)等沿岸低盐种为主, 近海种次之。湾内北岸东侧海域的群落III是以真刺唇角水蚤(Labidocera euchaeta)等沿岸低盐种、虫肢歪水蚤(Tortanus vermiculus)等河口半咸水种组成的混合群落。湾内北岸西侧海域群落IV是以虫肢歪水蚤为代表的河口半咸水种为主的群落。总的说来, 这一水域向西和向北方向出现更低盐度适应性的群落。从累积优势度曲线来看, 湾外海域群落I与湾内北岸东侧群落III的累积优势度上升趋势均相对平缓, 但群落III的初始累积优势度略高于群落I; 而与群落I相比, 湾内南岸东侧的群落II与北岸西侧的群落IV的初始累积优势度均很高。湾外海域群落I的初始累积优势度较低, 显示出群落I的优势种较多, 而单一优势种优势度低于湾内3个群落。方差分析结果表明: 湾外海域的浮游动物多样性指数与湾内3个海域均有极显著差异(P < 0.01), 而湾内各海域之间均无显著性差异(P > 0.05)。说明湾外浮游动物群落的多样性高于湾内海域。湾内外海域浮游动物群落特征之间有较大差异, 其主要原因是影响各自群落的主导水团明显不同。
张冬融, 徐兆礼, 徐佳奕, 董开兴 (2016) 杭州湾内外海域秋季浮游动物群落的比较. 生物多样性, 24, 767-780. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2015249.
Dongrong Zhang, Zhaoli Xu, Jiayi Xu, Kaixing Dong (2016) Comparison of zooplankton communities inside and outside the Hangzhou Bay in autumn. Biodiversity Science, 24, 767-780. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2015249.
图1 杭州湾内外海域浮游动物采样站位图。a: 湾内北岸西侧海域; b: 湾内北岸东侧海域; c: 湾内南岸东侧海域; d: 湾外海域; e: 不同海域调查站位分布图。
Fig. 1 Sampling stations of zooplankton inside and outside the Hangzhou Bay. a, The west area of north Hangzhou Bay; b, The east area of north Hangzhou Bay; c, The east area of south Hangzhou Bay; d, The sea area outside the Bay; e, Sampling stations in the different parts.
图3 杭州湾内外海域秋季浮游动物群落Bray-Curtis聚类图。I: 湾外海域浮游动物群落, II: 湾内南岸东侧海域浮游动物群落, III: 湾内北岸东侧海域浮游动物群落, IV: 湾内北岸西侧海域浮游动物群落. 下同.
Fig. 3 Bray-Curtis cluster of zooplankton community structure inside and outside the Hangzhou Bay in autumn. I: Community in the offshore area, II: Community in the east area of south part, III: Community in the east area of north part, IV: Community in the west area of north part. The same below.
图4 杭州湾内外海域秋季各站位浮游动物群落的非线性多维标度排序分析(NMDS)
Fig. 4 Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis of zooplankton community at each sampling station inside and outside the Hangzhou Bay in autumn
区域 Area | P | ANOSIM R |
---|---|---|
湾外海域与湾内南岸东侧 Offshore area vs The east area of south part | 0.001 | 0.796 |
湾外海域与湾内北岸东侧 Offshore area vs The east area of north part | 0.001 | 0.979 |
湾外海域与湾内北岸西侧 Offshore area vs The west area of north part | 0.001 | 0.992 |
表1 秋季杭州湾内外海域基于浮游动物丰度的群落相似性检验
Table 1 Results of one-way analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) for zooplankton communities inside and outside the Hangzhou Bay in autumn
区域 Area | P | ANOSIM R |
---|---|---|
湾外海域与湾内南岸东侧 Offshore area vs The east area of south part | 0.001 | 0.796 |
湾外海域与湾内北岸东侧 Offshore area vs The east area of north part | 0.001 | 0.979 |
湾外海域与湾内北岸西侧 Offshore area vs The west area of north part | 0.001 | 0.992 |
种名 Species | 平均丰度 Mean abundance (ind./m3) | 生态类群 Eco-group | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | II | III | IV | |||
中华哲水蚤 | Calanus sinicus | 12.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | ||
火腿许水蚤 | Schmackeria poplesia | 9.9 | 0.9 | ■ | ||
双刺唇角水蚤 | Labidocera bipinnata | 0.8 | 0.1 | □ | ||
真刺唇角水蚤 | Labidocera euchaeta | 4.0 | 47.4 | 41.1 | 0.1 | □ |
左突唇角水蚤 | Labidocera sinilobata | 378.1 | 1.9 | □ | ||
太平洋纺锤水蚤 | Acartia pacifica | 1.8 | 0.5 | □ | ||
虫肢歪水蚤 | Tortanus vermiculus | 0.1 | 2.8 | 9.6 | 32.1 | ■ |
针刺拟哲水蚤 | Paracalanus aculeatus | 0.8 | 0.3 | 25.7 | □ | |
背针胸刺水蚤 | Centropages dorsispinatus | 26.9 | 1.5 | 0.2 | □ | |
中华胸刺水蚤 | Centropages sinensis | 3.1 | ||||
中华华哲水蚤 | Sinocalanus sinensis | 0.1 | ■ | |||
亚强真哲水蚤 | Eucalanus subcrassus | 8.4 | 0.1 | ※ | ||
刺尾角水蚤 | Pontella spinicauda | 17.6 | ||||
刺尾纺锤水蚤 | Acartia spinicauda | 0.2 | 2.2 | □ | ||
微剌哲水蚤 | Canthocalanus pauper | 0.5 | ※ | |||
圆唇角水蚤 | Labidocera rotunda | 6.7 | ||||
平滑真刺水蚤 | Euchaeta plana | 6.5 | ||||
精致真刺水蚤 | Euchaeta concinna | 2.2 | ※ | |||
尖刺唇角水蚤 | Labidocera acuta | 0.4 | □ | |||
普通波水蚤 | Undinula vulgaris | 0.1 | ※ | |||
瘦尾胸刺水蚤 | Centropages tenuiremis | 0.1 | ||||
黑点叶水蚤 | Sapphirina nigromaculata | 0.1 | ※ | |||
伯氏平头水蚤 | Candacia bradyi | 0.1 | ※ | |||
小哲水蚤 | Nannocalanus minor | 0.1 | ※ | |||
漂浮囊糠虾 | Gastrosaccus pelagicus | 0.1 | 0.4 | |||
长额刺糠虾 | Acanthomysis longirostris | 8.2 | 5.9 | 1.8 | 5.2 | □ |
短额刺糠虾 | Acanthomysis brevirostris | 7.9 | 7.2 | □ | ||
漂浮小井伊糠虾 | Iiella pelagicus | 1.4 | 2.5 | |||
中华假磷虾 | Pseudeuphausia sinica | 29.3 | 0.1 | |||
日本毛虾 | Acetes japonicus | 0.1 | 0.6 | |||
中型莹虾 | Lucifer intermedius | 0.4 | 0.3 | ※ | ||
细螯虾 | Leptochela gracilis | 0.1 | ||||
细长涟虫 | Iphinoe tenera | 1.0 | 0.1 | |||
三叶针尾涟虫 | Diastylis tricincta | 0.1 | ||||
百陶箭虫 | Sagitta bedoti | 12.7 | 80.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
海龙箭虫 | Sagitta nagae | 0.1 | 0.1 | |||
肥胖箭虫 | Sagitta enflata | 1.1 | ※ | |||
细尖小涂氏虫戎 | Tullbergella cuspidata | 0.3 | ※ | |||
尖笔帽螺 | Creseis acicula | 0.1 | ※ | |||
明螺 | Atlanta peroni | 0.0 | ※ | |||
齿形海萤 | Cypridina dentata | 0.0 | ※ |
表2 杭州湾内外海域秋季浮游动物生态类群种类和丰度的组成
Table 2 Eco-group species composition and abundance of zooplankton inside and outside the Hangzhou Bay in autumn
种名 Species | 平均丰度 Mean abundance (ind./m3) | 生态类群 Eco-group | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | II | III | IV | |||
中华哲水蚤 | Calanus sinicus | 12.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | ||
火腿许水蚤 | Schmackeria poplesia | 9.9 | 0.9 | ■ | ||
双刺唇角水蚤 | Labidocera bipinnata | 0.8 | 0.1 | □ | ||
真刺唇角水蚤 | Labidocera euchaeta | 4.0 | 47.4 | 41.1 | 0.1 | □ |
左突唇角水蚤 | Labidocera sinilobata | 378.1 | 1.9 | □ | ||
太平洋纺锤水蚤 | Acartia pacifica | 1.8 | 0.5 | □ | ||
虫肢歪水蚤 | Tortanus vermiculus | 0.1 | 2.8 | 9.6 | 32.1 | ■ |
针刺拟哲水蚤 | Paracalanus aculeatus | 0.8 | 0.3 | 25.7 | □ | |
背针胸刺水蚤 | Centropages dorsispinatus | 26.9 | 1.5 | 0.2 | □ | |
中华胸刺水蚤 | Centropages sinensis | 3.1 | ||||
中华华哲水蚤 | Sinocalanus sinensis | 0.1 | ■ | |||
亚强真哲水蚤 | Eucalanus subcrassus | 8.4 | 0.1 | ※ | ||
刺尾角水蚤 | Pontella spinicauda | 17.6 | ||||
刺尾纺锤水蚤 | Acartia spinicauda | 0.2 | 2.2 | □ | ||
微剌哲水蚤 | Canthocalanus pauper | 0.5 | ※ | |||
圆唇角水蚤 | Labidocera rotunda | 6.7 | ||||
平滑真刺水蚤 | Euchaeta plana | 6.5 | ||||
精致真刺水蚤 | Euchaeta concinna | 2.2 | ※ | |||
尖刺唇角水蚤 | Labidocera acuta | 0.4 | □ | |||
普通波水蚤 | Undinula vulgaris | 0.1 | ※ | |||
瘦尾胸刺水蚤 | Centropages tenuiremis | 0.1 | ||||
黑点叶水蚤 | Sapphirina nigromaculata | 0.1 | ※ | |||
伯氏平头水蚤 | Candacia bradyi | 0.1 | ※ | |||
小哲水蚤 | Nannocalanus minor | 0.1 | ※ | |||
漂浮囊糠虾 | Gastrosaccus pelagicus | 0.1 | 0.4 | |||
长额刺糠虾 | Acanthomysis longirostris | 8.2 | 5.9 | 1.8 | 5.2 | □ |
短额刺糠虾 | Acanthomysis brevirostris | 7.9 | 7.2 | □ | ||
漂浮小井伊糠虾 | Iiella pelagicus | 1.4 | 2.5 | |||
中华假磷虾 | Pseudeuphausia sinica | 29.3 | 0.1 | |||
日本毛虾 | Acetes japonicus | 0.1 | 0.6 | |||
中型莹虾 | Lucifer intermedius | 0.4 | 0.3 | ※ | ||
细螯虾 | Leptochela gracilis | 0.1 | ||||
细长涟虫 | Iphinoe tenera | 1.0 | 0.1 | |||
三叶针尾涟虫 | Diastylis tricincta | 0.1 | ||||
百陶箭虫 | Sagitta bedoti | 12.7 | 80.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
海龙箭虫 | Sagitta nagae | 0.1 | 0.1 | |||
肥胖箭虫 | Sagitta enflata | 1.1 | ※ | |||
细尖小涂氏虫戎 | Tullbergella cuspidata | 0.3 | ※ | |||
尖笔帽螺 | Creseis acicula | 0.1 | ※ | |||
明螺 | Atlanta peroni | 0.0 | ※ | |||
齿形海萤 | Cypridina dentata | 0.0 | ※ |
图7 秋季杭州湾内外不同群落浮游动物生态类群种类数比例的变化
Fig. 7 The variation of eco-group species numbers of zooplankton communities inside and outside the Hangzhou Bay in autumn
图8 秋季杭州湾内外不同群落浮游动物优势种优势度的变化。a, k, q: 真刺唇角水蚤; b: 圆唇角水蚤; c: 短额刺糠虾; d: 中华哲水蚤; e: 背针胸刺水蚤; f: 中华假磷虾; g, l: 百陶箭虫; h: 亚强真哲水蚤; i, t: 长额刺糠虾; j: 平滑真刺水蚤; m, v: 左突唇角水蚤; n: 刺尾角水蚤; o: 火腿许水蚤; p: 针刺拟哲水蚤; r, u: 虫肢歪水蚤; s: 中华胸刺水蚤.
Fig. 8 The variation of dominance of dominant species of zooplankton inside and outside the Hangzhou Bay in autumn. a, k, q: Labidocera euchaeta; b: Labidocera rotunda; c: Acanthomysis brevirostris; d: Calanus sinicus; e: Centropages dorsispinatus; f: Pseudeuphausia sinica; g, l: Sagitta bedoti; h: Eucalanus subcrassus; i, t: Acanthomysis longirostris; j: Euchaeta plana; m, v: Labidocera sinilobata; n: Pontella spinicauda; o: Schmackeria poplesia; p: Paracalanus aculeatus; r, u: Tortanus vermiculus; s: Centropages sinensis.
图9 杭州湾内外海域秋季浮游动物群落多样性指数(H')的水平分布。a: 湾内北岸西侧海域的群落IV; b: 湾内北岸东侧海域的群落III; c: 湾内南岸东侧海域的群落II; d: 湾外海域的群落I.
Fig. 9 Horizontal distribution of Shannon-Wiener diversity index of zooplankton communities inside and outside the Hangzhou Bay in autumn. a, Community IV in the west area of north part; b, Community III in the east area of north part; c, Community II in the east area of south part; d, Community I in the offshore area.
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