图1 环境特征对遗传多样性与物种多样性的平行效应理论模型(参考Vellend和Geber, 2005)

Fig. 1 A theoretical model which depict the parallel effects of environmental properties on genetic diversity and species diversity (refer to Vellend & Geber, 2005)

图2 根据平衡理论所预测的遗传多样性与物种多样性的正相关性(参考Vellend, 2003)。假设岛屿A、B、C、D与大陆的距离相同, 而岛屿面积为D > A > B > C; 岛屿B、E、F、G具有相同的面积且距离大陆的距离(隔离程度)为G > F > E > B。假定岛屿之间不存在物种与基因流, 根据平衡理论预测, 生境面积(图2a)与隔离程度(图2b)是种群遗传多样性与群落物种多样性呈正相关的驱动因素

Fig. 2 The predicted positive correlation between genetic diversity and species diversity according to the equilibrium theory (refer to Vellend, 2003). We assume that the island A, B, C, D have the same distance to the mainland while the area is D > A > B > C; the island B, E, F, G have the same area while the distances to the mainland are G > F > E > B. We also assume that there is no gene and species flow among the islands. Based on the predictions of the equilibrium theory, habitat area (Fig. 2a) and degree of isolation (Fig. 2b) are the drivers of the positive correlation between genetic diversity and species diversity.

图3 基于Tilman资源竞争模型的资源可利用性与异质性对种群遗传多样性与群落物种多样性的影响(参考Vellend和Geber, 2005)。ZNGI为零增长线, 如果两个物种或同一物种不同基因型的ZNGI线相交, 表明它们可能稳定共存, 但取决于资源可利用性在二维空间的分布状况。方框内表示在不同资源可利用性水平下可共存的物种或基因型。群落1(C1)具有较低的环境异质性, 在这种环境下, 只有物种S1的一个基因型G2 (S1, G2)存在竞争优势并长期存在; 群落2 (C2)具有较高的环境异质性, 在这种环境下, 所有物种的所有基因型都能够长期稳定共存。黑色箭头表示资源可利用性的增加方向, 随着群落内资源可利用性的不断增加, 二维资源可利用区域不断向上或向右移动, 最终由于资源可利用性增加而导致种群遗传多样性与群落物种多样性一同降低。

Fig. 3 The predicted effects of resource availability and heterogeneity on genetic diversity within a population and species diversity within a community based on the Tilman (1982) model (refer to Vellend & Geber, 2005). ZNGI indicates the zero-net-growth-isoclines, all points on the isocline, the reproductive rate of a species equals its mortality. The intersection point between the ZNGIs indicates the potential stable coexistence among the species with different genotypes which depend on the status of resource distribution within the community. The species/genotypes listed in boxes indicate those that will coexist at equilibrium given different possible resource supply points. In this model, community 1 (C1) with a low resource heterogeneity and only genotype 2 in species 1 (S1, G2) can survive and exclude the others; while in community two (C2), the high resource heterogeneity allow all the two genotypes (G1 and G2) in each of two species (S1 and S2) coexisted within the community. The black arrows indicate the directions for the increased resource availability, with the resource availability increased, both genetic diversity within population and species diversity within community decreased in parallel eventually.

图4 根据进化速率假设所预测的遗传多样性与物种多样性的纬度梯度分布格局(参考Rohde, 1992; Gaston, 2000; Araujo & Costa-Pereira, 2013; Dowle et al, 2013)

Fig. 4 The latitudinal patterns of genetic diversity and species diversity based on the predictions of evolutionary speed hypothesis (refer to Rohde, 1992; Gaston, 2000; Araujo & Costa-Pereira, 2013; Dowle et al, 2013)