Biodiv Sci ›› 2022, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (9): 22271. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022271
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Zhilin Li1, Tianming Wang2,3,4,*(
)
Received:2022-05-17
Accepted:2022-08-18
Online:2022-09-20
Published:2022-09-21
Contact:
Tianming Wang
Zhilin Li, Tianming Wang. Competition and coexistence between tigers and leopards in Asia[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2022, 30(9): 22271.
Fig.1 Current range of tigers and leopards, and locations of case studies about their competitions and coexistence (black dots) from 1976 to 2021. The range data of tigers and leopards were from IUCN. A is the range of tigers and leopards in Northeast Asia, B1 is Terai Arc landscape, B2 is Vindhya Range, B3 is Western Ghats Mountains, C1 is Dawna-Tenasserim Mountains and C2 is Belum-Temengor Forest Reserve.
| 序号 Code | 研究文献 Research paper | 研究地点 Research site | 研究周期(年) Research period (year) | 空间关系 Spatial correlation | 时间关系 Temporal correlation | 食性重叠 Dietary overlap |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Seidensticker, | 奇旺国家公园, 尼泊尔 Chitwan National Park, Nepal | 0.50 | √ | ||
| 2 | Karanth & Sunquist, | 那伽拉霍雷国家公园, 印度 Nagarahole National Park, India | 4 | √ | ||
| 3 | Karanth & Sunquist, | 那伽拉霍雷国家公园, 印度 Nagarahole National Park, India | 6 | √ | √ | |
| 4 | Andheria et al, | 班迪普尔虎保护区, 印度 Bandipur Tiger Reserve, India | 0.08 | √ | ||
| 5 | Joseph et al, | 帕拉克卡德野生动物保护区, 印度 Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary, India | 0.50 | √ | ||
| 6 | Wang & MacDonald, | 吉格梅·辛格·旺楚克国家公园, 不丹 Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, Bhutan | 2 | √ | ||
| 7 | Ramesh et al, | 穆杜马赖虎保护区, 印度 Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, India | 0.67 | √ | ||
| 8 | Odden et al, | 巴迪亚国家公园, 尼泊尔 Bardia National Park, Nepal | 3 | √ | √ | |
| 9 | Kumaraguru et al, | 阿奈马莱虎保护区, 印度 Anamalai Tiger Reserve, India | 3 | √ | ||
| 10 | Harihar et al, | 拉贾吉国家公园, 印度 Rajaji National Park, India | 4 | √ | ||
| 11 | Ramesh et al, | 穆杜马赖虎保护区, 印度 Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, India | 2.30 | √ | ||
| 12 | Bhattarai & Kindlmann, | 奇旺国家公园, 尼泊尔 Chitwan National Park, Nepal | 2 | √ | ||
| 13 | Mondal et al, | 沙里斯卡虎保护区, 印度 Sariska Tiger Reserve, India | 2 | √ | ||
| 14 | Mondal et al, | 沙里斯卡虎保护区, 印度 Sariska Tiger Reserve, India | 1.58 | √ | √ | |
| 15 | Ramesh et al, | 穆杜马赖虎保护区, 印度 Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, India | 1.50 | √ | √ | |
| 16 | Selvan et al, | 藏南虎分布区, 中国 Tiger Range of South Tibetan, China | 2.50 | √ | ||
| 17 | Steinmetz et al, | 奎武里国家公园, 泰国 Kuiburi National Park, Thailand | 0.58 | √ | √ | |
| 18 | Lovari et al, | 滕格里国家公园, 尼泊尔 Shuklaphanta National Park, Nepal | 1.50 | √ | ||
| 19 | Carter et al, | 奇旺国家公园, 尼泊尔 Chitwan National Park, Nepal | 0.50 | √ | √ | |
| 20 | Sugimoto et al, | Primorskii Krai西南地区, 俄罗斯 Southwest Primorskii Krai, Russian | 1 | √ | ||
| 21 | Rayan & Linkie, | 柏隆皇家公园, 马来西亚 Royal Belum State Park, Malaysia | 0.67 | √ | √ | |
| 22 | Rayan & Linkie, | 德孟莪森林保护区, 马来西亚 Temengor Forest Reserve, Malaysia | 0.75 | √ | √ | |
| 23 | Karanth et al, | 巴德拉野生动物保护区, 印度 Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, India | 0.50 | √ | √ | |
| 24 | Karanth et al, | 贾姆拉杰讷格尔地区, 印度 Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple, India | 0.50 | √ | √ | |
| 25 | Karanth et al, | 那伽拉霍雷国家公园, 印度 Nagarahole National Park, India | 0.50 | √ | √ | |
| 26 | Karanth et al, | 班迪普尔虎保护区, 印度 Bandipur Tiger Reserve, India | 0.50 | √ | √ | |
| 27 | Thinley et al, | 吉格梅-多吉国家公园, 印度 Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan | 1 | √ | ||
| 28 | Yang et al, | 珲春自然保护区, 中国 Hunchun Natural Reserve, China | 1 | √ | √ | |
| 29 | Simcharoen et al, | 会卡肯野生动物保护区, 泰国 Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand | 2 | √ | √ | |
| 30 | Li et al, | 长白山区, 中国 Changbai Mountains, China | 1 | √ | √ | |
| 31 | Pokheral & Wegge, | 滕格里国家公园, 尼泊尔 Shuklaphanta National Park, Nepal | 0.83 | √ | √ | |
| 32 | Lamichhane et al, | 奇旺国家公园, 尼泊尔 Chitwan National Park, Nepal | 0.08 | √ | √ | √ |
| 33 | Kafley et al, | 奇旺国家公园, 尼泊尔 Chitwan National Park, Nepal | 0.17 | √ | √ | |
| 34 | Thapa et al, | Terai Arc景观区, 尼泊尔 Terai Arc Landscape, Nepal | 0.50 | √ | ||
| 35 | Vinitpornsawan & Fuller, | 通雅纳瑞素野生动物保护区(东部), 泰国 Thung Yai Naresuan East Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand | 1.83 | √ | √ | |
| 序号 Code | 研究文献 Research paper | 研究地点 Research site | 研究周期(年) Research period (year) | 空间关系 Spatial correlation | 时间关系 Temporal correlation | 食性重叠 Dietary overlap |
| 36 | Steinmetz et al, | 奎武里国家公园, 泰国 Kuiburi National Park, Thailand | 7 | √ | ||
| 37 | Kumar et al, | 那伽拉霍雷国家公园, 印度 Nagarahole National Park, India | 0.50 | √ | ||
| 38 | Charaspet et al, | 会卡肯野生动物保护区, 泰国 Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand | 1.42 | √ | √ | |
| 39 | Phumanee et al, | 湄王和孔兰国家公园, 泰国 Mae Wong and Khlong Lan National Parks, Thailand | 0.83 | √ | √ | |
| 40 | Palei et al, | 西姆里帕尔虎保护区, 印度 Similipal Tiger Reserve, India | 0.75 | √ |
Table 1 Overview of 40 researches about competition and coexistence between tigers and leopards in Asia. “√” indicated that the interspecific competitions were conducted along the corresponding niche dimension between tigers and leopards
| 序号 Code | 研究文献 Research paper | 研究地点 Research site | 研究周期(年) Research period (year) | 空间关系 Spatial correlation | 时间关系 Temporal correlation | 食性重叠 Dietary overlap |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Seidensticker, | 奇旺国家公园, 尼泊尔 Chitwan National Park, Nepal | 0.50 | √ | ||
| 2 | Karanth & Sunquist, | 那伽拉霍雷国家公园, 印度 Nagarahole National Park, India | 4 | √ | ||
| 3 | Karanth & Sunquist, | 那伽拉霍雷国家公园, 印度 Nagarahole National Park, India | 6 | √ | √ | |
| 4 | Andheria et al, | 班迪普尔虎保护区, 印度 Bandipur Tiger Reserve, India | 0.08 | √ | ||
| 5 | Joseph et al, | 帕拉克卡德野生动物保护区, 印度 Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary, India | 0.50 | √ | ||
| 6 | Wang & MacDonald, | 吉格梅·辛格·旺楚克国家公园, 不丹 Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, Bhutan | 2 | √ | ||
| 7 | Ramesh et al, | 穆杜马赖虎保护区, 印度 Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, India | 0.67 | √ | ||
| 8 | Odden et al, | 巴迪亚国家公园, 尼泊尔 Bardia National Park, Nepal | 3 | √ | √ | |
| 9 | Kumaraguru et al, | 阿奈马莱虎保护区, 印度 Anamalai Tiger Reserve, India | 3 | √ | ||
| 10 | Harihar et al, | 拉贾吉国家公园, 印度 Rajaji National Park, India | 4 | √ | ||
| 11 | Ramesh et al, | 穆杜马赖虎保护区, 印度 Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, India | 2.30 | √ | ||
| 12 | Bhattarai & Kindlmann, | 奇旺国家公园, 尼泊尔 Chitwan National Park, Nepal | 2 | √ | ||
| 13 | Mondal et al, | 沙里斯卡虎保护区, 印度 Sariska Tiger Reserve, India | 2 | √ | ||
| 14 | Mondal et al, | 沙里斯卡虎保护区, 印度 Sariska Tiger Reserve, India | 1.58 | √ | √ | |
| 15 | Ramesh et al, | 穆杜马赖虎保护区, 印度 Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, India | 1.50 | √ | √ | |
| 16 | Selvan et al, | 藏南虎分布区, 中国 Tiger Range of South Tibetan, China | 2.50 | √ | ||
| 17 | Steinmetz et al, | 奎武里国家公园, 泰国 Kuiburi National Park, Thailand | 0.58 | √ | √ | |
| 18 | Lovari et al, | 滕格里国家公园, 尼泊尔 Shuklaphanta National Park, Nepal | 1.50 | √ | ||
| 19 | Carter et al, | 奇旺国家公园, 尼泊尔 Chitwan National Park, Nepal | 0.50 | √ | √ | |
| 20 | Sugimoto et al, | Primorskii Krai西南地区, 俄罗斯 Southwest Primorskii Krai, Russian | 1 | √ | ||
| 21 | Rayan & Linkie, | 柏隆皇家公园, 马来西亚 Royal Belum State Park, Malaysia | 0.67 | √ | √ | |
| 22 | Rayan & Linkie, | 德孟莪森林保护区, 马来西亚 Temengor Forest Reserve, Malaysia | 0.75 | √ | √ | |
| 23 | Karanth et al, | 巴德拉野生动物保护区, 印度 Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, India | 0.50 | √ | √ | |
| 24 | Karanth et al, | 贾姆拉杰讷格尔地区, 印度 Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple, India | 0.50 | √ | √ | |
| 25 | Karanth et al, | 那伽拉霍雷国家公园, 印度 Nagarahole National Park, India | 0.50 | √ | √ | |
| 26 | Karanth et al, | 班迪普尔虎保护区, 印度 Bandipur Tiger Reserve, India | 0.50 | √ | √ | |
| 27 | Thinley et al, | 吉格梅-多吉国家公园, 印度 Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan | 1 | √ | ||
| 28 | Yang et al, | 珲春自然保护区, 中国 Hunchun Natural Reserve, China | 1 | √ | √ | |
| 29 | Simcharoen et al, | 会卡肯野生动物保护区, 泰国 Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand | 2 | √ | √ | |
| 30 | Li et al, | 长白山区, 中国 Changbai Mountains, China | 1 | √ | √ | |
| 31 | Pokheral & Wegge, | 滕格里国家公园, 尼泊尔 Shuklaphanta National Park, Nepal | 0.83 | √ | √ | |
| 32 | Lamichhane et al, | 奇旺国家公园, 尼泊尔 Chitwan National Park, Nepal | 0.08 | √ | √ | √ |
| 33 | Kafley et al, | 奇旺国家公园, 尼泊尔 Chitwan National Park, Nepal | 0.17 | √ | √ | |
| 34 | Thapa et al, | Terai Arc景观区, 尼泊尔 Terai Arc Landscape, Nepal | 0.50 | √ | ||
| 35 | Vinitpornsawan & Fuller, | 通雅纳瑞素野生动物保护区(东部), 泰国 Thung Yai Naresuan East Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand | 1.83 | √ | √ | |
| 序号 Code | 研究文献 Research paper | 研究地点 Research site | 研究周期(年) Research period (year) | 空间关系 Spatial correlation | 时间关系 Temporal correlation | 食性重叠 Dietary overlap |
| 36 | Steinmetz et al, | 奎武里国家公园, 泰国 Kuiburi National Park, Thailand | 7 | √ | ||
| 37 | Kumar et al, | 那伽拉霍雷国家公园, 印度 Nagarahole National Park, India | 0.50 | √ | ||
| 38 | Charaspet et al, | 会卡肯野生动物保护区, 泰国 Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand | 1.42 | √ | √ | |
| 39 | Phumanee et al, | 湄王和孔兰国家公园, 泰国 Mae Wong and Khlong Lan National Parks, Thailand | 0.83 | √ | √ | |
| 40 | Palei et al, | 西姆里帕尔虎保护区, 印度 Similipal Tiger Reserve, India | 0.75 | √ |
| 大型猎物 Large prey ( > 175 kg) | 中型猎物 Medium-sized prey (30-175 kg) | 虎豹区域共存 Regional coexistence | 代表性分布区域 Representative distribution region |
|---|---|---|---|
| 丰富 Rich | 丰富 Rich | 虎不会空间排除豹, 豹在小尺度或行为上躲避虎 Leopards will not be excluded by tigers but avoid in fine scale or behaviorally | 那伽拉霍雷国家公园, 印度 Nagarahole National Park, India |
| 不丰富 Not rich | 丰富 Rich | 虎占据优质生境, 豹被空间排除至劣质生境 Tigers occupy prime habitat and exclude leopards to inferior habitats | 奇旺国家公园, 尼泊尔 Chitwan National Park, Nepal |
| 不丰富 Not rich | 不丰富 Not rich | 虎豹密度较低, 不能完全空间排除对方 Tigers and leopards have a low density and can not completely exclude each other | 东北虎豹国家公园, 中国 Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park, China |
| 匮乏 Scarcity | 不丰富 Not rich | 虎区域灭绝 Tigers regional extinction | 博河野生动物保护区, 柬埔寨 Srepok Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia |
| 匮乏 Scarcity | 匮乏 Scarcity | 虎豹区域灭绝 Tigers and leopard regional extinction | 南埃普洛伊国家保护区, 老挝 Nam Et-Phou Louey National Protected Area, Laos |
Table 2 Effects of large and medium-sized prey abundance on coexistence of tigers and leopards
| 大型猎物 Large prey ( > 175 kg) | 中型猎物 Medium-sized prey (30-175 kg) | 虎豹区域共存 Regional coexistence | 代表性分布区域 Representative distribution region |
|---|---|---|---|
| 丰富 Rich | 丰富 Rich | 虎不会空间排除豹, 豹在小尺度或行为上躲避虎 Leopards will not be excluded by tigers but avoid in fine scale or behaviorally | 那伽拉霍雷国家公园, 印度 Nagarahole National Park, India |
| 不丰富 Not rich | 丰富 Rich | 虎占据优质生境, 豹被空间排除至劣质生境 Tigers occupy prime habitat and exclude leopards to inferior habitats | 奇旺国家公园, 尼泊尔 Chitwan National Park, Nepal |
| 不丰富 Not rich | 不丰富 Not rich | 虎豹密度较低, 不能完全空间排除对方 Tigers and leopards have a low density and can not completely exclude each other | 东北虎豹国家公园, 中国 Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park, China |
| 匮乏 Scarcity | 不丰富 Not rich | 虎区域灭绝 Tigers regional extinction | 博河野生动物保护区, 柬埔寨 Srepok Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia |
| 匮乏 Scarcity | 匮乏 Scarcity | 虎豹区域灭绝 Tigers and leopard regional extinction | 南埃普洛伊国家保护区, 老挝 Nam Et-Phou Louey National Protected Area, Laos |
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